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22 3
MICHELE BONINO
10 IdEas fOr t
HE futurE
Of CIt
IEs
designers have always cultivated the dream of long lasting projects. The
history of architecture and urban planning is dotted by this kind of far future visions. This system has often found partners and sponsors along centuries, until it clogged with the rules of contemporary democratic city: long-term visions often involve the
urban
visions
Michele Bonino is assistant professor in Architectural and Urban Design at the
Politecnico di Torino. He holds a PhD in History of Architecture and Urbanism. He has taught at Konkuk University in Seoul, at Tsinghua University in Beijing and at Sint Lucas School of Architecture at Bruxelles. He is responsible for the “projects” section in the Italian architecture paper “Il Giornale dell’Architettura”. He is the authors of 3 monographs and is curator and translator, with Daniele Vitale, of the writings by Ignasi de Solà-Morales. His writings have been published on “Cahiers de la recherche architec-turale et urbaine”, “Abitare”, “de Architect”, “Controspazio”, “Parametro”, “Ilsole24ore-Domenica”, “Il Manifesto”. He founded MARC studio with Subhash Mukerjee, and their works have been exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts, at London Festival of Architecture, at the Milan Triennale, at the Venice Biennale. He was a speaker at the XXIII UIA World Congress of Architecture. Projects by MARC have been presented on “Casabella”, “Abitare”, “A10. New European Architecture”, “Monitor”, “Interni”, “arch’it”, “Diseño Interior”.
risk of authoritarianism and the loss of dialogue.
Nevertheless today we are stunned by some cities which still invest in long-
term scenarios. This fact seems in apparent contradiction with the present moment of crisis and prudence, when short-term emer-
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gencies make harder to look to the future.
Élites or urban communities can be stimulated to create urban visions by
different motivations: disengagement from a hard present situation or an antidote to prepare the renovation? The “Urban Vi-sions” exhibition tries to answer questions like this one: ten cities have been chosen for their ability to bet on the future.
ten cities so different from each other: which feature can hold them together
but this attitude?
Not the dimensions, since in the exhibi-tion we see Mumbai - that is about
to exceed the number of inhabitants of all other megalopolis in the world - and Hel-sinki, a medium city intending to become a great European capital in 2050 with the economical and infrastructural synergy of its 13 towns regional district (the so called “Great Helsinki”).
Nor the times of prefiguration. Zaragoza prods on a mid-term vision, managing
the post-Expo 2008 in the situation of the worse economic crisis of last 30 years in Spain. The city tries to relaunch the project of a new exposition in 2014 as an occasion of urban renovation. Paris - on the contrary - is reconsidering its role of capital for the future 100 years together with 10 of the world’s most important architects chosen by Nicolas Sarkozy.
from Medellín to Belgrade, pass-ing through the three Italian cities
involved (Bologna, Milan, Turin), all cities reject the priority assigned to the icons as the ingenuous and ordinary instrument through which we are accustomed to meet these visions. The most interesting projects anticipate the visual representation by considering the social costs, the timing and the ways the transformations would be realized.
Cities involved have been subdivided in three groups according to the
occasions of their visions. The first group (Helsinki, Milan, Zaragoza and Medellín) pursues a new Rank in terms of identity and competition on global market. The second goal (common to Belgrade, Turin and New Orleans) is to start up virtuous processes and resources needing strong catalysts. Finally, the third ambition for cities’ future is to understand itselves, re-flecting on their own rules of cohabitation and functioning: this is the case for Paris, Bologna and Mumbai.
Nevertheless in today’s world greater urban visions are running: for example,
an enormous infrastructural ring is going to connect Canton, Hong Kong and Macao through a 30 kilometres bridge. Within 2020 these cities will form a 40 millions people conurbation. In Ivory Coast, the former small village of Yamoussoukro is becoming the new capital, with some of
the largest buildings ever risen in human history.
However, in the complexity of contem-porary city, visions seem inadequate
without the consciousness of a political process and the will to share the outcomes and to balance them in a global scale. The subtitle “10 ideas for the future of cities” points out the interest for a common debate and compared strategies, thus enabled to look at the far future.
02 03
01. Mila
n PGT.
The epicentr
es (copyri
ght Metro
gramma).
02. Belgrad
e Mast
erpan 2021. H
ousing
areas.
03. Greate
r Helsin
ki Visio
n 2050 Id
eas Competiti
on
(Project
“Orla
ndo”).
