Literary Terminologyabstract short summary of ideas, or it can mean apart from concrete realities

active voice occurs when the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed (e.g. The cat ate the mouse.)

ad hominem fallacy a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument.

ad misericordiam fallacy The fallacy comitted in trying to apeal for pity or symptahy in an argument in order to win the argument or have a conclusion accepted

aesthetics how it appeals to the senses

allegory treatment of a subject under the guise of another, double meaning

allusion an implicit reference to another work or person

anapestic metre a metre comprised of two unstressd syllables and one stressed

apostrophe used to indicate theommission of one or more letters in a word

archetype the original pattern or model from which all things of the same kind are copied or based

argument discussion/debate of different points of view

artistic unity having every part essential in some way or another

autobiographical written about oneself

bathos ludicrous descent from the exualted or lofty to the common place, anticlimax

begging the question a type of logical fallacy in which the proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise

bibliography (Works Cited List) a collection of works used/citations

Bidungsroman a novel of all around self-development

black humour obscene or dark humour

cacophony harsh discordance of sound

caesura a break or pause in a line of poetry dictated by the natural language

canon a fundamental principle or general rule

caption a heading or description of a picture or chapter

caricature a distorted view of a character or things

catastrophe a calamatous event; final event or conclusion, usually unfortunate

catharsis release from tension and fear following the climas of the story - the calm following the storm

character foil a character which contrasts with the protagonist to highlight characteristics

citation referencing the work bieng quoted or used

clause A clause is a grammatical unit that includes at a minimum a predicate and an explicit or impled subject and expresses a proposition

cliché a trite overused expression

climax the part in the story when a crises and resolution are reached

coherence logical interconnection

colloquialism word, phrase or expression used in everyday speech and wriitng

comic relief amusing scene, incident or speech introduced into serious or tragic elements in order to provide temporary release from tension

compression shortening a timeline to advance the story

concept map a diagram which shows various relationships between concepts

confessional poetry poetry which reflects the state of mind and feelings of the poet

conflict the tension in a situation between charcters

connotation suggestion or implication evoked by a word or phrase over and above what it actually means

consonance close repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels - e.g. slip-slop

contexts the set of circustances or facts that surround a particular event or situation

critical analysis examining things in a critical or close examining manner

critical essay an essay written examining an area in a close manner

dactylic metre a long syllable followed by two short syllables

Dadaism the style and techniques of a group of artists/writers in the early 20th centrury who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work

decoding skills a critical component in the ability to read

denotation the most literal and limited meaning of a word

dependent clause a clause that cannot stand alone within a full sentence, whch acts as a noun, adjective or adverb

deus ex machina ending an unanticipated intervener who resolves a difficult situation

diction a style of speaking or writing dependent upon choice of words

didactic intended for instruction

discipline a set system of rules and regulations

documentary telling of a story based on documentary evidence

domain a field of action, thought or influence

dominant line an important line in a book or play which is central to the overall meaning

drafting a first or preliminary form of any writing subject to revision or copying

dramatic irony when the audience understands the implicaiton and meaning of a situation on stage but the characters do not

dramatic monologue a poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience

dramatic poetry a form of writing which expresses emotional feelings - involves a narrative poem of a person in a specific situation

dramatic purpose the central emotional theme

dub poetry performance poetry consisting of spoken words over reggae rhythms

editing revising

editorial article or publication expressing the opinion of the author/editor

editorial cartoon a cartoon depicting a humorous rendition of the artist's feelings or opinions on a matter

elegy a mournfull or melancholy poem especially a funeral song or lament for the dead

elision the ommission or slurring of a syllable in poetry

emphasis special stress laid upon or importance attached to

end rhyme occurs at the end of a line of verse

end-stopped where the sense and meter conincide in a pause a the end of a line

enjambment running on of a sentence beyond the second line of one couplet into the first line of the next

epic poem a long narrative poem

epigraph can be an inscription on a statue or builiding, the writing on a coin, a quotation on the title page of a book or a motto heading a new section or paragraph

episodic pertaining to or of the nature of an episode

epistolary contianed in or carried on in the form of letters

escape ficton a fiction which provides phychological escape from everyday life - purely for entertainment

essay a composition of unfixed length which discusses formally or informally a topic or variety of topics - the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms

eulogy a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing

euphony agreeable sounds pleasing to the ear, a harmonious or pleasing combination or succession of words

explication an explanation

exposition writing or speech primarily intended to convey information or explanation

expository the infromation at the start of a book or play that is essential to know about what has happened, or events to come

expressive writing avoids the representaiton of external reality and instead projects highly personal

visions of the world

extended metaphor a metaphor that is extended thoughout an entire stanza or poem

fable a fairy tale to teach a moral lesson

fact the truth

falling metre is when the metre moves from stressed to unstressed

feminine rhyme when the words of two or more syllables rhyme - often used in humourous verse

figurative language language that uses figures of speech e.g. metaphors, similes etc.

