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B vitaminsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
B vitamin supplementtablets
B vitaminsare a class of water-soluble vitaminsthat play important roles in cellmetabolism. Thoughthese vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemicallydistinct vitamins thatoften coexist in the same foods. n general, supplements containing all eight are referred to asa vitamin B complex. ndividual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of eachvitamin !e.g., B", B#, B$etc.%.
Contents
" &ist of B vitamins
# B vitamin molecular functions
$ B vitamin deficiency
' B vitamin side effects
( B vitamin sources
) *elated compounds
+ *eferences
List of B vitaminsVitamin B1!thiamine%
Vitamin B2!riboflavin%
Vitamin B3!niacinor nicotinic acid%
Vitamin B5!antothenic acid%
Vitamin B6!pyridoxine,pyridoxal, pyridoxamine%
Vitamin B7!biotin%
Vitamin B9!folic acid%
Vitamin B12!various cobalamins commonlycyanocobalaminor methylcobalaminin vitamin
supplements%
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_supplementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#List_of_B_vitaminshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_molecular_functionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_deficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_side_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#Related_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanocobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanocobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#List_of_B_vitaminshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_molecular_functionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_deficiencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_side_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#B_vitamin_sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#Related_compoundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanocobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_supplement -
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B vitamin molecular functions
Vitami
nName Structure Molecular Function
Vitami
n B1Thiamine
Thiamine plays a central role in the
generation of energy from carbohydrates.
It is involved
in RNAandDNAproduction, as well as
nerve function. Its active form is a
coenzyme called thiamine
pyrophosphateT!!", which ta#es part
in the conversion of pyruvate toacetyl
coenzyme A$oA" in metabolism.%&'
Vitami
n B2Riboflavin
Riboflavin is involved in the energy
production for theelectron transport
chain, thecitric acid cycle, as well as the
catabolism of fatty acids beta o(idation"%)'
Vitami
n B3Niacin
Niacin is composed of two structures*
nicotinic acid andnicotinamide.There
are two co+enzyme forms of
niacin*nicotinamide adeninedinucleotideNAD" and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphateNAD!".
oth play an important role in energy
transfer reactions in the metabolism of
glucose, fat and alcohol.%-'
NAD carries hydrogens and their
electrons during metabolic reactions,
including the pathway from the citric
acid cycle to the electron transport chain.
NAD! is a coenzyme in lipid and nucleic
acid synthesis.%'
Vitami
n B5
!antothenic acid !antothenic acid is involved in the
o(idation of fatty acids and
carbohydrates. $oenzyme A, which can
be synthesised from pantothenic acid, is
involved in the synthesis of amino acids,
fatty acids, #etones, cholesterol,%/'phospholipids, steroid hormones,
neurotransmitters such
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_pyrophosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl_coenzyme_Ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-5 -
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asacetylcholine", and antibodies.%0'
Vitami
n B6
pyrido(ine,pyrido(al,pyrido(ami
ne
The active formpyrido(al /1+
phosphate!2!" depicted" serves as a
cofactor in many enzyme reactions
mainly in amino acid metabolism
including biosynthesisofneurotransmitters.
Vitami
n B7iotin
iotin plays a #ey role in the metabolism
of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It
is a critical co+enzyme of four
carbo(ylases* acetyl $oA carbo(ylase,
which is involved in the synthesis of
fatty acids from acetate3 propionyl $oA
carbo(ylase, involved in
gluconeogenesis3 4+methylcrotonyl $oA
carbo(ylase, involved in the metabolism
ofleucine3 and pyruvate $oA
carbo(ylase, which is involved in the
metabolism of energy, amino acids and
cholesterol.%5'
Vitami
n B96olic acid
6olic acid acts as a co+enzyme in the
form oftetrahydrofolateT76", which is
involved in the transfer of single+carbon
units in the metabolism of nucleic acids
and amino acids. T76 is involved in
pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, so is
needed for normal cell division,
especially during pregnancy and infancy,
which are times of rapid growth. 6olate
also aids in erythropoiesis,the
production ofred blood cells.%8'
Vitami
n B12$obalamin
9itamin &)is involved in the cellular
metabolism
ofcarbohydrates,proteinsand lipids. It
is essential in the production of blood
cells in bone marrow, and for nerve
sheaths and proteins.%:'9itamin
&)functions as a co+enzyme in
intermediary metabolism for the
methionine synthase reaction
withmethylcobalamin,and the
methylmalonyl $oA mutase reaction
withadenosylcobalamin.%&;'
B vitamin deficiency
everal named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B vitamins./eficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_5'-phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_5'-phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmittershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmittershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofolatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofolatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoiesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoiesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxaminehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_5'-phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridoxal_5'-phosphatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmittershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofolatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoiesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylcobalaminhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-10 -
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Vitamin Name Deficiency effects
Vitamin
B1thiamine
Deficiency causesberiberi. orsa#off1s
syndrome, an irreversibledementiacharacterized
by amnesiaand compensatory confabulation.