44 5
BELgradE 2021
turIN 2011
NEw OrLEaNs 2010
urban vis ion as a sta
rt-up fo
r
development a
nd new resourc
es
ParIs 2100
BOLOgNa 2015
MuMBaI 2015
urban vis ion as a re
flect io
n
on its o
wn rule
s
grEatEr HELsINkI 2
050
MILaN 2030
MEdELLíN 2015
ZaragOZa 2014
urban vis ion as a w
ay for a
new
posit ion, i
n term
s of i
dentity
and competitiveness
a syn
optic ove
rview
45
BELgradE 2021
turIN 2011
NEw OrLEaNs 2010
urban vis ion as a sta
rt-up fo
r
development a
nd new resourc
es
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
3-3_mumbai_CMYK.pdf 1 17/06/09 14:35
ParIs 2100
BOLOgNa 2015
MuMBaI 2015
urban vis ion as a re
flect io
n
on its o
wn rule
s
grEatEr HELsINkI 2
050
MILaN 2030
MEdELLíN 2015
ZaragOZa 2014
urban vis ion as a w
ay for a
new
posit ion, i
n term
s of i
dentity
and competitiveness
a syn
optic ove
rview
66 7
during the past two decades, Greater Helsinki has been one of the fastest growing urban areas within the EU. The region, with the city of Helsinki as its core, is Finland’s
administrative and cultural centre and economic powerhouse. Its population is currently over 1.3 million, of which 580,000 live in Helsinki City itself. In 2006 an international ideas competition “Greater Helsinki Vision 2050” was announced jointly by the region’s 14 municipalities, in co-operation with the Ministry of the Environment and the Finnish Association of Architects. Its aim was to create a joint vision for the sustainable develop-ment of land use, housing and transport. The basic assumption of the brief was a rate of population growth similar to that in recent years, leading to an estimated 1.8 million in-habitants by 2050. Of the 109 entries, 9 received an award. Together these provide a com-prehensive collection of ideas, viewed by the jury as stepping-stones towards the regional vision. The entries discuss general scenarios for the region, its global status and economic competitiveness. They study different models for the regional spatial structure, propose sustainable transport and residential solutions and explore new models of governance and cooperation. The winning entries were: 1st Emerald (Finland), joint 2nd Boundary Strips (Germany), Towards City 2.0 (Finland) and Holistic Uniqueness (Germany), and purchas-es Metroscape (Germany), Orlando (Italy), (R)evolver (Finland), Line TM (Switzerland) and Thirdlife (Netherlands).
after the competition, a follow-up project was launched to analyse the proposals, evaluate the prize-winning ideas, involve the views of the public and recommend how
to proceed with the vision process. More than 250 ideas were identified from the winning entries. Using an iterative process they were organised into thematic ‘Ideas Flocks’. These formed the material for workshops, in which city officials, the 9 prize-winning teams, other planning experts and members of the public assessed the ideas in the light of pending environmental and social challenges. The vision material and the ideas with most potential were compiled into a final report which will act as a basis for the continuation of the vision process. The overall conclusions emphasise that the future resources of the region lie in the deployment of locality and pluralism. Possibilities for this should be created by providing suitable premises and tools for participation, resident initiatives and encoun-ters. One theme that attracted much attention was the renaissance of public spaces and locally-produced services, which for their part support communality. The ecological func-tionality of the environment, distribution of information and appropriate education are all important factors in the creation of a natural, ecological way of living. As the population grows and the settlement structure continues to expand, emphasis must always be placed on the control of sprawl, mixing uses and versatile infill construction. A well-established polycentric, networked structure will reduce travel needs and increase the self-sufficiency of the region’s sub-areas. A compact urban structure supports public transport and cycle and pedestrian traffic. Many parties, both public and private, residents and communities, need to take action in order to implement the vision. Support for experiments and smooth co-operation across municipal and departmental borders are prerequisites for its success.