figures of speech an expression which uses language in a non-literal or unusual way to achieve a rhetorical effect

folklore it is literature which has been passed down orally by illeterate people

foot gorup of syllables forming a metrical unit - a unit of rhyme

footer a note at the end of a page

form shape, sturcture and the manner in which a literary work is made

formal conventional

formal essay a structured essay written with citations and references to previous works

genre a class or category

glittering generalities emotionally appealing words so closely associated with highly-valued concepts and beliefs that they carry conviction without supporting information or reason (e.g. courage, patriotist, common sense etc.)

graphical element a symbol, emblom, icon or sign which is recognizable (e.g. a logo)

groundlings a spectator or reader of unsophisticated or uncultured tastes

heptameter a metrical line of seven feet

hexameter a metrical line of six feet

high culture is the culture of an elite such as the aristocracy or intelligentsia

hubris desire beyond one's station

iambic metre consists of a unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable and is thought to be the nearest to speech and is common in English verse

idiom an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent words (e.g. kick the bucket)

imperfect rhyme a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. (e.g. wing, caring)

implications an implied meaning, indirect indications, suggestions

infer to derive by reasoning

inference the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true

infomercial a long commercial that informs or instructs

informal essay has formal structure but the content is less rigid and is written for pleasure

informational essay an essay that contains information

in medias res in or into the middle of a sequence of events

innocent-eye narrator The character telling the story may be a child or a developmentally disabled individual; the narrator is thus naive. The contrast between what the innocent-eye narrator perceives and what the reader understands may produce an ironic effect.

interpretive fiction A given situation purposed to explain or convery by action word or deed

language arts the combined study of literature and language

literary non-fiction branch of writing which employs literary techniques and artistic vision usually associated with fiction or poetry to report on actual persons, places, or events

literature writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of universal inteest are characteristic or essential features - peotry, novels, etd.

loaded words words that have negative or hurtful meaning which are likely to cause conflict

loose sentence a type of sentence in which the main idea comes first followed by dependent grammatical units (e.g. he went to town to buy groceries, to visit his friends and go to the bookstore)

low culture Low culture is a derogatory term for some forms of popular culture - reality shows, bathroom humour etc.

lyric poetry a type of emotional song-like poetry

major sentence A major sentence is a regular sentence; it has a subject and a predicate. For example: I have a ball.

masculine rhyme a single monosyllabic rhyme at the end of a line (thorn, scorn)

metacognition Metacognition is defined as "cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing."

metonymy a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is substituted for the thing itself eg. The stage, the crown, the bench

metre arrangement of words in regularly measured patterns or rhythmic lines or versus

milieu someones surrondinds/environment

minor sentence a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. Other examples of minor sentences are headings, stereotyped expressions (Hello!), emotional expressions (Wow!), proverbs, etc. This can also include nominal sentences like The more, the merrier.

mnenonic device is a mind, memory or learning aid

monographs a highly detailed and throroughly documented study or paper written about a limited area or subject field

monometer In poetry, a monometer is a line of verse with just one metrical foot

mood state or quality of feeling imparted by the written word

motif a recurring subject, theme, idea, etc., esp. in a literary, artistic, or musical work.

multimedia the combined use of several types of media eg. Art and literature

non-sequitur It is a comment which, due to its apparent lack of meaning relative to what it follows,[1] seems absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing, as in the following joke:Q: How many surrealists does it take to change a light bulb?A: Fish.The use of non sequitur in humor can be deliberate or unintentional. Literally, the expression is Latin for "it does not follow."[2] In other literature, a non sequitur can denote an abrupt, illogical, unexpected or absurd turn of plot or dialogue not normally associated with or appropriate to that preceding it.

novella a fictional prose narrative that is longer and more complex than a short story

