Vocabulary Key to Tsay Do Greisghilde
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Transcript of Vocabulary Key to Tsay Do Greisghilde
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VOCABULARY KEY TO TSAY DO GREISGHILDE
Tsay do Greisghilde is the Sambahsa translation and adaptation into a novel ofRetour Griseguilde, an excellent fan-made sequel by Voyageur Solitaire to thefamous gamebook the Talisman of Death by Jamie Thomson and Mark Smith.
Voyageur Solitaire has generously granted his authorization for the adaptation intoSambahsa.
Thanks to the Goldendict pop-up dictionary(http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linux ), many words can be instantlytranslated, or their meaning can be easily guessed by the reader. However, somederived words and compounds, though they may be entirely consistent with thegrammatical rules of Sambahsa, are difficult to decipher. The aim of this document isto translate and explain such words found in Tsay do Greisghilde. They are
indicated in blue in the novel, and you can use the search function to find them in thisWord format document. This way, we hope that vocabulary key will make you familiarwith word-formation in Sambahsa.
EUPHONIC VOCALISATION :
According to this rule (see the grammar), nouns and adjectives can bear optionalendings indicating gender, number and case.
Apos + a = apsa = joints
Citadios = citad + ios = city (genitive singular)
Ekwens = ekw + ens = horses (accusative)
Elsi = els + i = his/her (before several living beings)
Ira = ir + a = their (before nouns of things)
Irem = ir + em = their (before a singular noun of living being)
Iren = ir + en = of their (before a plural noun)
Irens = ir + ens = their (plural accusative before living beings)
Irios = ir + ios = of their (before a singular, masculine or neutral, noun)
Irs = ir + s = of their (before a singular noun)
Niesen = nies + en = of our (before a plural noun)
Nosters = noster + s = of our (before a singular noun)
http://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linuxhttp://sambahsa.pbworks.com/w/page/52788470/Sambahsa%20Dictionary%20for%20Windows%2C%20Mac%20and%20Linux -
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Verbal endings :
Before -s or -t, g & k turn to c-, and b to p.
Arct = ark + t = kept off, containedAttract + attrag + t = attractedDehlcs = dehlg + s = you (thou) mustProtect = proteg + t = protectedReg + t = rect = stretched outScrib + t = script = writtenTehrb + t = tehrptTract = trag + t = pulled, drawnUrg + t = urct = urges, is urging
nasal infix verbs :
Those verbs have an unstressed pronounced e as their last vowel, before or aftern/m. They undergo no ablaut.
For the present tense, the unstressed e disappears everywhere its possible :
Brinegh + o = bringho = I bringGlanez + end = glanzend = glancingSpernend-ye = speren + end + -ye = by spurringSpernte = speren + te = (you) spurSurprined + end = suprindend = surprisingYuneg + end = yungend = connecting
Likewise for the conditional :
Pregen + ie + t = (he/she/it) would imprint
Those both letters disappear for the past tense :
Ambhglanez > ambhglaz = looked around
Interposen > interpos = interpose = interposedPosen > pos = laid down; pos + it = posit = (he/she/it) laid downSperen > sper = spur > spurredSpraneg > sprag = burst (pres.) > burst (past.) (transitive)
As well as for the past participle :
Stuned > studen = knocked
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PAST TENSE :
Von Wahl rules :
According to those rules, the past tense of verbs is obtained through a modification of
their final letter(s)
D > s
Decid > decis + im = decisim = I decidedEdd > ess + am = we ateLand > lans + am = lansam = we landedVid > vis + im = I saw
Rg > rs
Emerg > emers = emergedMerg > mers ; + im = mersim = I divedPorg > pors = showed, gaveUrg > urs = urged
Ct > x
Plect > plex = shruggedReflect > reflex = thought about ; reflexim = I was thinking about
Tt > ss
Flott > floss + am = flossam = we floated
Ablaut :
Ablaut is phenomenon according to which the central vowels of some wordsundergo a mutation for the past tense.