the next steps will be the new regional and traffic systems plans. The vision will also form the background for the agreements between the region’s municipalities and the
national government, concerning long-term objectives of housing and investment in infra-structure. These processes will solidify the consequences of the vision in different areas, including the central ‘metropolis’ (Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa), towns along the main rail line (Kerava, Järvenpää, Hyvinkää) and the surrounding rural municipalities. The Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 is a continuing process. In collaboration with planning professionals and the wider public, the region’s municipalities have defined the strategic tools for the implementation of the vision, the principles of a common will. These principles will inform both local and international parties not only about the objectives of Greater Helsinki 2050 but also about the means of implementation. The process has even now begun to facili-tate new ways of thinking and co-operation. Ilona Mansikka, project coordinator Greater Helsinki Vision 2050, WSP GroupPanu Lehtovuori, Peter Ache, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology
grEatEr HELsINkI 2
050
LOOkINg fOr a
NEw
rOLE a
s
grEat EurOPEaN CaPIt
aL
Urban vis
ion as a
way
for a
new posit
ion, in
terms o
f
identity
and co
mpetitive
ness
67
IMagEs Of tHE rEgIONaL vIsION: 9 vIEwPOINts
A UNIFIEd URBAN STRUCTURE- The community is interconnected in a polycentric settlement structure;- Redevelopment gravitates towards good public transport services;- The reliance on travel and passenger car traffic decreases;- A compact city structure promotes walk-ing, cycling and public transport;- Urban sprawl is contained > large green belt areas remain intact;- Before making new initial investments, existing structures are rejuvenated;- Operations that can be carried out gradually and that support each other are preferred.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT ANd PERSONAL MOBILITY- A dense, polycentric urban structure promotes walking, cycling and public transport;- Walking, cycling and public transport offer a genuine alternative to passenger car traffic;- Public transport is an attractive option: comfortable, convenient, well coordinated and low-cost. Services connected to trans-port increase its popularity;- Transport infrastructure development is based on good coordination of land-use and transport planning.
AN ENERGY- ANd MATERIAL- EFFICIENT METROPOLITAN REGION- Efficient use of materials and energy is achieved as a result of firm actions on the part of society and the responsible atti-tudes of individuals and communities;- Bold actions are undertaken as a preven-tive measure, rather than crisis manage-ment;- Self-sufficiency in food and energy pro-duction is increased;- Ecological choices are easy to make and to implement in everyday life;- Consumption focuses on services, rather than goods;- The Helsinki region emerges as a global forerunner of responsible welfare.
NEW FORMS ANd LOCATIONS OF/FOR PROdUCTION ANd LABOUR - A strong, service-based society supports flexible lifestyle management;- Small local units offer equality of services to a greater variety of people;- Job development takes more account of family, social life and leisure time; - Neighbourhood and district centres link-ing work and other aspects of life offer op-portunities for social interaction, network-ing and learning;- A high-speed rail service connects the Helsinki region to mainland Europe and Russia.
01
02
03
88 9
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURE ANd HABITATION- Boundary zones between green and urban areas are developed for active use within the urban structure;- Green areas will provide opportunities for activities, services and social interaction -> areas for collective city life;- Production and consumer demands come together in an ecological context within green areas;- A regional landscape strategy ensures that the diversity, sustainability and spe-cial characteristics of the landscape and environment are taken into account in all planning decisions.
AN INCREASINGLY dENSE URBAN FRAMEWORK WITH MIxEd FUNCTIONS- The density of the urban structure is higher around public transport hubs;- Sufficient high-quality public spaces, meeting places and green areas are pre-served within the dense framework;- Parallel services and facilities and high population density increase the flexibility of the urban structure and reduce the need to travel;- Prior to initial investments, the use of existing structures is intensified, and mixed use of areas increased.
THE dIVERSIFICATION OF LIFE-STYLES- Planning skills for handling and valuing variety and diversity are further developed;- Individualism is counterbalanced by the strengthening of new forms of family and a sense of community;- An ecological, low-carbon lifestyle be-comes a normal part of everyday life;
- New channels are created for communi-ties and individuals to participate in devel-oping the region;- New public spaces offer platforms for various functions and the opportunity for contact between different groups of people, promoting social interaction and a sense of community;- The provision of “Third Places”: places for social interaction and activities;- Multi-purpose local working areas.
AddEd VALUE THROUGH INTRARE-GIONAL dIVISION OF FUNCTIONS- Municipalities and centres develop their specific territorial capital, which becomes a regional resource;- Regional sectors are connected by public transport, creating an accessible, intercon-nected, polycentric regional structure;- Population growth gravitates towards the centres, thereby supporting diverse services;- “Metropolitan Citizenship” and a recog-nizable metropolitan profile form the basis for regional cooperation.
METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE ANd STRATEGIC PLANNING- Strong regional leadership and depend-able, transparent administration;- Common goals, strategies and visions;- Genuinely forward-looking, broad re-gional planning;- Administration favouring diverse imple-mentation and utilizing local assets;- Broad citizen participation in decision-making and implementation;- Increasing neighbourhood democracy ac-celerates decision-making.
GreaTer
HelsInkI
VIsIOn 2050 InTer
naTIOnal
Ideas COMPeT
ITIOn (2006-2
007)
The jury
members ap
pointed by t
he
organize
r were: P
ekka k
orpinen,
Mayor fo
r City
Plannin
g and real e
state, H
elsinki,
Chairman
of the Ju
ry;
raimo sail
as, secre
tary o
f stat
e, Mini
stry o
f Fina
nce; s
irkka
Hautojär
vi, Perm
anent
secretar
y, Mini
stry o
f the en
vironm
en; Olav
i
louk
o, dire
ctor o
f Tech
nical s
ervice
s, esp
oo; Juk
ka Pelto
mäki, d
eputy
Mayor, V
antaa
; rolf P
aqva
lin, M
ayor, k
erava;
Jyrki M
attila
, Tech
ni-
cal d
irecto
r, Hyvi
nkää
; Pekk
a norm
o, dire
ctor o
f Plan
ning, s
ipoo;
aimo le
mpinen,
execu
tive dire
ctor o
f Uusi
maa regiona
l Coun
cil;
Peter ach
e, Pro
fessor fo
r euro
pean M
etropolita
n Plan
ning, H
elsinki
Universi
ty of T
echno
logy. appoint
ed by the Fi
nnish
associa
tion o
f
archite
cts: T
revor H
arris,
professo
r, arch
itect
saFa rIBa; H
elka-li
isa
Hentilä,
professo
r, dr.T
ech., a
rchite
ct saFa
. secre
tary o
f the Ju
ry:
Paula
Huotelin
, Competiti
on secre
tary, a
rchite
ct saFa
. Perm
anent
experts to
the ju
ry: Ta
nja sippola-
alho, deputy
Town C
lerk, Helsin
ki;
Matti V
atilo, d
irecto
r of U
rban deve
lopment, ar
chite
ct, M
inistr
y of th
e
envir
onment;
Mark
ku la
hti, Head
of Mast
er Plan
ning, a
rchite
ct, Hel-
sinki;
kari M
oilane
n, Head
of City
Plannin
g, arch
itect,
B.econ.,
espoo;
Jukk
a kull
berg, Head
of City
Plannin
g, arch
itect,
Vantaa
; Ilkk
a Holm
ila,
City arch
itect,
Järve
npää
; Tero
luomajär
vi, Mun
icipal a
rchite
ct, kirk
-
konu
mmi. Other e
xperts to
the ju
ry: socia
l struc
ture: M
arketta
kyttä,
leading
rese
archer, P
hd. Traffi
c plan
ning: M
auri H
eikkone
n, buil
ding
coun
sello
r.
FOllO
w-UP PHase T
O COMPeTITIOn: H
elsInkI r
eGIOn 2050 (2
008)
Members of th
e advisory
Board fo
r lan
d use, H
ousing
and Tran
sport
in
the Helsinki r
egion (lH
T): The 14
Greater H
elsinki m
unici
palities h
ave
made a
volun
tary c
ooperation a
greement for a
4-year
period, w
hich
is to be re
newed in
december 2
009 (In th
is conte
xt Greate
r Helsin
ki
is also
term
ed the Helsin
ki region).
This cooperat
ion inc
ludes t
he ad-
visory
Board fo
r lan
d Use, H
ousing
and Tran
sport
(lHT), w
hich fo
rms
the steerin
g committe
e for t
he follo
w-up phase
. steerin
g Committee:
Hannu
Penttilä
, May
or, City
Plannin
g and real e
state, H
elsinki,
Chair-
man of l
HT- the advis
ory Board
for l
and us
e, Housi
ng an
d Transp
ort
in the Helsin
ki region;
Tapio ka
ri, Press
Manag
er, Helsin
ki; Miliz
a ryö
ti,
Planne
r, Helsin
ki; Ta
nja sippola-
alho, deputy
Town C
lerk, Helsin
ki;
Jyrki M
attila
, Tech
nical d
irecto
r, Hyvi
nkää
; Merja
Vikman
-kane
rva, d
e-
velopment
Manag
er, nurm
ijärvi
; Juk
ka kull
berg, Head
of City
Plannin
g,
archite
ct, Van
taa. P
roject
group
: wsP Fi
nland
ltd (J
uha e
skolin
; rist
o
Joun
ila; a
rto ka
ituri;
Mirjam la
rinka
ri; Ilo
na M
ansik
ka; J
ani P
äivän
en;
Mari siiko
nen);
Centre fo
r Urban
and regiona
l stud
ies, HUT
(Peter ach
e; Pan
u lehtovu
ori; Pasi
Mäe
npää
; Mikk
o
Mälkki);
demos Helsin
ki / nOw fo
r arch
itectu
re
and Urban
ism (r
oope Mokk
a; aleksi
neu-
vone
n; Tu
omas To
ivone
n).