(e.g. a short novel)

octameter a metrical line of eight feet

ode a poem intended to be sung

oral tradition Oral tradition, oral culture and oral lore are messages or testimony transmitted orally from one generation to another. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledges across generations without a writing system.

orature oral literature (orature was introduced to reduce the oxymoron, but oral literature persists)

organizing principle a core assumption from which everything else by proximity can derive a classification or a value

parallelism to give two or more parts of the sentences a similar form so as to give the whole a definite pattern - I came, I saw, I conquered

parody a satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing (e.g. The Life of Brian)

passive voice When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (e.g. The mouse was eaten by the cat.)

pathos the quality or power that evokes a feeling of pity or compassion

pentameter a metrical line of five feet

perfect rhyme a rhyme of two words spelled or pronounced identically but have different meaning (e.g. rain and rein)

periodical index a type of reference source that lists periodical articles by subject or author

periodicals a published work that appears on a regular schedule eg. Newspapers, magazines etc.

periodic sentence is a sentence that is not grammatically complete until its end

persona the narrator of or character in a literary work, sometimes identified with the author

personal essay an essay written from a personal point of view

perspective your viewpoint on something based on what you know

phrase a group of words funcitoning as a single unit in a sentence e.g. at the end of the street

picaresque novel a satirical novel which depicts in humourous ways the adventures of a roguish hero who lives by his wits in a corrupt society

pitch the pace and tone of text

plagiarizing to take and use ideas, writing etc. without giving credit

plausible having an appearance of truth or reason

post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy a fallacy that inappropriately proportions cause and effect. Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one

prefix a small word placed in front of a word to change the meaning e.g. unhappy, substandard etc.

prewriting Prewriting is the first step of the writing process, followed by drafting, revision, editing and publishing

primary source an original document pertaining to the event or subject of inquiry

producer a person responsible for the financial and administrative aspects of a stage, film, television, or radio production

proofreading checking over work for error

proportion the significance of a thing or event that an objective view reveals

props are objects or things used to create a scence, setting or effect

prosaic having the character or form of prose rather than poetry

prose poem is poetry written in prose that departs from some of the usual practices associated with prose discourse, for the sake of heightened imagery or emotional effect

quarto a type of book format that is formed from folding the original sheet into 4, hence the page size is a quarter of the original sheet

refrain a phrase or verse recurring at intervals in a poem or song

register a book in which records of names, events etc. are kept

representing to set forth clearly with a view to influencing matters

revising to alter something in order to make corrections, improve or update

rhetorical device a use of language which creates a literal effect without regard for literal significance

rhetorical question a question to which no answer is expected

rising metre is when the metre moves from unstressed to stressed

road literature stories about journeys on the road

sarcasm harsh or bitter irony

sardonic scornful, mocking, disdainfully humourous

satire a literary composition in verse or prose in which human folly and vice are scorned and ridiculed

satirist a writer of satires

scansion the metrical analyses of verse

schwa the mid-central, neutral vowel sound typically occurring in unstressed syllables in English

secondary source is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere

sight rhyme agreement in spelling but not in sound at the end of lines of verse (e.g. have and grave)

situational irony is the disparity of intention and result

slice-of-life story a story that portrays a "cut-out" sequence of events in a character's life

social dramatist a writer whose works deal with significant social issues

soliliquy a long speech by a character as if no one is around

sonnet a class of poetry with 14 lines of definite pattern

speaker the person speaking

spondaic metre a metrical foot of two stressed or long syllables e.g. cold feed

stanza A stanza is part of a poem consisting of a group of lines, set off by a space, that usually has a set pattern of meter and rhyme

statement of fact a single sentence or assertion based on fact

statement of opinion a single sentence or assertion based on opinion

stereotype a simplified and standardized conception or image

stereotyping to characterize or regard as a stereotype

stream-of-consciousness story a story that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind - interior monologue

style disctinctive or characteristic mode of wrting

subplot a plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work or film

suffix an affix which follows the word to which it was added (e.g. kindly, elderly)

suspense A literary device in which the author maintains the audience's attention through the buildup of events, the outcome of which will soon be revealed

symbol something used for or regarded as something representing something else

symbolism representing things with symbols

synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer)

tag a quotation added for special effect

tetrameter a metrical line of four feet

text the main body of matter in a manuscript, book, newspaper etc.