ehC > ohC
Ambhspehc ( = ambh [around] + spehc [to look at]) > ambhspohc = looked aroundAmbikwehl > ambikwohl = bustled aroundAntwehrd > antwohrd = answeredDiaspehr > diaspohr = dispersedDisprehp > disprohp = disappearedMehld > mohld =indicatedPersehkw > persohkw + it = persohkwit = (he/she/it) pursuedPfwehng > pfwohng = dilatedSbehrst > sbohrst = broke upSchehnk > schohnk = poured, gaveSehrp > sohrp = wound
Stehlb > stohlb = protrudedStehmb > stohmb = stalked
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Trehc > trohc + im = trohcim = I displaced myself, I moved ; + it = trohcit = (he/she/it)displaced (him/her/it)self; + eer = trohceer = they were headingVehrs > vohrs = paid, poured
Ei > i
Besteigh > bestigh = climbed upEiskw > iskw + -eer = iskweer = (they) soughteiskw- un werd + dat = to ask someone a questionetileikw > etilikw + it = etilikwit = (he/she/it) remainedEnderkweit > enderkwit ; + -im = enderkwitim = I distinguishedLeit > lit + eer = liteer = (they) went (figurative meaning)Mantein > mantin = maintainedNeih > nih = guided, ledSteigh > stigh = went upTyeic > tyic = made, caused
Vergeih > vergih = avoided
Eu > u
Beleuc > beluc = lightenedDeusk > dusk = darkenedEngheulf > enghulf = rushedFeug > fug + it = fugit = (he/she/it) fledKyeus > kyus = pointed out, choseMleu > mlu = saidNeuk > nuk = nodded ; + it = (he/she) noddedNisteurd > nisturd = slid down ; + it = nisturdit = (he/she/it) slid downVeulbh > vulbh = wrapped
For verbs in a, the ablaut is optional, though often used :
Apterghang > apterghieng = followedAttrag > attrieg = attractedClangh > cliengh = rangCollabh > collieb = collapsed
Corbach > corbiech = used the crop onCrack > crieck = crackedDwighabel > dwighiebel = forkedEnfall > enfiell = came to mindInikas > inikies = reflectedJamb > jiemb = strode overKamyab > kamyieb + im = kamyiebim = I succeeded inKal > kiel = calledParat > pariet = made ready; is pariet-se = he made himself readyPlan > plien = plannedProtiedar = protiedier = tugged on
Rahat > rahiet = restedTaragh > tariegh = rocked
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Tarak > tariek = crackedUdclangh > udcliengh = resoundedUdkardkasch > udkarkiesch = drew (ones weapon)Uperfall > uperfiell = fell onUperghang > uperghieng = went beyond
Wals > wiels = stationedWassal > wassiel = found back each other
Likewise, au > ieu
Stau > stieu = was standing uprightAnd ay > iey
Baygh > bieygh + am = bieygham = we belonged to
The sigmatic aorist :
With some verbs, often of Romance origin, an s is suffixed to the verbal stem to getthe past tense, with the use of the conjugation endings.
Adduc > adduxeer = (they) led
Attrag > attraxit = (he/she/it) attracted
Collab > collapsser = (they) collapsed
Drah > drahsit = (he/she/it) ran
Ghyah > ghyahsit = it opened itself, was opened
Reg > rexit = (he/she/it) stretched out
Scrib > scripsit = (he/she/it) wrote
It can even be added to roots with ablaut, for reasons of euphony.
Kleu > (ablaut) klu. Klu + s + it = klusit = (he/she) listened to
Mleu > (ablaut) mlu. Mlu + s + it = mlusit = (he/she) saidStau > (ablaut) stieu. Stieu + s + it = (he/she/it) stood upright
Past tense endings :
Those endings are only compulsory for verbs whose stem doesnt undergo anymodification for the past tense
Accelereer-se = accelere + eer + se = (they) acceleratedControleer = control + eer = (they) controlledCrucim = cruce + im = I crossed
Defileit = defilee + it = (it) streamed (figuratively)Encouragim = encourage + im = I encouraged
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Entram = entre + am = we enteredEntreer = entre + eer = (they) enteredEntrim = entre + im = I enteredEntrit = entre + it = (he/she) enteredGhensim = ghens (past tense of ghend) + im = I took
Installim = installe + im = I installed ; installit = installe + it = (he/she/it) installedIntervenit = interven + it = (he/she/it) intervenedKatuit = katue + it = (he/she/it) foughtMurmurim = murmure + im = I mutteredPassim = passe + im = I passedPresente + im = presentim = I presented, introducedProtiokwit = protiokw + it = (he/she) stared atRealisim = realise + im = I realisedSalutit = salute + it = (he/she) greetedSehr = seh + r = (they) sowedServit = serve + it = (he/she/it) served
