Visual Displays of Data
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Transcript of Visual Displays of Data
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Visual Displays of Data
Chapter 3
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Uses of Graphs
> Positive and negative uses •Can accurately and succinctly present
information•Can reveal/conceal complicated data
> Graphing in the information age: a critical skill
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“The Most Misleading Graph Ever Published”
The Cost and Quality of Higher Education
How to Mislead with Graphs
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Techniques for Misleading> The false face validity lie
•Method seems to represent what it says, but does not actually.> e.g., using yelling as a measure of aggression
> The biased scale lie• Scaling to skew the results
> e.g., using 3 positive words out of 5 options> The sneaky sample lie
•When participants are preselected or self selected to provide data.
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More Techniques
> The interpolation lie • Assumes that a value between 2 data
points follows the same pattern> The extrapolation lie
• Assumes knowledge outside of the study> The inaccurate values lie
•Uses scaling to distort portions of the data> The outright lie:
•Making up data!
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The Inaccurate Value Lie
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Which of the two graphs is misleading?
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Common Types of Graphs
> Scatterplots •Graphs that depict the relation between
two scale variables•Observing every data point
> Linear relationships> Nonlinear relationships
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Scatterplot of Hours Studied and Statistics Grade
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> Searching for trends> Line of best fit> Time series plot
Line Graphs
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The Line of Best Fit
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Weekly Newspaper Circulation
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Bar Graphs
> When the independent variable is nominal or ordinal and the dependent variable is scale
> Pareto chart: bar graph in which categories along the x-axis are ordered from highest to lowest
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The Flexibility of the Bar Graph
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Bar Graphs Highlight Differences Between Means
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Deceiving with the Scale
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Pictorial Graphs
> Choosing clarity over cleverness• Visual depiction of data for an independent variable when there are very few levels
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Distorting the Data with Pictures
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> Graph in the shape of a circle with each slice representing a proportion of each category•Not necessarily the best choice
Pie charts
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Pie Chart or Bar Graph?
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Check Your Learning
> What is the best type of graph to depict the following:•Depression levels and stress levels for 150
university students. Is depression related to stress?
•Mean years of education for six regions of the United States. Are education levels higher in some regions than in others?
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How to Build a Graph
> APA style: Graphing guidelines for social scientists1. Refer to tables and figures in the text by
number, and briefly describe them.2. Place the final, camera-read versions of the
actual tables and figures at the end of the manuscript.
3. Provide a complete and clear caption for every figure on a separate page.
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APA style (cont.)
4. Write the number of the figure in pencil as close as possible to the top right of the final copy of the figure.5. Write the manuscript’s short title and the word TOP on the back of the final copy to indicate the top of the figure.
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1. One scale variable (with frequencies): histogram or frequency polygon
2. One scale independent and one scale dependent variable: scatterplot or line graph
3. One nominal or ordinal independent and one scale dependent variable: bar graph
4. Two+ nominal or ordinal independent and one interval dependent variable: bar graph
Choosing the Graph Based on Variables
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Creating the Perfect Graph
> General guidelines•Use the same terms as in the body of the text• Tell its entire story without forcing the reader to go back to the text•Use clear title, labels
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What Is Wrong with This Picture?
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The Future of Graphs
> Interactive graphing
> Clinical applications
> Computerized mapping
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The Many Layers of Interactive Graphs
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Graph as Therapy Tool
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Multivariate Graphs
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Check Your Learning
What is the likely lie?1. Do smarter people attend statistics class
more often? Statistics grades were on the x-axis and percentages of classes attended were on the y-axis.
2. Your professor asserts that you should not become a political scientist, showing a time plot that depicts a decrease in job openings over the last 10 years. The job prospects can only decrease you are warned.