theme a unifying or dominant idea

thesaurus a book of synonyms

tilting a verbal debate

title page verso the left page, opposite the title page in a book

tome a book, especially on ethat is heavy large or learned

tone Manner of expression in speech or writing

tragedy a dramatic composition dealing with a serious or somber theme

tragic flaw A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow

tragic hero a literary character who makes an error of judgement or has a fatal flaw that combines with fate and external forces brings on a tragedy

tranisitional expression an expression used to flow one idea from another (e.g. at the same time, in conclusion, to illustrate)

trimeter a metrical line of three feet

triple rhyme a rhyme of involving three syllables (vanity/humanity)

trochaic metre a metrical foot containing a stresed followed by an unstressed syllable, producing a fally rhythm

understatement to state or represent less strongly than the facts would bear out

unity the state of being one (or whole)

unreliable narrator a narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised usually due to lack of knowledge, deliberate attempt to deceive or psychological instability

urban legend modern story of obscure origin with little or no supporting evidence

values a set of consistent beliefs

verbal irony is a disparity of expression and intention: when a speaker says one thing but means another

verisimilitude the appearance or semblance of truth

verse a stanza or a succession of meterical feet

villanelle a class of poem with 19-lines of fixed form consisting of five tercets and a final quatrain on two rhymes

voice expression in written words

volume a collection of written or printed sheets bound together constituting a book

weasel words a word that tempers the forthrightness of a statement making one's views misleading

webbing the intricate set or pattern of circumstances relating events or people in a story

white space the portion of the paper not covered in print - empty, blank portion

wide-angle lens a wide perspective when writing

Works Cited list (Bibliography) a structured list of references used in your wrting

writer's handbook a handbook of advice, writing rules etc. for writers

writing prompt anything that prompts creative thought

Dramatic/Visual composition/Film Terminologyart (visual) essay an essay which uses visual components to tell a story

aerial shot camera view from above

cinematography the art or technique of movie photography, including shooting and development

costume designer a person who researchers period clothing and then design costumes for a film or stage production

close-up shot camera view from close to the object, person, view etc. so they take up most of the frame

composition the plan, placement or arrangement of the elements of art in a work

dissolve to fade out a shot or scene while simultaneously fading into the next

dollying a segment in which the camera is mounted on a wheeled platform that is pushed on rails while the picture is being taken

director a person responsible for interpretive aspects of a production, supervises integration of all the elements required to realize the writer's conception

dub to insert a new sound tract, often a sychronized translation of the original dialogue, into a film

eye-level shot a camera angle where the camera is at the level of human eyes

fade-in to appear gradually by becoming lighter

fade-out to disappear gradually by becoming darker

high-angle shot the camera looks down on the subject from a high locaiotn making the actor/s appear more vulnerable

panning to take a camera shot while rotating the camera on its horizontal or vertical axis to keep the moving person or object in view or to allow the film to record a panarama

long shot High angle shots also make the figure or object seem vulnerable or powerless.

low-angle shot is a shot from a camera positioned low on the vertical axis, often at knee height, looking up

medium shot a camera shot from a medium distance which work well to show both facial expressions and body language

lighting technician are people who rig and control electric lights for art and entertainment venues (theater or live music venues) or in video, television, or film production

photo essay is a set or series of photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer

playwright is a person who writes dramatic literature or drama, usually for performance in front of an audience

reader's theatre minimal theatre in support of literature and reading (e.g. minimal costumes, sets, props, acting etc.)

revenge play the revenge play is a form of tragedy (e.g Hamlet)

shooting script is the version of a screenplay used during the production of a motion picture

screenplay a motion picture

script the manuscript of a play, motion picture, or radio or television broadcast

set designer a person who creates the scenery for theatre, film or television

set to arrange the scenery, properties, lights etc. for an act or scene

splice Connection of two or more pieces of linear material such as film or audio tape

special effects illusions used in the film, television, theater, or entertainment industries to simulate the imagined events in a story

sound technician is a person responsible for dealing with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic means

split screen a type of process photography in which two or more shots are juxtaposed and projected simultaneously on the screen

stage directions is specific terminology used to facilitate the precise movement and positioning of actors on the stage

stagehands are people who move properties, regulate lighting etc. in a theatrical production

stage manager a person who assumes full responsibility for the stage during a producton of a play and oversees the movement of the props, scenery etc.