Stressit = stress + it = (he/she/it) stressedTentim = tente + im = I attemptedWakyit = wakye + it = (it) happened
Verbs ending in ie may replace the e with a c;
Crie + it = cricit = (he/she) shouted ; cricim = I shoutedExplie + it = explicit = (he/she) explained
FUTURE :
It can be expressed with the suffix sie-
Acceddsiet = accedd + sie + t = (he/she/it) will have access to.Antwehrdsiem = antwehrd + sie + m = I will answerDehlcsies = dehlg + sie + s = you will have toFeucsiet = feug + sie + t = (he/she/it) will fleeGhehdsiem = ghehd + sie + m = Ill be able toGhehdsiemos = ghehd + sie + mos = well be able to
Gwehmsiemos = gwehm + sie + mos = we will comeGwehmsient = gwehm + sie + nt = (they) will comeGwivsies = gwiv + sie + s = you will liveImdadhsiet = imdadh + sie + t = (he/she/it) will aidKhacsiet = khak + sie + t = (he/she/it) wont be able toMaghsiem = magh + sie + m = I mayMarchesiemos = marche + sie + mos = we will marchMehmsient = mehm + sie + nt = (they) will rememberPancsiemos = paneg (nasal infix verb) + sie + mos = we will settlePermittsient = permitt + sie + nt = (they) will permit ; permittsiet = (he/she/it) willpermit
Poittsiete = poitt + sie + te = youll have the right toRalliesient = rallie + sie + nt = (they) will rallie
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Reicsiemos = reik + sie + mos = we will returnRetrehfsiet = retrehv + sie + t = (he/she/it) will find backStambhsiet = stamebh (nasal infix verb) + sie + t = (he/she/it) will keep fromStehmsient = stehm + sie + nt = (they) will supportSwehpsiet = swehp + sie + t = (he/she/it) will sleep
Tehrpsiemos = tehrb + sie + mos = well need toTehrpsies = tehrb + sie + s = youll need toTehrpsiet = tehrb + sie + t = (he/she/it) will have toTolcsiemos = tolk + sie + mos = well talkWakhsient = wakh + sie + nt = (they) will watch
CONDITIONAL (would + verb) :
Sambahsa adds -ie- + present tense endings. If the verb ends with a mute e, thisone is dropped.
Darient = dar + ie + nt = (they) would hold on
Detegiet = deteg + iet = (he/she/it) would detect
Emiet = em + ie + t = (he/she/it) would take
Ghehdient = ghehd + ie + nt = (they) could
Kwehriems = kwehr + ie + ms = we would do
Revidiemos = re + vid + iemos = we would see back
Riskiems = risk + ie + ms = we would risk
Scrutient = scrute + ie + nt = (they) would peer into
Sehkwient = sehkw + ie + nt = (they) would follow
Solliems = soll + ie + ms = we should
Tehrbient = tehrb + ie + nt = (they) would have to
INFINITIVES :
Verbs with an ablaut in ei or eu, undergo such an ablaut, and add -es
Antreus > antruses = to rely on
Besteigh > bestighes = to climb up
Betreus > betruses = to confide
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Credeih > credihes = to believe
Dispareih > disparihes = to disappear
Enderkweit > enderkwites = to distinguish
Forleus > forluses = to shake off
Leur > lures = to set free
Mantein > mantines = to maintain
Meil > miles = to enjoy
Neih > nihes = to guide, to lead
Preim > primes = to receive
Teup > tupes = to hide oneself
Vergeih > vergihes = to avoid
Nasal infix verbs lose the unstressed e:
brinegh > bringhes = to bringcumebh > cumbhes = to lay down.Dwinegh > dwinghes = to compelErem > ermes = to rowKeren > kernes = to surroundKussen > kunes = to kissLambhen > lambhnes = to seizePaneg > panges = to settle, fixPosen > pones = to lay downSperen > spernes = to spur
Other verbs whose last syllable is stressed simply add an e (often unpronounced) :
Incurr > incurre = to run (a risk)Pand > pande = to betUperdeh > uperdehe = to transmitWhen a verbal stem already ends with an unstressed e, there is no change :
Installe = (to) install
The past infinitive and the active past participle use the same endings : -vs/-us
Installevs = installe + vs = having installed
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There is an old infinitive word sometimes used after adjectives or nouns, in tu
Baytu = bay + tu = to fearReuptu = reup + tu = (about) to be broken
PARTICIPLES :
Present active = (e)nd.
Ambikwehl + end = ambikwehlend = bustling aroundArk + end = arkend = moving awayKreus + end = kreusend = shiveringSpraneg + end = sprangend = breaking upTente + (e)nd = tentend = attemptingVank + end = vankend = flickering
Vibre + (e)nd = vibrend = vibrating
With the adverbal ending -ye, it makes a gerundive.
