Visualization as a Tertium

Comparationis within Multilingual

Scientific Communities

MWAIL2015, Multilingual Workshop on AI & Law Research, 8 June 2015, San Diego

Friedrich LACHMAYER Vienna and University of Innsbruck

Vytautas ČYRAS Vilnius University

Erich SCHWEIGHOFER University of Vienna

1. Introduction

2

Visualization in 8 views/4 methods

• 8 views 1. text (multimedia) corpus

2. logical representation

3. ontological representation

4. visualization

5. argumentation view

6. annotation view

7. citation network view

8. user view

• 4 methods 1. documentation

2. interpretation (searching, reading and understanding)

3. structural (logical and conceptual) analysis

4. visualization

3

• Synthesis – consolidating all the representations and analytical

methods into a common representation

2. Visualization as a

tertium comparationis

4

Formal and informal visualization

• Formal – Formal syntax, strict rules of composition

• Informal – no formal semantics

– “clare et distincte”

5

Tertium comparationis

• The third part of the comparison, the quality that

two things have in common

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tertium_comparationis)

6

Indirect relation between A and B through tertium comparationis,

the common property

A B

tertium comparationis

Translation problem in EU

• English is lingua franca

7

A visualization can replace wording

Tertium communicationis

• Which formats contribute to better communi-

cation between humans or machines

– visual

– textual, e.g. XML structure

8

Two directions in producing

visualizations

a) From a natural language to a professional one

b) Vice versa

9

Lachmayer’s visualizations

Law in films/novels

Explaining law

Two ways of producing tertium

comparationis

1. via a visualization

2. via a model/metamodel

10

Visual products

Analogous to H2O formula in chemistry

11

3. Indirect relations and

tertium comparationis

12

Indirect relations

• E.g., reflected relation and broken relation

• Examples

– Translation from Portuguese into Lithuanian

through English

– Interoperability bridge to make two

information systems interoperable

13

Portuguese Lithuanian

English

System_A System_B

Bridge

Subsumption

• Relation between the facts (Tatbestand)

and the circumstances (Sachverhalt)

14

a) pattern b) explanation

Universalia in rem

See also universalia ante rem

15

Types of legal relations

16

Is/Ought -Is/Ought combinations

Thank you

17

F. Lachmayer see www.legalvisualization.com,

http://jusletter-it.weblaw.ch/visualisierung/