Vocabulary Week 10 Metalloids Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases affable...
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Transcript of Vocabulary Week 10 Metalloids Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases affable...
Vocabulary Week 10
• Metalloids• Alkali Metals• Alkaline Earth Metals• Halogens• Noble Gases
• affable• gossamer• flout• axiomatic
Only 9 words this week
Review for Quiz 6.3
• Location & Characteristics of:– Metals– Non-metals– Metalloids
• Representative Elements
• Transition Elements• Family names &
locations• Periods• Valence electronsQuiz on
Thursday!
Definition of periodic• Marked by repeated cycles
• Happening at regular intervals
• Example of the word periodic:– Periodically– Periodicals– Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Trends• Atomic Radius
– half of the distance between adjacent nuclei in a crystal of the element
• Trend– Within a period (row): DECREASES
• Why?
– More positive pull on electrons the same distance away
Li nucleus 1s2s21
B nucleus 1s22s22p1
Periodic Trends• Atomic Radius = half of the distance between
adjacent nuclei in a crystal of the element• Trend
– Within a group (column): INCREASES• Why?
–Increasing number of energy levels
Li nucleus 1s2s21
Na nucleus 1s22s22p63s1
K nucleus 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Rb nucleus 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
Periodic Trends• Atomic Radius• Trend
– Within a period (row): • DECREASES
– Within a group (column):• INCREASES
Which has the largest atomic radius?• Magnesium (Mg) or Sulfur (S)?
• Magnesium (Mg) or Barium (Ba)?
• Which element is smaller?a. Nitrogen
b. Oxygen
• Which element is bigger?a. Potassium
b. Flourine
• Ionic Radius = the distance from the nucleus to the outer edge of an atom with a
charge
• Ion = – an atom with a positive or negative charge– Valence electrons can be either gained or lost
• Lose electron = lose negative charge positive• Gain electron = gain negative charge negative
• To determine the charge of ion:Charge = protons – electrons
Atom Protons Electrons Charge Identity
1 11 10
2 17 18
3 3 2
• Trend– Within a period (row):
• Left side (wants to lose electrons to get to 8): smaller positive ions
– Why? When we lose electrons…
» May lose of energy level
» Less repulsion between electrons (electrostatic repulsion)
• Right side (wants to gain electrons to get to 8): larger negative ions
– Why? When we gain electrons» More repulsion between electrons (electrostatic
repulsion)
• Ionic Radius• Trend
– Within a group (column): Increase
• Why?– More energy levels!
• Which element has the larger ionic radius?a. Calcium
b. Oxygen
Periodic Trends• Ionization Energy =
– energy required to remove an electron
– Think how strong does the nucleus hold it’s valence electrons?
• Strong hold = High energy
• Octet Rule– All atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to
acquire a full set of eight (two) valence electrons
• Ionization Energy = how strong is the nucleus’s hold on valence electrons
– Within a period (row): INCREASES• Atoms get smaller as you go across—this makes it
easier to hold electrons– Within a group (column): DECREASES
• Atoms get bigger as you go down—this makes it harder to hold electrons
Lots of energy
Little energy
• Which element has the higher ionization energy?
a. Nitrogen
b. Oxygen
• Which element has the lower ionization energy?
a. Magnesium
b. Cesium
Periodic Trends• Electronegativity = ability to attract electrons• Flourine (F) is the most electronegative element• Trend
– Within a period (row): INCREASES– Within a group (column): DECREASES
F
• Which element is more electronegative?a. Potassium
b. Bromine
• Which element is smaller?a. Sodium
b. Lithium
• Which element has the higher ionization energy?
a. Cesium
b. Oxygen