Abstaunend-ye = abstaun + end + -ye = being amazedGlanzend-ye = glanez + end + -ye = by glancingRegend-ye = reg + end + -ye = stretching outSpehnd-ye = speh + nd + -ye = by hoping
Past (passive) = -t /-(e)n
Clauster + (e)n = claustern = clusteredDishang + t = dishanct = undoneDu + n = dun = dressedDu + t = dut = dressedEm + en = emen = taken (figurative meaning)Emitt + en = emitten = emittedMaun + t + o = warnedSculp + t + o = sculpto = sculptedSeg + en = segen = cut
Tend + en = tenden = tensedUperdeh + n = uperdehn = transmittedUperdeh + t = uperdeht = transmitted
Verbs with an ablaut in eh, ei or eu undergo such an ablaut :
Adbehr > adbohrn = offered, consecratedBalstehm > balstohmt = damnedCovehr > covohrn + o = covohrno = covohrna = covered = covohrt = covohrnios (withthe singular, masculine or neutral, genitive ending)
Credeih > crediht = believedDehlg > dohlct = past participle of dehlg = must
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Diaspehr > diaspohrn = scatteredDreibh > dribhen = carried awayEndergwehm > endergwohmen / endergwohmt ; + ens = endergwohmtens = thosewho have taken refuge (accusative plural)Exmehn > exmohnt = invented, forged
Gostpreim > gostprimen = given hospitality toGrehv > grohft + o = grohfto = engravedGvehd > gvohden = prayedKehmb > kohmpt = bentKyehrsen > kyohrnen (kyohrsnen) = blackenedLeik > liken = playedLeizd > lizden / lizdt = borderedLeus > lust = lostMeizd > mizden = recompensedNeic > nicen = killedNeud > nudt = usedPerbehrg > perbohrct / perbohrgen = concealed
Persehkw > persohkwt / persohkwn = persuedPoleih > poliht = polishedPrispehc > prispohcen = attended, witnessedSellgwehm > sellgwohmt = welcomedSeut > suten = appeasedSwehng > swohnct = brandishedTreic > trict + a = tricta = plaided, braided (neutral plural)
Uperkeih > uperkiht = dominate > dominatedVeulbh > vulbhen = wrappedVeurn > vurnt / vurnen = wound > wounded
The Von Wahl rules apply for the -t participle of verbs without ablaut :
Compromitt + t = compromiss = compromisedMerg + t = mers = plungedPrecedd + t = precess = precededPrevid + t = previs = foreseen
Nasal infix verbs lose the unstressed e and n/m, and can undergo Von Wahlrules.
Dverwen > dverw + (e)n +o = dverwno = harnessedDwinegh > dwigh + en = dwighen = compelledErem > er + (e)n + o = erno = rowedEpterslahem > epterslah + (e)n = epterslahn = pulled up (a garment)Paneg > pag + en = settled, setPineg > pig + en = pigen = paintedTrehen > treh + (e)n = worn out = trehto = treh + t + oYuneg > yug + en = linked
When there is no ablaut, v after a consonant turns to w before t.
Salv > salwt = saved; compare the English words salvation & salute.
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COMPOUNDS :
In general, Sambahsa compounds follow the same order as English :
Adgumt = ad + gumt = at-coming, arrival
Aghyernluce = aghyern + luce = morning light
Aghyernsaat = aghyern + saat = morning hour
Aghyernwaurn = aghyern + waurn = morning sky
Aksterrudh = akster + rudh = bright-red
Angstgongu = lump (in ones throat) of anguish
Annemlwond = annem + lwo + nd = breath-taking
Aunbayga = aun + bayga = unfortunate
Aungwis = aun + gwis = forceless
Aunharm = aun + harm = harmless
Aydsmosklad = aydsmo + sklad = wood stock
Bittertplen = bittert + plen = full of bitterness
Bliutengarb = bliute + n + garb = shower of sparks
Blougreis = blou + greis = blue-grey
Bronzegwozso = bronze + gwozd + t (turns to s because of Von Wahls rule) =bronze-studded
Caudaula = caud + aula = backyard
Clarcuit = clar + cuit = (with a) clear skin
Clarteint = clar + teint = (with a) clear complexion
Cochersedd = cocher + sedd = coachmans seat
Cortsect = cort + seg + t = cut short
Cruorrudh = cruor + rudh = red of shed blood
Cuperlampe = cuper + lampe = copper lamp
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Daunosoration = daunos + oration = funeral oration
Diewogintou = diewo + gintou = overflooded with sunlight
Duilcovohrn = duil + covohrn (past participle of covehr) = covered with dust
Duilnebh = duil + nebh = dustcloud
Einsghesor = eins + ghresor = sword-wielding
Exiledwighen = exile + dwigh + en = forced to exile
Exterannem = exter + annem = out of breath
Feltercolpak = felter + colpak = felt cap
Fenstercortins = fenster + cortin + s = window curtains
Frontnauk = front + nauk = front craft
Furorskeumend = furor + skeum + end = boiling with rage
Ghomdrabs = ghom + drab + s = downstairs
