VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College.

VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

Our Thoughts about Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd4 1.Explain how attributions and attitudes affect the way we perceive and judge others. 2.Summarize the three components of attitudes. 3.Describe cultural differences in how people explain behaviour. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Our Thoughts about Others Social Psychology: study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions Attribution: explanation for the cause of behaviours or events To determine the cause, we first decide whether the behaviour comes from an: Internal (dispositional) cause, such as personal characteristics, or External (situational) cause, such as situational demands Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

Our Thoughts about Others: Mistaken Attributions Fundamental attribution error: misjudging causes of others behaviour and attributing to internal (dispositional) versus external (situational) ones Saliency bias: may explain this focus on dispositional causes. Self-Serving Bias: taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd6

Our Thoughts about Others: Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance: feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour or between two competing attitudes Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8

Our Thoughts about Others: Cognitive Dissonance Festinger and Carlsmiths Cognitive Dissonance Study: Participants given VERY boring tasks to complete, and then paid either $1 or $20 to tell next participant the task was very enjoyable and fun. Result: Those paid $1 experienced greater cognitive dissonance, and, therefore changed their attitude more than those paid $20. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What is the fundamental attribution error? 2.According to the _____ theory, people are motivated to change their attitudes because of tension created by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour or between two or more competing attitudes. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd11

Our Feelings about Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd12 1.Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination. 2.Identify four explanations for why prejudice develops. 3.Summarize the factors that influence interpersonal attraction. 4.Explain how loving is different from liking. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group Discrimination: negative behaviours directed at members of a group Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13

Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimination There are three components of prejudice: 1.Cognitive Stereotype: set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized to all group members 2.Affective: feelings associated with objects of prejudice 3.Behavioural Discrimination: negative behaviours directed at members of a group Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd15

Our Feelings about Others: Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Learned response Mental shortcut Ingroup favouritism: ingroup viewed more positively than outgroup Outgroup homogeneity effect: outgroup judged as less diverse than ingroup Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Do you believe you are free of prejudice? Would you date and marry someone of another ethnic group? If you are heterosexual, would you live with a roommate who is gay or lesbian? Why or why not? Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd18

Our Feelings about Others: Interpersonal Attraction Interpersonal attraction: positive feelings toward another Three key factors: Physical attractiveness Proximity (geographic closeness) Similarity Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

Our Feelings about Others: Interpersonal Attraction Romantic Love: erotic attraction with future expectations Companionate Love: lasting attraction based on trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

Our Actions Towards Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23 1.Identify the factors that contribute to conformity and obedience. 2.Explain how groups affect behaviour and decision-making. 3.Summarize the biological and psychosocial factors believed to be involved in aggression. 4.Compare the egoistic model with the empathyaltruism hypothesis. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Our Actions toward Others: Social Influence Conformity: changing behaviour because of real or imagined group pressure Obedience: following direct commands, usually from an authority figure Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd24

Our Actions toward Others: Conformity Aschs Conformity Study Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X. When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (A or C), more than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25

Our Actions toward Others: Conformity Why do we conform? Normative social influence: need for approval and acceptance Informational social influence: need for information and direction Reference groups: we conform to people we like and admire because we want to be like them Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

Our Actions toward Others: Obedience Milgrams obedience study: Participants serving as teachers are ordered to continue shocking someone with a known heart condition who is begging to be released. Result: 65% of teachers delivered highest level of shock (450 volts) to the heart condition learner. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd27

Our Actions toward Others: Obedience Four major factors affecting obedience: legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure remoteness of the victim assignment of responsibility modeling/imitation Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking How would you have behaved if you were a teacher in Milgrams obedience studies? Would you have given the highest level of shocks? What about your best friend or parents? Would their behaviour differ from yours? Why and how? Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31

Our Actions toward Others: Group Processes Group membership involves: Roles: set of behavioural patterns connected with particular social positions Deindividuation: anonymity leads to reduced inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal responsibility Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32

Group Processes: Power of the Situation Zimbardos Stanford Prison Study Students were randomly assigned to play the role of either prisoner or guard. Original study was scheduled for 2 weeks, but it was stopped after 6 days due to serious psychological changes in both prisoners and guards. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33

Group Processes: Problems with Decision Making Group Polarization: group movement toward either a riskier or more conservative decision; result depends on the members initial dominant tendency Groupthink: faulty decision making occurring when a highly cohesive group seeks agreement and avoids inconsistent information Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34

Our Actions toward Others: Aggression Aggression: any behaviour intended to harm someone Biological factors in aggression: instincts, genes, brain and nervous system, hormones and neurotransmitters, substance abuse, and other mental disorders Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36

Our Actions toward Others: Altruism Altruism: actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper Why do we help? Egoistic Model: helping motivated by anticipated gain Empathy-Altruism Model: helping motivated by empathy Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39

Our Actions toward Others: Altruism Why dont we help? Diffusion of Responsibility: dilution, or diffusion, of personal responsibility by spreading it among others Ambiguity of the Situation: unclear what help is needed Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd41

Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43 1.Describe four major approaches to reducing prejudice and discrimination. 2.Explain how social changes might create cognitive dissonance and eventually promote a reduction in prejudice. 3.Summarize the principles that explain destructive obedience to authority. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Prejudice and discrimination How do we reduce prejudice and discrimination? Encourage cooperation and superordinate goals Increased contact Cognitive retraining Employ cognitive dissonance Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44

Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems: Destructive Obedience How do we reduce destructive obedience? Adjust socialization toward obedience Recognize power of the situation Protect against groupthink Avoid foot-in-the-door technique: making a small request followed by increasingly larger requests Guard against relaxed moral guard Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd45

Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides scientific research and insight into social problems, like prejudice and destructive obedience. Psychologists also produce concrete suggestions for reducing these problems. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd46

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Chapter 15 is often the last chapter covered in a general psychology course. If this is true for you, stop and take the time to list the top 5 to 10 concepts or terms that you learned in this course and want to remember for the rest of your life. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd47

Multimedia Social Psychology Network Welcome to Social Psychology Network, one of the largest Internet sites devoted to psychological research and teaching. Mirror Neurons Why do sports fans feel so emotionally invested in the game, reacting almost as if they were part of the game themselves? You Have Found the Prisoners Dilemma A fiendish cyberspace wizard has locked you and Serendip into a diabolical game with the following rules Locus Of Control & Attributional Style Test Do you control your destiny or are you controlled by it? Project Implicit The demonstration site for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Cognitive Dissonance theory Cognitive Dissonance theory was first developed by Leon Festinger in 1956 after the publication of a book When Prophecy Fails, written with co-authors Henry W. Riecken and Stanley Schachter, to explain how members of a UFO doomsday cult increased their commitment to the cult when a prophesised destruction of the Earth did not happen. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is a theory of human motivation that asserts that it is psychologically uncomfortable to hold contradictory cognitions. Festinger and Carlsmith Cognitive consequences of forced compliance Understanding Prejudice Exercises and Demonstrations Justice4Youth Justice4Youth Homepage Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 48

Multimedia Kids Help Phone Homepage Virtual Attractiveness A remarkable result of our research project is that faces which have been rated as highly attractive do not exist in reality. How Love Works If you've ever been in love, you've probably at least considered classifying the feeling as an addiction. The Science of Love Poets have been struggling to describe love for centuries. Indecently Exposed Profile: Jane Elliott Stanley Milgram The purpose of this website is to be a source of accurate information about the life and work of one of the most outstanding social scientists of our time, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram. Thirty Years Later, Stanford Prison Experiment Lives On Thirty years ago, a group of young men were rounded up by Palo Alto police and dropped off at a new jail -- in the Stanford Psychology Department. A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment Conducted at Stanford University Welcome to the Stanford Prison Experiment web site, which features an extensive slide show and information about this classic psychology experiment, including parallels with the abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Philip G. Zimbardo Welcome to the website of Philip G. Zimbardo, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University, current core faculty at Palo Alto University, two-time past president of the Western Psychological Association, and the past president of the American Psychological Association. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 49

Multimedia How Groups can Intensify Decisions People in groups often advocate riskier decisions than individuals Helping Preschoolers Resolve Social Conflicts We can help even the youngest of our girls express their feelings and solve conflicts directly so they don't need to use indirect forms of aggression. Understanding Boy Aggression What did the boys play at recess today? Media Smarts Canadas Centre for Digital and Media Literacy Is it the Media? Does violence in the media contribute to boys' aggressive behavior or does it reflect it? International Center for Aggression Replacement Training The International Center for Aggression Replacement Training, ICART, is an organization devoted to the practice and evaluation of Aggression Replacement Training (ART), a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed for aggressive children, adolescents, and adults. What We Can Do There are ways we can help support our boys' active impulses and help them work through feelings of aggression. Re-Establishing Altruism As A Viable Social Norm What is Altruism? Egoism/Altruism Test Are you the type who will bend over backwards for others until it hurts or do you merely look out for #1? Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 50

Multimedia Research Bulletin: Reducing Prejudice with Fiction We have discussed the relation between fiction and empathy extensively in OnFiction, but have not really broached the topic of what the consequences of this empathy might be. Jigsaw Classroom Welcome to the official web site of the jigsaw classroom, a cooperative learning technique that reduces racial conflict among school children, promotes better learning, improves student motivation, and increases enjoyment of the learning experience. Jane Elliots Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Exercise Jane Elliott, internationally known teacher, lecturer, diversity trainer, and recipient of the National Mental Health Association Award for Excellence in Education, exposes prejudice and bigotry for what it is, an irrational class system based upon purely arbitrary factors. Jigsaw Classroom Chapter 1: What Happened at Columbine? Resisting the Effects of Destructive Obedience Obedience is something that everyone must exhibit in one form or another in order to be considered a productive member of society, however, obedience may be taken to a form which in many ways becomes a crime against others (Hamilton, 1978). Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Web Links 51

Multimedia Gender and Love (1:27) Are men from Mars and women from Venus? As this ScienCentral News video reports, this Valentine's Day, brain scientists offer new evidence for that continuing debate. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd52 Videos

Multimedia Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance Imagine that after months of searching, you and your spouse have found the home of your dreams a beautiful old house on a tree-lined street. You love everything about the house, and youre even more captivated by the old-fashioned charm of the neighbourhood. Then and there, you decide to make an offer. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Animations 53

Copyright Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein. 54

VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College.

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