VitaminB2
riboflavin
Deficiency causesariboflavinosis.
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lead to birth defects.
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intolerance, and reversible" ocular effects.
Additionally, the nicotinic acid form may
cause vasodilatory effects, also #nown
as flushing,including redness of the s#in,
often accompanied by an itching, tingling,
or mild burning sensation, which is alsooften accompanied bypruritus, headaches,
and increased intracranial blood flow, and
occasionally accompanied by pain.%&-'edical practitioners prescribe
recommended doses up to );;; mg per
day of niacin, usually in time release
format, to combat arterial plaBue
development in cases of high lipid levels.%&'
Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid None No #nown to(icity
Vitami
n B6
pyrido(ine,pyrido(al,pyrido(amin
e
Main
article:vitamin
B6 Toxicity
Main article: vitamin B6 Toxicity
Vitami
n B7biotin None No #nown to(icity
Vitami
n B9folic acid & mgday%&/'
as#s &)deficiency, which can lead to
permanentneurologicaldamage%&/'
Vitami
n B12cyanocobalamin
None
established.%&0'
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riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid be added back to white flour after processing. This is sometimescalled 56nriched Flour5 on food labels.
B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey, tuna and liver.1"720ood sources forB vitamins includelegumes!pulsesor beans%, whole grains, potatoes, bananas, chilipeppers, tempeh, nutritional yeast,brewer8s yeast, and molasses
.9lthough the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins,1":2
theirbioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanolinhibits absorption of thiamine !B"%,1#;21#"2riboflavin !B#%,1##2niacin !B$%,1#$2biotin !B+%,1#'2and folic acid !B:%.1#(21#)2n addition, each of the precedingstudies further emphasihemical variants of the B"#vitamin found inplant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same
phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B "#content in other types of foods as well.1#+2
9nother popular means of increasing one8s vitamin B intake is through the use ofdietarysupplements. B vitamins are also commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have beenmarketed with large amounts of B vitamins 1#72with claims that this will cause the consumer to 5sailthrough your day without feeling ?ittery or tense.51#72ome nutritionists have been critical of theseclaims, pointing out for instance that while B vitamins do 5help unlock the energy in foods,5 most
9mericans ac3uire the necessary amounts easily in their diets.1#72
Because they are soluble in water, excess B vitamins !such as may be ingested via supplements%are generally readily excreted, although individual absorption, use and metabolism mayvary@51#72The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B"#and other B vitaminsdue to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. n cases of severe
deficiency B vitamins, especially B"#, may also be delivered by in?ection to reverse deficiencies.1#:2Both type " and type # diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on highprevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated withdiabetes.1$;29lso, Aitamin B:!folic acid% deficiency in early embryo development has been linkedto neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged toincrease daily dietary folic acid intake andor take a supplement. 1$"2
Related compounds1edit2
=any of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed tobe vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to themnow form the 5gaps5 in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above !e.g., there is novitamin B'%. ome of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of otherorganisms others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.