Ghyorayg = ghyor + ayg = mountain goat
Ginterdreska = ginter + dresk + a (plural) = amber fragments
Glasdresken = glas + dresk + en (genitive plural) = of glas fragments
Goldwohrcto = gold + wohrct + o = gold-wrought
Greisblou = greis + blou = grey-blue
Gvrenstruden = gvrens + truden = overcome by the heat
Hainesflamboyant = haines + flamboyant = flamboyant with hatred
Horrorheul = horror + heul = howl of horror
Jenchikalding = jenchi + kalding = cold fountain of the warrior
Kabusjenchis = kabus + jenchi + s = ghost warrior
Kaylpotion = kayl + potion = healing potion
Kelimcovohrn = kelim + covohrn = covered with a carpet
Kerdbats = kerd + bat + s = heartbeats
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Keulreuyden = keul + reuyden = agricultural plant, farm
Kijieptors = kijie + ptor + s = pheasant feathers
Kweiterblou = kweiter + blou = light blue
Kwoidsask = kwoid + sask = wheat ear
Kyalbohndt = kyal + bohndt (past participle of behnd) = locked in a room =kyalbohnden
Kyonksleik = kyonk + s + leik = game of the shell
Lavandecolor = lavande + color = lavender colour
Leikenweik = gambling borough
Lietersaltamarka = lieter + saltamarka = leather doublet
Locbohndto = loc + bohnd + t = held prisoner in a certain place (loc), place-bound
Lughplen = lugh + plen = full of lies
Marmorstieupens = marmor + stieupen + s = marble steps
Metallgwozso = metall + gwozs (von Wahl rule of d + t) + o = metall-studded
Nedalg = ne + dalg = not far
Negnoht = ne + gnoh + t = unknown
Noctgumt = noct + gumt = nightfall
Noctwaurn = noct + waurn = nightsky
Nowstrehl = now + strehl = crossbow shot
Pennghesor = penn + ghesor = a penn in the hand
Petrabenk = petra + benk = stone bench
Piurnregwos = piurn + regwos = twilight of fire
Prigaloppeer = pri + galopp + eer = (they) rode by
Prigwehme = pri + gwehm + e = to come by
Priswehnde = pri + swehnd + e = to fade by
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Proaiwo = pro + aiwo = forever
Protiewaurgend = protie + waurg + end = pressing against
Purkerd = pur + kerd = pure-hearted
Pwolkeihnd = pwol + keih + nd = half lying
Pwolschiawkienen = pwol + schiawkien + en = half erased
Rehmenkwehster = rehmen + kwehster = whisper of relief
Seddelholks = seddel + holk + s = saddlebags
Sellnoct = sell + noct = good night
Sirmatricen = sirma + tricen (past participle of treic) = plaited with golden threads
Skumdewers = skum + dewer + s = whirls of foam
Solspruzen = sol + spruz + en = splashed with sunlight
Solweus = sol + weus = sunrise
Strehlgrandwn = strehl + grandwn = hail of shootings
Strehlstiftor = strehl + stiftor = shooter
Swordlaquen = sword + laque + -n = black lackered
Swordptor = sword + ptor = black-feathered
Tavanbalwngs = tavan + balwng + s = ceiling beams
Teniforces = teni + force + s = forces of darkness
Teniptergen = teni + pterg + en (genitive plural) = of wings of darkness
Teugbrem = teug + brem = (with a) thick foliage
Transbordam = trans + borde + am = we transshipped
Ubdrabs = ub + drab + s = upstairs
Uperghieng = uper + ghieng (past tense of ghang) = walked beyond
Uperpleukend = uper + pleuk + end = flying over
Uperpluk = uper + pluk = flew over
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Uperskadhen = uper + skadh + en = overshaded
Upersru = uper + sru (past tense of sreu) = overflooded
Urbwalls = urb + wall + s = city walls
Vegetationsecran = vegetation + s + ecran = undergrowth screen
Visionspetra = vision + s + petra = stone of seeing
Windbaub = wind + baub = roaring of the wind
Windkweistel = wind + kweistel = moaning of the wind
Windstrid = wind + strid = hissing of the wind
Woxsgill = wox + sgill = wax seal
Xentitegut = xenti + tegut = thicket of thorny bush
Xurnghalv = xurn (past participle of xeur) + ghalv = shaven-skulled, skinhead
Yusmee = yu + smee = you all (when refering to a certain group)
Sometimes, a genitival ending may be used :
Lient + s + noct = lientsnoct = summer(s) night
Compounds from Romance languages :
Loanwords from Romance languages and Latin may be entirely consistent with someSambahsa grammatical rules, like the Von Wahl rules :
Impulsion = in + pulg + (von Walr rule lg > ls ) + tionIncomprehension = in + comprehend + (von Wahl rule : d > s) + tion
Incredible = in + credi(h) + ble = incredible, unbelievableInexspecten = in + ex + specte + -n = inexspectet = unexpectedPerceptible = percep + t + ible = perceptible
The agent suffix is in -tor, a final unstressed e turns to a.
