Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix
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Transcript of Visualizing Japanese Grammar Appendix
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi1
Visualizing Japanese Grammar
Appendix
Shoko Hamano
George Washington University
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi2
• Particles are divided into sentence-final particles, clause-final particles, topic-related particles, particles connecting nouns to nouns, and particles connecting noun phrases to verbs.
• All particles mark the functions of the units before them in relation to some other important party.
• Sentence-final particles connect sentences to speakers and listeners.
Particles
Sentence-final particles
か listener has information; question
よ speaker has information; assurance
ね shared information; sympathy; confirmation
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi3
• Clause-final particles subordinates secondary sentences to main sentences.
Particles
Clause-final particles
から “ because”
けど / けれど “ although”
が “ although”
と “ when(ever)”
か embeds a
question
と quotation
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi4
• The particles wa and mo link the preceding noun phrases to a contextual set.
Particles
Topic-related particles
は indicates that the preceding item is in the contextual set of items; old information
も indicates that the preceding item is added to the contextual set of items; addition
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi5
• Some particles connect noun phrases (or nouns) to other noun phrases (or nouns) and expand noun phrases.
Particles
Particles expanding noun phrases
と “ and”
か “or”
とか connects examples
や connects examples
の the preceding item modifies the following item
な the preceding item modifies the following item
© S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi6
• Many particles link preceding noun phrases to predicates (like verbs and adjectives).
Particles
Particles connecting noun phrases to predicates
が subject
を direct object
に target; recipient; point in time; non-subject participant
へ goal
で location of an activity; means
から source
まで “up to”
までに “by”
より “ than”
ほど “ to the extent of”
と co-participant; “with”