superimpose the placement of an image or video on top of an already-existing image or video, usually to add to the overall image effect, but also sometimes to conceal something

telephoto lens is a specific construction of a long focal length photographic lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length, having the effect of magnifying the object

tracking a filming technique whereby the camera tracks beside the actor/object (e.g. alongside moving horses or vehicles)

visuals the picture elements as opposed to the sound elements in films, television etc.

voice-over a production technique where a non-diegetic voice is broadcast live or pre-recorded in radio, television, film, theatre and/or presentation

wipe a gradual transition in film editing

Assessment Terminologyabsent missing

accurate precise or correct

adept proficient

adequate meeting standards

ambiguous no clear answer, several possible meanings

appropriate meeting what is expected

aptly done well

astute perceptive

awkward not well planned, constructed

clarity how clear something is

coherence whether or not things fit together

competent capable of meeting expectations or requirments

comprehension ability to understand

comprehensive all encompassing, large in scope

confused unsure

considered well thought through

controlling idea central or main idea/theme

conventional normal or usual, conforming to accepted standards

convincing believable

diction style of speech

discernible possible to understand

dicerning an understanding

distinct unique in nature/quality

effective producing intended or expected results

efficient productive use of time and resources

excellent exceeding or above standards, well done!!

fluent familiar with

generalized non-specific

haphazard untidy and not well thought out

illuminating sheds light on a subject

implied thesis unstated but supported central idea

imprecise not precise

inaccurate not accurate

inappropriate not appropriate

indistinct not distinct

ineffective not effective

insightful able to extract inner meaning, perceptive, intuitive understanding

irrelevant not important and extraneous

integratedsmoothly worked in, coordinated to provide a harmonious and interrelated whole

jarring abrupt and startling

judicious rule bound, good discriminating judgement

limited lacking

matters of choice choosing the arguments to support your thesis

matters of correctness using grammer and spelling and punctuation in a proper manner

mechanics the technical aspects of writing

obscure block from view or far-fetched idea, vague or uncertain

overgeneralized to be unspecific beyond appropriate or justified limits

oversimplified to simply to the point of error, distortion or misrepresentation

peer assessment to have your work judged by your academic equals

perceptive insightful

persuasive to be able to convince of an idea through argument

plausible could have happened, believable

polished well honed

precise detailed

proficient apt

purposeful intentional

poor not well done

relevant connected with the matter in hand

satisfactory meeting acceptable standards

sensible having sound judgement

skillful having good ability

straightforward simple and direct

superficial dealt with on the surface, lacking depth

sustained to keep up or keep going

syntactic of or pertianing to syntax

syntax rules or patterns of language and writing

thesis a central theme or idea

thesis statement main idea stated in a single sentence

underdeveloped not well developed

undeveloped not developed at all

undiscerning not discerning, lacking insight

unifying effect bringing things together to make a whole

unintelligible unclear, not understood

vague not specific

valid well founded

SS30-1 Related Issue #1 - IdentityLiberalism a political or social philosophy advocating freedom of the

individual

Individualism a social theory advocating the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual

Common Good the common good describes a specific philosophy, ethic, moral or political belief that is shared and beneficial for all (or most) members of a given community

Collectivism a term used to describe any moral, political, or social outlook, that stresses human interdependence and the importance of a collective, rather than the importance of separate individuals

Ideology a particular principle, position or policy that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class or large group

Progressivism favouring or advocating progress, change, improvement or reform as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are

Individual Rights & Freedoms the rights and freedoms of the individual

Competition rivalry offered by a competitor

Economic Freedom is the freedom to produce, trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force, fraud or theft

The Rule of Law simply means that the law is above everyone and it applies to everyone

Private Poperty refers to tangible and intangible things owned by individuals or firms over which their owners have exclusive and absolute legal rights

Public Property assets owned by a state, community or government rather than individuals or private firm

Collective Responsibility & Interests groups shared responsibilities and interests

Cooperation working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit

Economic Equality the idea of having similar economic circumstance amongst different nations

Collective Norms the beliefs and philosophies etc. of the majority in a group

SS30-1 Related Issue #2 - Resistance to LiberalismJohn Locke was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British empiricists,

but is equally important to social contract theory. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers, classical republicans, and contributors to liberal theory.

Baron de Montesquieu was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Era of the Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He was largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire

Adam Smith was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics

John Stuart Mill was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century whose works on liberty justified freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.[2] He was an exponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. He clearly set forth the premises of the scientific method.