Blaspheme > blasphemator = to blaspheme > blasphemer
Compounds from Sinitic languages :
Bfu + gwaukan = bfugwaukan = undecided
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DERIVATION :
Adjectives from other adjectives :
-er is, as in English, the comparative
khaker = khak + er = worse
sud + er = suder = more to the south
A few adjectives or adverbs ending in a vowel use -ter.
Ex: diu > diuter = longer (in time)
sub + adjective of color = English ish.
Subgehlb = yellowish
Adjectives from nouns :
The suffix -eus corresponds to English ous
Mysterieus = mysterious
Ex: Sambahsa lik = English like/ly (as an adjective)
Aschlik = asch + lik = ash-like
The suffix -(e)n means made of
Dreu > dreun = wooden
Tegule > tegulen = made of tiles
The suffix -ic corresponds to English -ye
Glehdj > glehdjic = ice > icy
The suffix isk corresponds more or less to English -ish :
Goilisk = mocking
The suffix -went means endowed with, -ful :
Ptorwent = ptor + went = feathered
Skadhwent = skadh + went = shadowy
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The suffix worts corresponds to English wards :
Ghomworts = downwardsSudworts = southwards
Adverbs from nouns :
a- as a prefix can work as in English :
abord = a + bord = abord
acap = a + cap = ahead
atopp = a + topp = atop
ho- as a prefix means this with a temporal noun.
hovesper = ho + vesper = tonight, this evening
tos as a suffix means from
dextos = from the right.
tro as a suffix means direction to
dalgtro = dalg + tro = far (with a move), into the distance
intro = In + tro = into, inside
retro = re(gv) + tro = back(wards)
tetro = te(r) + tro = to there, thither
Nouns from adjectives :
Some adjectives can form the corresponding noun by undergoing an ablaut andadding e.
Chald > chielde = hot > heat
Chepran > chepriene = lively > liveliness
Hayran > hayriene = astounded > astonishment
Lughav > lughieve = perfidious > perfidiousness
Strak > strieke = tired > tiredness
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Warm > wierme =warm > warmth
Other suffixes exist, like tat (mostly after adjectives from Romance languages)
Febrile > febrilitat = febrile > febrilityPur > purtat = pure > purity
Nouns from other nouns :
in is the feminine suffix :
reiderinen = reid (to ride) + er (agent suffix) + in (feminine suffix) + en (genitive plural)= of female riders.
When the noun ends with -i, the i is dropped and replaced with nia
Jenchi = warrior; jenchnia + s =jenchnias = female warriors
ga (prefix) + -os (suffix) indicates a group of things with a negative meaning :
gastieupnos = ga + stieup(e)n (step) + os = (bad) stairs
Nouns from verbs :
A very easy verb to get action names from verbs (mostly of IE origin) is to add thesuffix en, just as we do in English with the suffix -ing.
Tweis > tweisen = sparkle > sparkling
As in English, adding -er to a verb makes a noun of agent.
Plunder = plunderers (note that the Sambahsa noun must always indicate predictablythe place of the stress).Swindel = swindler = swindler
Verbal compounds :
ab- :
= English off.
Abbohr = ab + bohr (past tense of behr) = carried awayAbcurs = ab + curr (past tense of curr) = ran away
Abgaloppam = ab + galopp + am = we rode awayAbgires = ab + gires (infinitive of geir) = to turn back
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Ablit = ab + lit (past tense of leit) = went offAbpieursk = ab + pieursk (past tense of paursk) = went off to fetchAbpluk = ab + pleuk (past tense of pleuk) = flew offAbrides = ab + rides (infinitive of reid) = to ride offAbwohgh = ab + wohgh (past tense of wehgh) = to drive off
-asc
= to become
maimourasco = maimour (encharged) + asc + o (1 pers. sing. present tense) = Itake careslabasct = slab + asc + t = is getting weak
bi- :
This prefix means to begin/start (doing)
Bi + curs (past tense of curr) = bicurs = began to runBi + despere + im = bidesperim = I began to despairBi + er (past tense of erem) + am = we began to rowBi + ghieng (past tense of ghang) = bighieng = began to walk; bighanct = begun towalkBi + gnoh + s (sigmatic aorist) + im = bignohsim = I began to know, I got acquaintedwithBi + gnur (past tense of gneur) = bignur = began to gurgleBi + hul (past tense of heul) = began to yellBi + hungher (past tense of heungher) = bihungher = began to be hungryBi + meje + nd + -ye = by beginning to eat (while I was beginning to eat...)Bi + rus = birus = began to crackleBi + schawngdan + end = beginning to discourageBi + sgwes (past tense of sgwesen) = bisgwes = began to go out (light)Bi + stigh (past tense of steigh) + am = we began to climbBi + stris (past tense of strid) = bistris = began to hissBi + styr + t = bistyrt = begun to steer
des- :
Indicates the contrary.
