VOCABULARY

Vocabulary Vocabulary is commonly defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person". Knowing a word, however, is not as simple as simply being able to recognize or use it. There are several aspects of word knowledge which are used to measure word knowledge. 

The Importance of a Vocabulary

An extensive vocabulary aids expression and communication.Vocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.Wilkins (1972) once said," Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”

Within the receptive–productive distinction lies a range of abilities which are often referred to as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a person's vocabulary over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described as:

Never encountered the word. Heard the word, but cannot define it. Recognize the word due to context or tone of voice. Able to use the word and understand the general

and/or intended meaning, but cannot clearly explain it.

Degree of Knowledge

Being unable to Pay One's debt - Insolvent(  दि�वा�लि�या� )

The study of the functions of the body - Physiology(  शरीरी क्रि�या� क्रिवाज्ञा�न )

A person with a long experience of any occupation - Veteran( अन�भवा )

Words written on a Tomb - Epitaph (समा�लि���ख) Stealthy Done - Surreptitious ( ��क लि�प करी) Something No Longer in Use - Obsolete (  अप्रचलि�त ) One not concerned with Right or Wrong - Amoral

( अन�क्रितक )

Few Examples of One Word Subsititution

SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

SYNONYMS : A synonym is a word with the same or similar meaning of another word.Synonym words are said to be synonymous.The state of being a synonym is called synonymy. Synonyms can be any part of speech(noun, verb, adjective, preposition, adverb), as long as both words belong to the same part of speech.

Here are more examples of English synonyms:Verb : buy and purchaseAdjective : big and largeAdverb : quickly and speedilyPreposition : on and upon

Examples of adjectives and their synonyms that are commonly used to describe people.

Beautiful: Attractive, Pretty, Lovely, Stunning Fair: Just, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased Funny: Humorous, Comical, Hilarious, Hysterical Happy: Content, Joyful, Mirthful, Upbeat Hardworking: Diligent, Determined, Industrious

Here are some miscellaneous words and their synonyms:

Baffle: confuse, deceive Hypocrisy: duplicity, falseness Old: antiquated, ancient, obsolete, extinct

ANTONYM: An antonym is a word that has the opposite  meaning as the another word.

It refers to a word that is completely different from another one.

The opposite of a antonym is a synonym.

Categories of Antonyms-There are three categories of antonyms:

Graded antonyms deal with levels of the meaning of the words, like if something is not “good”, is may still not be “bad.” 

Examples include: Fat and skinny Young and old Happy and sad Hard and soft

• Complementary antonyms :There are only two possibilities, either one or the other.

Examples are: Man and woman Push and pull Dead and alive Off and on Day and night

• Relational antonyms: Sometimes considered as a subcategory of complementary antonyms.

Examples are: Husband and wife Doctor and patient Buy and sell Predator and prey

IDIOMS

• An idiom is a combination of words that have a figurative meaning following to its common usage.•An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words.• It’s figurative meaning is separate from the literal meaning.•There are estimated to be twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions in the English Language.

Common Idiomatic Phrases & Expressions

Idiom Meaning1. Speak of the devil!2. Kill two birds with one

stone3. Once in a blue moon

4. See eye to eye

5. Hear it on the grapevine

6. Miss the boat

1. This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.

2. This means ‘to do two things at the same time'.

3. When something happens very rarely.4. idiom is used to say that two (or more

people) agree on something.5. This means ‘to hear a rumor' about

something or someone.6. This idiom is used to say that

someone missed his or her chance at something.

PHRASES•A phrase is a group of related words that acts as a single part of speech.•A phrase is a group of words or a single word that forms a constituent—and by which it functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.•In grammatical hierarchy the phrase is lower than the clause.•Certain phrases have specific names based on the type of word that begins or governs the word group: noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase,gerund phrase, and absolute phrase.

EXAMPLES OF PHRASES

The shoplifted pair of jeans. Pair = noun; the, shoplifted, of jeans = modifiers. Had cleaned Had = auxiliary verb; clean = main verb; ed = verb ending. On time On = preposition; time = noun. Washing our dog Gizmo requires strong arms to keep

the squirming, unhappy puppy in the tub. His brow knitted in frustration Brow = noun; knitted = participle; his, in frustration =

modifiers

Homonyms, Homophones & Homographs

What do all of these words have in common? How are they the same?

HomonymHomophoneHomograph

Each begins with the root word homo. Homo means same .All of these words have to do withsameness.

Nym = Name

Homonyms = Same Name

Homonyms are words that sound alike and spells the same but have different meanings.

Example: BAT-BAT; LIGHT-LIGHT; TIE-TIE

Homonym

Phone = Sound

Hom0phone = Same Sound

Homophones are words that sound alike, but have different spellings and meanings.

Example: week-weak; see-sea; pair-pear

Homophones

Graph = WritingHomograph = Same Writing

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different sounds and meanings.

Example: saw-saw; Bass- Bass;

Homographs

Vocabulary Drills helps students learn how to approach new

words and to become more comfortable with the language

Latin and Greek roots expand students’ vocabularies exponentially

Personal words help students build a useful bank of interesting words.

Making connections helps students build personal word power.

THANK YOU

Submitted By:

Lekhansh A2324612008

Praroop Joshi A2324612033

Rudraksha Rana A2324612034

Prashu Prakash A2324612039