Vocabulary Civilization Surplus Artisan Pictogram Scribe City-state Empire Cultural Diffusion WH C2...
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Transcript of Vocabulary Civilization Surplus Artisan Pictogram Scribe City-state Empire Cultural Diffusion WH C2...
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Vocabulary
• Civilization• Surplus• Artisan• Pictogram• Scribe• City-state• Empire• Cultural Diffusion
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Beginnings of Civilization
The Rise of Cities
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Objective
• Describe development of early prehistoric people, their agriculture and settlements
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Pyramids
• Pyramid building required a society more organized and advanced than Neolithic farmers.
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The Rise of Cities
• A civilization is a complex, highly organized social order.
• Cities are a main feature of a civilization– As farmers produced surplus of crops in the fertile
land along rivers.– Populations began to expand
• Farming Villages began to grow into cities
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River Valley Civilizations
• Fertile Crescent– Tigris & Euphrates Rivers in Iraq– Nile River in Egypt
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River Valley Civilizations
• Indus River in India• Yellow River in China
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River Valley Civilizations
• Conditions favored farming• Flood waters spread silt which
keeps land fertile.• Animals flocked to river for
water – providing food• Rivers provided a regular
water source and means of transportation.
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River Valley Civilizations
• Rivers posed challenges– Had to control flooding and channel water to
fields.• Cooperation was needed and required
leadership and organized government.• Ancient cities required high walls for
protection.
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Features of Civilization
1. Cities2. Well-organized central governments3. Complex religions4. Job specialization5. Social classes6. Arts & architecture7. Public works8. Writing
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Organized Government
• To provide for a growing population – new forms of government appeared to provide organization for projects
• Warrior kings emerged as political leaders – setting themselves up as hereditary rulers– Claiming this right from their god
• Government became more complex as rulers issued laws, collected taxes, and prepared defenses.
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Complex Religions
• Most ancient people were polytheistic.• People created gods that dealt with natural
forces and human activities– Sun, rivers, sea, etc– Birth, trade, or war
• Built temples and designed elaborate ceremonies to please the gods.
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Job Specialization
• Individuals began to specialize in certain jobs• Artisans, or skilled craftsmen, developed
pottery, metalworking, • Construction – bricklayers built city walls• Soldiers – defended the city• Merchants – sold goods and • Teachers, entertainers, ……..
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Social Classes
• Social organization became complex– People ranked according to jobs
• Social Hierarchy– Priests & Nobles– Wealthy merchants & artisans– Peasant farmers– Slaves• Debt bondage • Prisoners of war
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Arts and Architecture
• Expressed the beliefs and values of the people that created them. – Temples and palaces dominated the scenery
• Skilled workers built and decorated massive buildings.– Some still can be seen today
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Public Works
• Projects ordered built by rulers– Roads– Bridges– Aqueducts– defensive walls
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Writing
• A critical new skill was the art of writing– Used to record harvest
amounts, weather info, rituals & prayers
• Earliest writing was in the form of pictograms, simple drawings that looked like objects they represented.
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Writing
• As writing became more complex, only specially trained scribes learned to read and write.
• Scribes were educated in special temple schools and worked for priest, rulers and merchants.
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Civilizations and Change
• Ancient civilizations changed in many ways over the centuries.
• Causes– Physical environment shifts– Interactions among people
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Environmental Changes
• Early people dependent upon the physical environment. – Changes with water and other natural resources
could be devastating. – Over farming could deplete soil – crops would fail • Survivors would move away.
• Natural disasters – volcanoes, hurricanes, floods could destroy entire cities.
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Interactions among people
• Cultural diffusion – the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. – Occurs through migration, trade, and warfare– People would share and adapt customs. – Trade introduced new goods or better methods of
production. – Warfare – victors forced their way of life upon
conquered people.
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Homework Questions
• How did the conditions in some river valleys favor the rise of early civilizations?
• How were governments and religion closely linked in early civilizations?
• What are the three causes of cultural change?• Give three examples of cultural diffusion in
today's world.