Vitamin B4C can refer to the distinct chemicalscholine, adenine, or carnitine.1$#21$$2>holine
is synthesi
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Vitamin B8C adenosine monophosphate!9=%, also known asadenylic acid.1$+2Aitamin
B7may also refer to inositol.1$72
Vitamin B10Cpara-aminoben
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". Jmp p !Fattal-Valevski, A (2011). "Thiamin (vitamin B1)".Jornal o! vi#en$e-Base#%omplementary & Alternative 'e#i$ine16(1) 1220.#oi10.11**+12101102/1 .
#. Jmp p !"io!lavin". Alternative 'e#i$ine evie 13(/) //0. 2003.4'56112/31.
$. Jmp p !7hitney, 89 ol!es, : %roe, T %ameron-:mith, 6 7alsh, A (2011).;n#erstan#in, Folate, Vitamin B12, 4antotheni$ A$i#, Biotin an# %holine. 7ashin :eptemer 2012.
";. Jmp p !6:' (2012). "Vitamin B12".etrieve# 1> :eptemer 2012.
"". I Jump up toCab8ational A$a#emy o! :$ien$es. 5nstitte o! 'e#i$ine. Foo# an# 8tritionBoar#., e#. (13)."%hapter / - Thiamin"(46F).6ietary e!eren$e 5ntakes !or Thiamin, io!lavin,8ia$in, Vitamin B>, Folate, Vitamin B12, 4antotheni$ A$i#, Biotin, an# %holine.7ashin.5:B80-0-0>/11-2.Ar$hive#!rom the ori-1*.
"#. I Jump up toCab8ational A$a#emy o! :$ien$es. 5nstitte o! 'e#i$ine. Foo# an# 8tritionBoar#., e#. (13)."%hapter - io!lavin"(46F).6ietary e!eren$e 5ntakes !or Thiamine, io!lavin,8ia$in, Vitamin B>, Folate, Vitamin B12, 4antotheni$ A$i#, Biotin, an# %holine.7ashin/11-2.Ar$hive#!rom the ori-1*.
"$. I Jump up toCab8ational A$a#emy o! :$ien$es. 5nstitte o! 'e#i$ine. Foo# an# 8tritionBoar#., e#. (13)."%hapter > - 8ia$in"(46F). 6ietary e!eren$e 5ntakes !or Thiamine, io!lavin,8ia$in, Vitamin B>, Folate, Vitamin B12, 4antotheni$ A$i#, Biotin, an# %holine.7ashin/11-2.Ar$hive#!rom the ori-1*.
"'. Jmp p !httpCwww.rxabbott.compdfniaspan.pdf
"(. I Jump up toCab8ational A$a#emy o! :$ien$es. 5nstitte o! 'e#i$ine. Foo# an# 8tritionBoar#., e#. (13)."%hapter 3 - Folate"(46F). 6ietary e!eren$e 5ntakes !or Thiamine, io!lavin,8ia$in, Vitamin B>, Folate, Vitamin B12, 4antotheni$ A$i#, Biotin, an# %holine.7ashin0.5:B80-0-0>/11-2.Ar$hive#!rom the ori-1*.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Evidence-Based_Complementary_%26_Alternative_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Evidence-Based_Complementary_%26_Alternative_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Evidence-Based_Complementary_%26_Alternative_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Evidence-Based_Complementary_%26_Alternative_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1533210110392941https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1533210110392941https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152481https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152481https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152481https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-5http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/pantothenic.htmlhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/pantothenic.htmlhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/pantothenic.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-7http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/biotin.htmlhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/biotin.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-9http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/vitaminb12.htmlhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/vitaminb12.htmlhttp://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/schnepp/vitaminb12.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-10http://www.vitamin-basics.com/index.php?id=48http://www.vitamin-basics.com/index.php?id=48http://www.vitamin-basics.com/index.php?id=48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4_11-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4_11-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh4_11-1http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Thiamin/58-86_150.pdfhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Thiamin/58-86_150.pdfhttp://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-06411-2http://web.archive.org/web/20090618030738/http:/fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5_12-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5_12-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_ref-DietaryReferenceIntakesCh5_12-1http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Thiamin/87-122_150.pdfhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI/DRI_Thiamin/87-122_150.pdfhttp://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=4&tax_subject=256&topic_id=1342&level3_id=5141&level4_id=10589http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level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