Desois = des + ois (past tense of oid) = deflated
dus- :
= English ill, badly
Duslites = dus + lites (infinitive of leit) = to be unwell.Duswohrt = dus + wohrt (past tense of wehrt) = to turn ill
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-eih :
X-eih = to make X
Arrestihes = infinitive of arresteih = to make arrestBoderiht = boder (deaf) + ih + t (past participle) = deafenedCeddihes = cedd + ihes (infinitive) = to make give inEndergwehmeihndo = endergwehme (to take refuge) + eih + nd + o = causing to takerefugeEntrih = entre + ih = made enterFeugeihnd = feug + eih + nd = making fleeJambihes = jamb + ihes (infinitive) = to make stride overJudcihes = infinitive of judceih = to make judgeKyalbehndiht = kyal + behnd + ih + t = made (someone) jailed into a room
Marloubihn = marloub + ih + n = defeatedMyehrsihes = infinitive of myehrseih = to make forgetOislidihsit = oi + slid + ih + s + it = (he/she/it) made slideVerbs with an ablaut ei turn it to i for reasons of euphony.Platih = plat + ih = made flat, flattenedPohihes = poh + ihes = to made drinkRundiht = rund + ih + -t (past participle = rounded, made roundSalgeihnd-ye = salg + eih + nd + -ye = by taking outSalgihes = infinitive of salgeih = to take out of (to make go out of)Salgih = took out ofSpasserihes = infinitive of spassereih = to take for a walk/ride outsideSreuihsit = sreu + ih + s + it = made flow
As factitives preserve the accusative of the original verb, they often work with doubleaccusatives.
en- :
Before a noun, means to put in.
Ex: endamier, past tense of endamar = en + damar bowstring = to nock (anarrow); past participle : endamart
Enkasrit = en + kasre (from kasra = rout) + it = (he/she/it) routed (transitive)
Enwede = en + wed + e = to put into water
For- :
If for- and the reflexive pronoun is added to a verb, it gives to this verb the meaningaway, astray.
Ex: for + leit (to go [figurative meaning]) = se forleit
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forleitend-se = going astrayforsafert = travelled astrayforsciss = for + sciss (past participle of scinesd) = with a plunging necklineforwandert = wandered astray
mis- :
= English mis-
mistreusend = mis + treus + end = mistrustful, mistrustingmistrust = mistrust(ed)
muta- :
Means change of
Mutaplacit = muta + place + it = (he/she/it) changed of place
na- :
continuative = to keep on (doing)
naghieng = na + ghieng = kept on walkingnalehge = na + lehg + e = to keep on tellingnamejim = na + meje + im = I kept on having my mealnapluk = na + pluk (past tense of pleuk) = kept on flyingnaspehcend = na + spehc + end = keeping on looking atnastohmbam = na + stohmb (past tense of stehmb) + am = we kept on stalkingnaswigh = na + swigh (past tense of sweigh) = remained silentnatrehce = na + trehc + e = to keep on moving oneselfnatieyc = na + tieyc (past tense of tayc) = remained silentnavibrit = na + vibre + it = kept on vibrating
ni- :
means down, often in a figurative meaning
nifiell = ni + fiell (past tense of fall) = fell down
re- :
= English re-, again, back.
Rebrighen = re + brigh + en = brought backRedahsim = re + dah + s + im = I gave backRemsim = r(e) + em + s + im = I took back
Reklohng = re + klohng = folded backRenfalle = r(e) + enfall + e = to come to mind
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Renkardkiesch = r(e) + en + kardkiesch (past tense of kardkasch) = put back in itssheath.Reskape = re + skap + e = to go off againRestahe = re + stah + e = to stand backRestahsit = re + stah + s + it = stood back
Restieusim = re + stieu + s + im = I stood back uprightRevide = re + vid + e = to see backRevidsiemos = re + vid + siemos = we will see back
The s-mobile :
This was an IE verbal prefix whose function is still unclear. In Sambahsa, it hasmerged with the prefix ois (roughly corresponding to English off) so much that anoi is often added to verbs beginning with s + consonant, for reasons of euphonics.
