Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011. Define key terms Explain the relationship of chain of...

Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

Define key terms Explain the relationship of chain of infection

to transmission of infection Identify and describe the routes of infection Understand how the immune system works Identify the body’s normal defenses against

infection


Infection Pathogen Endemic Pandemic Virulent Vaccination Meningitis Pneumonia Tuberculosis virus


Fungi Parasite


Candidiasis Public lice AIDS HIV COPD Sleep apnoea


Reservoir = e.g. human

Portal of exit = e.g. nasal mucosa

Mode of transmission = e.g.insect bite

Portal of entry e.g. skin

Susceptible host = immunocompromised


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvRP3c5n3P8


Vaccination Good nutrition Adequate rest Disposal of rubbish Masks, gloves Medical asepsis Surgical asepsis HANDWASHING


Lymphoid organs Lymphocytes B Cells and T cells made in bone marrow Key organs: spleen, thymus and bone

marrow Macrophages

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De95q_bC894&feature=related


Produced in the bone marrow


Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control◦ Heredity◦ Aging◦ Environmental conditions◦ Organism virulence


Risk Factors You Can Control ◦ Stress◦ Nutrition◦ Fitness level◦ Sleep◦ Drug use◦ Personal hygiene◦ High-risk behaviors◦ Exposure to products and services that increase

risk


“when the body makes an error in the antigen-antibody response and builds up antibodies against it’s own tissue and attempts to destroy it”


Naturally acquired active immunity –exposure to antigens in daily life“a killed or weakened version of a disease causing

microrganism (antigen)”Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies

against future attacks without causing the disease

◦ Artificially acquired active immunity◦ injections, oral dose◦ Naturally acquired passive immunity◦ – passed through to foetus by mother or through

breast feeding.◦ T- and B-cell memory


http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/7890/$File/natl-immunisation-sched-21mar-11.pdf

http://www.immune.org.nz/


Disease causing micro-organisms6 major types:

1.Bacteria2.Viruses3.Fungi4.Protozoans5.Parasites


3 types (classified by their shape)cocci, bacilli, spirilli

Cocci Staphylocci – normally present on the skin;

MRSA

streptococci – Group A (strep throat; necrotising fascitis)

Meningococcal meningitis: stiff neck,Fever, severe headache, photophobia


Pneumonia: ‘disease of the lung characterised by characterised by cough, chest pains, chills, fever and eventual respiratory failure”.

- Most common forms caused by bacteria

Tuberculosis: “caused by bacteria infiltrating the respiratory system causing chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs”. -airborne transmission-persistent cough, weight loss, coughing blood, early morning fever


Not alive, but still pathogens◦ The common cold◦ Influenza◦ Hepatitis: three different types

A (HAV) B (HBV) C (HCV)

Prion – the smallest known pathogen


◦ Fungi◦ Protozoans ◦ Parasitic worms


The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back◦ Immunity – “being able to resist a particualr disease

by counteracting the substance that produces the disease”

◦ Antigens – “a substance capable of triggering an immune response” e.g. bacteria, virus

◦ Antibodies – “the body’s response to an antigen”◦ Humoral immune response – the process whereby

the body produces antibodies in response to antigens.

◦ Cell-mediated immunity Lymphocytes Macrophages


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