Laissez Faire Capitalism the idea of separation of economy and state

Industrialization rapid growth of mechanical production

The Class System a system where people are separated based on wealth, social status etc.

Limited Government is a government where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not usually allowed by law, usually in a written Constitution

Classic Conservatism refers to various political and social philosophies that support tradition and the status quo

Marxism is the political philosophy and economic practice based upon a materialist interpretation of history, a critical analysis of capitalism, a theory of social change, and an atheist view of human liberation derived from the work of Karl Marx

Socialism refers to various theories of economic organisation advocating public or direct worker ownership and administration of the means of production and allocation of resources, and a society characterised by equal access to resources for all individuals with an egalitarian method of compensation

Welfare Capitalism the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state

Labour Standards are standards designed to eliminate unjust and inhumane labour practices

Unions a number of persons joined together for a common purpose, often to ensure the rights of workers in the workplace

Universal Suffrage the right to vote for all persons over a certain age

Welfare State a state in which the welfare of the people in such matters as social security, health and education, housing and working conditions is the responsibility of the government

Human Rights the "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Feminism the doctrine advocating social, political nad all other rights of women equal to those of men

Communism is a family of economic and political ideas and social movements related to the establishment of an egalitarian, classless and stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general, as well as the name given to such a society.

Fascism a government system led by a dictator having complete power

Expansionism refers to the doctrine of a nation's expanding its territorial base (or economic influence) usually by means of military aggress

Containment - Truman Doctrine and Domino Theory

Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".

Deterrence act of deterring

Brinksmanship is the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome e.g. Cuban missile crisis

Détente international situation where previously hostile nations not involved in an open war de-escalate tensions through diplomacy and confidence-building measures

Non-alignmnet a national policy repudiating political or military alliance with a world power

Liberation Movements an organization fighting a rebellion against a colonial power, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist out

Neo-Conservatism a movement in favour of political, economic and social conservatism

Environmentalism any person who advocates or works to protect nature or natural resources from pollution or its effects

Post-modernism Of or relating to art, architecture, or literature that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional or classical elements of style or by carrying modernist styles or practices to extremes

Extremism a tendency or disposition to go to extremes

SS30-1 Related Issue #3 - Contemporary LiberalismConsensus general agreement or concord

Direct vs. Representative Democracy

system of government in which either the actual governing is carried out by the people governed (direct democracy), or the power to do so is granted by them (as in representative democracy)

Authoritarianism a form of government characterized by an emphasis on the authority of state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by typically non-elected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom

Command Economies an economy where supply and price are regulated by the government

Free market econtomies a market economy without intervention and regulation by government except to regulate against force or fraud

Traditional economies an economic system in which resources are allocated by inheritance and which has a strong social network and is based on indigenous technology and methods

Mixed economies is an economic system that includes a variety of public and government control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism

American Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known which protects the basic principles of human liberty

Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms

the rights and freedoms set out for Canadian citizens

Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms

is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27,

War Measures Act a Canadian statute that allows the government to assume sweeping emergency powers in the event of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended

Patriot Act is an act that allows authorites to conduct surveillance without judicial review

Debt a liability or obligation to pay or render something

Poverty the state or condition of having little or no money, goods or means of support

Racism a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determines cultural or human acheivement, usually believing ones own race is superior

Pandemics is an epidemic of infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region; for instance a continent, or even worldwide

Terrorism the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. One form is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual

Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or media organizations as determined by a censor.

Illiberalism is a governing system in which, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties. It is not an 'open society'. This may be because a constitution limiting government powers exists, but its liberties are ignored, or to the simple absence of an adequate legal constitutional framework of liberty

SS30-1 Related Issue #3 - Contemporary LiberalismThe Human Condition refers to the distinctive features of human existence

Dissent to differ in sentiment or opinion from the majority, particularly in politics

Civility courtesy or politeness

Civil Disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence

Political Participation an individuals participation in politics

Citizen Advocacy representing the rights and interests of another person as if they

were one's own

Humanitarian Crises is an event or series of events which represents a critical threat to the health, safety, security or wellbeing of a community or other large group of people

Civil rights movements organized groups fighting for civil liberties for all

Anti-war movements organized protests against war

McCarthyism (Red Scare) is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence

Pro-democracy movements are protests for democracy (e.g. Tiananmen Square )

Collective and individual action the actions of the individual or of a group of individuals