Vitamins,Vitamins,VITAMIN A,VITAMIN D,VITAMIN E,VITAMIN K,Industrial production
Vitamin k and e
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Transcript of Vitamin k and e
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1. VITAMIN E2. VITAMIN K 3. HYPOPHOSPHATASIA4. PSEUDO HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
Overview
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VITAMINS
Vitamins or “vital amines” are essential food factors required in the diet in small amounts to do specific biological functions to maintain normal growth and health of an organism.
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1.
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VITAMIN E Tocopherol aka “the alcohol which brings forth
offspring” Vitamin E consists of 8 naturally occurring
tocopherols of which α-tocopherol is the most active.
FUNCTIONS:1. Prevent peroxidation of polyunsaturated
fatty acids .2. Anti-oxidant.3. Aids in the formation of RBC’s.4. Anti-cancer. (γ- tocopherol )
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Daily Requirements Infant 3mg Adult 10mg Deficiency is very rare as our daily intake is approx. 15 mg per day.
Deficiency Increased fragility of RBCs Degeneration of neurons – chronic cholestatic liver disease muscle weakness, degeneration of retina- abetalipoproteinemia
In animals decreased male sterility vit-E deficient rats -loss of pigmentation and atrophic, degenerative
changes in enamel organ is seen.
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Treatment Replacement therapy Dietary supplements
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Moisturizing healing anti inflammatory anti aging
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Vitamin
Also called as “Koagulation vitamin”. Two natural forms of vitamin K K1- phylloquinone - derived from vegetables and
animal source K2- menaquinone – synthesized by bacterial flora
and found in hepatic tissue. One synthetic form K3 – menadione which is
water soluble.
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Vitamin K is necessary for the post transitional carboxylation of glutamic acid necessary for calcium binding to gamma carboxylated proteins such as prothrombin, factors VII, IX, X, protein C, protein S and proteins found in bone.
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FunctionsRole of vitamin K in coagulation.
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The ability to bind calcium ions is acquired by the activation of vitamin K dependent clotting factors or proteins in clotting cascade.
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Other functions of vitamin K Protects bones from
weakening or fracture Prevents calcification of
blood vessels or heart vessels
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Daily requirements
Deficiency 1. In new-borns : bleeding into skin blood in stool can be seen.2. In adults : Secondary hypovitaminosis K- due to impaired fat absorption or ulcerative colitis or obstructive jaundice.
1-2 mcg per kg But our dietary intake is approx. 300-500
mcg , which is more than enough to meet daily requirements
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Clinical Manifestations
Oral manifestation : gingival bleeding
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Diagnosis : elevated prothrombin time reduced clotting factors.
Treatment new-borns are given vitamin K injection.Dierary supplements.
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Hypophosphatasia It is a rare metabolic bone disorder characterised by a
deficiency of tissue non specific alkaline phosphatase. The main features include the following:1. Reduced levels of bone, liver and kidney isoenzyme of
alkaline phosphatase.2. Increased levels of blood and urinary
phosphoethanolamine.(inhibit mitochondrial function)3. Bone abnormalities that resemble rickets.
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I. Perinatal hypophosphatasia Most severe Infant rarely survives- death is due to respiratory
failures. Hypo calcification of skeletal structures.
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II. Infantile hypophosphatasia Appear normal up to 6 months of age- then show a failure to grow. Vomiting and hypotonia. Skeletal malformations – shortened and bowed limbs. Deformities of ribs- rachitic rosary- which predisposes patients to
pneumonia. Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis H/P: abundant production of poorly mineralised osteoid
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III. Childhood hypophosphatasia Premature loss of primary teeth without
evidence of a significant inflammatory response. Enlarged pulp chambers and alveolar bone loss Open fontanelles with premature fusion of
cranial sutures- increased intracranial pressure and subsequent brain damage.
Short stature, bowed legs and waddling gait. H/P: woven bone (less mature form of osseous
tissue) maybe seen, absence of cementum that covers the root surface.
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Radiograhically “beaten copper” appearance of skull
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IV. Adult hypophosphotasia Many patients are edentulous- loss of permanent and
deciduous teeth Stress fractures that involve metatarsal bone of the feet H/P: woven bone maybe seen
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Treatment and prognosis Symptomatic treatment Orthopaedic surgery for fractures, prosthetic appliances for missing
teeth Genetic counselling Perinatal and infantile- poor prognosis Childhood and adult- better prognosis
Diagnosis Clinical manifestations Decreased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase Increased amounts of phosphoethynylamine in urine
and blood
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Pseudohypophosphotasia Resembles hypophosphotasia but with a normal
serum alkaline phosphatase level Hereditary Premature loss of deciduous tooth, hypotonia. Treatment – symptomatic