Volcanoes
description
Transcript of Volcanoes
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Volcanoes
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View From Space - Klyuchevskaya, Russia
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Shiveluch, Russia
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Cleveland Volcano, Alaska
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Mount Etna From Space
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Mount Etna From Space
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Mount Etna From Space
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Mount Etna
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Magma – molten rock beneath the surface
Lava – molten rock on the surface
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Where Does Magma Come From?• Earth’s interior is hot (25 C/km near surface
= 1000 C at 40 km)• Pressure inhibits melting– Mantle is solid– Never far below melting point
• Volcanoes fed by small pockets 0-100 km deep– Rising hot material may melt– Water can lower melting point
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Why Igneous Rock Classification Matters• Silica Content = Viscosity• Silica Content Governs Violence of
Eruptions– Silica Poor (Basalt): Fluid lavas, generally little
explosive activity– Intermediate Lavas (Andesite): Pasty lavas,
explosive eruptions common– Silica-Rich Lavas (Rhyolite): Extremely viscous
lava and explosive eruptions
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Types of Volcanoes
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Bowen's Series and Volcanoes
Volcanic Rocks(Rare) Basalt Andesite Rhyolite
Plutonic RocksDunite Gabbro Diorite Granite
Fluid Lava Is... ViscousMild Eruptions Violent
Type of VolcanoShield Volcano Stratovolcano Plug Dome
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A Cinder Cone:
Wizard Island, Crater Lake, Oregon
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Anatomy of a Cinder Cone, Hawaii
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Shield Volcano: Haleakala, Hawaii
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Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland
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Stratovolcano: Mount Shasta, California
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Lava Dome, California
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Products of Eruptions
Lava Flows Pyroclastic Debris • Bombs • Lapilli • Ash MudflowsLandslides
Gases • Steam • Carbon Dioxide • H2S
• SO2
• HCl • HF
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Environmental Hazards of Volcanoes
Pollution • SO2, HCl in Water Lava Flows Falling Ejecta Ash Falls • Building Collapse • Crop Destruction
Mudflows • Direct Damage
(Colombia, 1985) • Floods (Several Types)Blast (Mt. St. Helens, 1980) Pyroclastic Flow (St. Pierre,
1902) Gas (Lake Nyos, Cameroon,
1986)
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Pyroclastic Flow or Nuee Ardente (French: Fiery Cloud)
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How Calderas Form
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Crater Lake, Oregon
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The Stump of Mount Mazama
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Supervolcanoes?
• Magma Chamber Collapse (Yellowstone?)– Destruction of crops– Destruction of high technology– Economic Disruption– Climatic Effects
• Flood Basalts– Climatic Effects– Toxicity
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Jemez Caldera, New Mexico
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Jemez Caldera, New Mexico
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Collapsing Volcanoes – Mount Rainier
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Collapsing Volcanoes - Hawaii
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Landslide, Mount Saint Helens
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Shastina and Landslide Deposit
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Mount Shasta and Landslide Deposit
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Evolution of VolcanoesAn active volcanic landscape
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Evolution of VolcanoesA volcanic landscape after a million years or so