Oiskeirlisit = oi + skeir + lis + it = (he/she/it) skimmed through
Oismeihnd-ye = oi + smeih + nd + -ye = by smilingOisper = oi + sper = past tense of speren = to spurOispohc = oi + spohc = past tense of spehc = to lookOisroht = oi + sroht = past tense of sreht = to stir.Oistabht = oi + stabht (past participle of stamebh) = hinderedOistahnd-ye = oi + stah + nd + -ye = by standingOistahsit = oi + stah + s + it = (he/she/it) stoodOistehmend-ye = oi + stehm + end + -ye = by supportingOistigh = oi + stigh = past tense of steigh = to go upOistrohc = oi + strohc = past tense of strehc = to extend ; oistrohcit = (he/she/it)extendedOiswehbhe = oi + swehbh + e = to hoverOiswohrt = oi + swohrt (past participle of swehr) = sworn
(oi)s is otherwise the opposite to en- (see above) :
sdamarnd-ye = s + damar + nd + -ye = by shooting (an arrow)
sua- :
= English well
suabeluct = sua + beluct (past participle of beleuc) = well litsuadaken = sua + daken = well receivedsuadrughes = sua + drughes (infinitive of dreugh) = to betray wellsuaguardet = sua + guarde + t = well guardedsuahissaben = sua + hissab + en = well reckonedsuamodelen = sua + model + en = well-shapedsuanihes = sua + nihes, infinitive of neih = to guide wellsuaprimen = sua + primen (past participle of preim) = well receivedsuawoid = sua + woid = to know well
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vi- :
= finally, eventually
viarrivam = vi + arrivam = we finally arrived
viarrivit = vi + arrivit = (he/she/it) finally arrivedvicess = vi + cess (past tense of cedd) = finally gave wayviexstirpit = vi + exstirpe + it = (he/she/it) finally removedvilikw = vi + likw (past tense of linekw) = finallt leftvirup = vi + rup (past tense of rumep= finally broke
za- :
Indicates the end of an action.
Zaghyien = za + ghyien (past tense of ghyan) = closed again (stopped opening)
Zamejim = za + meje + im = I finished my meal
The iterative :
It works with some verbs of IE origin. The central vowel turns to o, and -ye issuffixed. It means that some action is kept on being performed after an interruption.(While re- implies that the action may be performed again from the very beginning).
Ex : kwehre mien itner = to make my way
Kwohrye mien itner = to keep on making my way (after a halt, an interruption)
Reid > roidye = to keep on riding (after an interruption)
The desiderative :
= to want to, to plan.
-skw is suffixed to the verb.
Aurskwo = aur + skw + o = I want to hearLeurskws = leur + skw + s = (you) want to set freeSielvskwim = sielv (past tense of salv) + skw + im = I wanted to save
The durative :
Expressed by the suffix neu added to the verb. It corresponds to the Englishpresent perfect used in conjunction with since, for.
Antslehnkneuvs = antslehnk + neu + vs (past infinitive) = to have developped.Schleivneun = schleiv + neu + n = polished
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Submittneut = submitt + neu + t = has submitted
The eventive :
not to stop doing, to keep on doing. This tense is obtained by duplicated the firstletter(s) of the verbal stem and inserting i or ei. Its past tense (imperfect =English progressive past) uses a prefix, the augment = ee(-)
gwah (to go) > eegwigwaht = ee + gwi (reduplication) + gwah + t = (he/she/it) was(always) going, kept on going. (in recent PIE : gwegwt)
gwigwahnden = gwi + gwah + nd + en = of (people) who were going to and fro.
OTHER WORDS :
Prepositions :
kye means towards, in the direction of. It often merges with th following pronounor article.
Kya = kye + ia = towards the(m)Kyalters = kye + alter + s = in the direction of the othersKyam = kye + iam = towards her, towards the (+ feminin noun)Kyun = kye + un = in the direction of a(n)
Special conjunction ghi :
It is an enclitic, which means that it is often suffixed to the first word of the clause. Iteither means indeed, then or for, because.
Edghi = ed + ghi = and for, and indeedIdghi = for the/itIoghi = io + ghi = for I, I indeedIsghi = is + ghi = for (t)he...
Mighi = mi + ghi =for to me...Oinghi = oin + ghi = for one...
yaschi :
Means also, too.
When used alone, -schi works like a clitic :
Betschi = bet + (ya)schi = but... tooEdschi = ed + (ya)schi = and... too
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New words :
Carpent = framework of a coach; Gaulish root, found in French charpente andbased on the same word as English car.
Bregna = (plural neutral) = freckles
Kaput = (!) bust, lost ; from German kaputt !
Chaste = chaste
Opportunist = opportunist
Progredd = to progress ; progreddent = they progress; progreddend = progressing
Pampas-grasa = pampas-grass (plural)
Diffus (past tense of diffuned) = diffuse
Sambahsa expressions :
(ses) con id atmen ei os = (to be) at the end of ones tether.Dank spollay = thank you very muchtib est oiscript = it is your doom = (your doom) to you is written.