Volcanism in the Solar System Part 1: Inner Solar System
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Transcript of Volcanism in the Solar System Part 1: Inner Solar System
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Volcanism in the Solar SystemVolcanism in the Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar SystemPart 1: Inner Solar System
Justin Filiberto
Lunar and Planetary InstituteModified for Rockin’ 2010 by Carla Burns
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Plan of TalkPlan of Talk1. Earth - review2. Inner Solar System
• Mercury • Venus• Moon• Mars
3. Outer Solar System• Io• Enceladus• Titan• Triton
4. Summarize Volcanoes in the Solar System
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Earth’s Shield VolcanoesEarth’s Shield Volcanoes
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Earth’s Composite/StratovolcanosEarth’s Composite/Stratovolcanos
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Earth’s Earth’s VolcanoesVolcanoes
• Cinder Cone
• Caldera Complex
• Lava Flows
• Tuff Ring
• And many more…
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Mercury
Volcanoes
Seen by
Messenger
Spacecraft
more to come…
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MercuryMercury
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Venus Surface Landers: Venus Surface Landers: Venera & VEGAVenera & VEGA
Vener a 13 Surface
SiO2 45.1 TiO2 1.6 Al2O3 15.8 Fe2O3 -- FeO 9.3 MnO 0.3 MgO 11.4 CaO 7.1 Na2O -- K2O 4.00 SO3 1.6 Sum 96.1
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Sapas MonsSapas Mons• 400 km
across, 1.5 km tall
• Slope ~ 0.5°
• Very long flows
• What type of Volcano?
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Maat MonsMaat Mons• JPL Press Image 20x
Vertical Exaggeration• Unexaggerated …• What type of Volcano?
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Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Single Flows, Steep sides
• Height 1/2 - 1 km.
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
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Pancake DomesPancake Domes
• Rhyolite?• Or merely cold,
crystal-rich basalt?
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
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??
• Low cones in flat lava plains
• A few km diam. (5 km for inset)
• What type of lava?
• What kind of volcano?
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MoonMoon
• 1/3 diam of Earth
• 1/6 gravity
• Dark, low, mare plains.
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Mare PlainsMare Plains
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ChannelsChannels
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DomesDomes
• Gruithuisen domes• 20 km across, 1.2 km
tall. Avg ~7° slope; steepest ~20°.
• Are these volcanic?• If so, what are they
most like on Earth?
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MarsMars
Mars Earth• From Sun (AU) 1.5 1.0• Mean radius (km) 3386 6371• Mass (1024kg) 0.642 5.98• Surface T (K) 227 295• Gravity (m s-2) 3.7 9.8
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Olympus MonsOlympus Mons
• 640 x 840 km across
• 21 km tall
• Avg slope 5°
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
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Lava Flows on Lava Flows on O.M. 1O.M. 1
<-- - - - - 3 km - - - - -->
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Tharsis TholusTharsis Tholus
• 150 km across
• 8 km tall
• What kind of volcano?
• What kind of lava?
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• Small Hill
• Steep Slope, ~30°
• Surrounded by thin lava flows
• What is it?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoVolcano
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• Broken Cinder Cone?
On Syrtis Major, a Shield VolcanoOn Syrtis Major, a Shield Volcano
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-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Tharsis Tholus
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Gruitheuisen Domes
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Outer Solar SystemOuter Solar System
• Only “rocky” volcanic body: Io
• Other types of eruptions– Icy volcanoes– Geysers– ?
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IoIo
• Moon of Jupiter• Mean radius (km)
1821 (0.286XEarth)• Mass (1022kg) 8.93
(0.015XEarth)• Surface T (K) 130
• Gravity (m s-2) 1.8
(0.2XEarth)• Most volcanically
active body in thesolar system.
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Evidence for VolcanismEvidence for Volcanism
• Surface Changes
• Gas Plumes
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Loki Patera…Loki Patera…
• Active Lava Lake?
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Ra PateraRa Patera
• Diameter-450 km• Height <1km• Area of Lava- 250,000km2
• What type of volcano?
• Lava type?
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Ra PateraRa Patera
0
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-500000 -400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000
Krafla
Hawaii
Columbia River Basalt Group
Etna
Mt Hood
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Tharsis Tholus
Theia Mons
Sapas Mons
Ra Patera
Gruitheuisen Domes
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PelePele
• Pele eruption lava >1350°C – Hawaiian lavas ~1000°C
• Lava type?
• Volcano?
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EnceladusEnceladus
• Moon of Saturn• Mean radius (km)
251 (0.04XEarth)• Mass (1020kg) 1.1
(1.8x10-5XEarth)• Surface T (K) 75 • Gravity (m s-2) 0.1
(0.01XEarth)• Icy Surface
“Tiger Stripe” Ridges
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Enceladus EruptsEnceladus Erupts
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TitanTitan• Moon of Saturn• Mean radius (km)
2576 (0.4XEarth)• Mass (1023kg) 1.35
(0.023XEarth)• Surface T (K) 94 • Gravity (m s-2) 1.4• Largest moon of
Saturn• Only object with
stable liquid on the surface (other than the Earth)
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Icy Volcano?Icy Volcano?
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Icy Volcano?Icy Volcano?
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TritonTriton
• Moon of Neptune• Mean radius (km)
1353 (0.2XEarth)• Mass (1022kg) 2.1
(0.0036XEarth)• Surface T (K) 38 • Gravity (m s-2) 0.78• Surface is frozen
nitrogen and water
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Triton Cryovolcanism?Triton Cryovolcanism?
• Bluish streaks – geysers of nitrogen?
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Outer Planet SummaryOuter Planet Summary
• Possible old volcanoes on Ganymede, and Europa similar to Enceladus?
• Possible old volcanoes on Dione and Tethys?
• Possible volcanoes on Pluto?
• More data coming from New Horizons may answer some of these questions…
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Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• What types of volcanoes are common to the Earth only? Why?
• What types of volcanoes are common in the inner solar system but not the outer? Why?
• What does this suggest about the cooling histories of the inner planets? Outer planets?
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Some questions to ponderSome questions to ponder
• From the volcanoes we have seen which ones would we expect on which planets?
• What do they suggest about other planets?
• Since most of us do not live near a volcano, how can students connect volcanoes on the Earth and other planets?