04
89
05
CHaNNELs fOr COMMuNICatION aNd INtEraCtION
Work on the vision began in 2007 with the International Greater Helsinki Vision 2050 – Ideas Competition, by means of which ideas on the future of housing, land use and transport in the Helsinki region were generated. In the follow-up project in 2008, the competition results were anal-ysed and presented to the public and deci-sion makers. Channels for feedback and participation were offered via web-pages, public workshops and seminars for experts and regional decision makers. An impor-tant tool in the demonstration and devel-opment of the vision was a set of “Idea Cards”, 48 cards presenting the strongest ideas from the prize-winning entries. These cards summarize the topical themes deal-ing with the regions development. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION. As part of the follow-up project, web-pages offering the possibility for public participation, were created. These pages (www.helsinginseu-tu2050.fi) introduced the competition and
the prize-winning ideas forming the basis of the vision, through themed articles and the “Idea Cards”. 90 comments on develop-ing the vision were received. In addition to this, public feedback was collected via three open citizen workshops. Participants were able to comment on ideas concerning the development of the region and to put forward their thoughts on the follow-up process.
WORKSHOPS FOR ExPERTS ANd MU-NICIPAL dECISION MAKERS. Alongside public participation, workshops for plan-ners of municipal and regional land use, transport planning manages and municipal decision makers were organised. Here too, the “Idea Cards” functioned as important tools for communicating ideas. Separate workshops on future ideas were organized for municipal groups, in which their role as a part of the Helsinki region and vision themes relevant to each municipal group were reviewed. Visions generated in all of
the workshops were collated under nine topical themes, comprising an intermediate report, which was distributed to municipal councils at the beginning of 2009. Based on this, an overall proposal for land use, housing and transport in the Helsinki region in 2050 is to be drawn up.
COMMUNICATING THE VISION ANd FUTURE INTERACTION. One important aim of the vision is to bring together the views of decision makers, experts and the public on the future of the region, thereby committing everyone to the implementa-tion of the joint vision in their operations. Another aim would be to demonstrate future objectives to the international community, thus strengthening the positive image of the region. Communicating the vi-sion and committing all parties to it will be a long-term project, requiring continuous dialogue and input into publicity.
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M
Y
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MY
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06
1011
01-04. 1s
T PrIze in G
reater H
elsinki V
ision 2
050 ideas
competiti
on, “e
Merald
”: Team
lead
er: Juh
a esko
lin, a
rchite
ct saFa
/ wsP Fi
nland
ltd (F
inlan
d).
05. JOInT 2nd PrIze,
“BOUndary sTrIPs”: a
uthor: F
rank G
örge,
archite
ct / a
u25 (G
erman
y). Consu
ltant:
Carola
Görge, civil
engine
er.
06. Helsin
ki region 2
050. The Visio
n Pro
cess.
07. PUrCHase,”
MeTrOsCaPe H
elsInkI”:
authors:
Jörg knie
ling,
professo
r, dr.-
Ing. /
Michae
l koch
, pro
fessor, d
r.-Ing
. / Ju
lian P
etrin,
dipl.-Ing
. / Mari
o abel, dipl.-I
ng. /
annette
Buscherm
öhle, dipl.-I
ng. /
Patrici
a Jac
ob, dipl.-I
ng. /
antje M
atern,
dipl.-Geogr. /
Marc
springer
Bdes, lan
dscape ar
chite
ct / J
ohanne
s Bouc
hlain,
B.sc. / H
CU Urban
Futur
e lab. /
HafenC
ity Univ
ersität
Hamburg
(Germ
any).
08. PUrCHase,
“Orla
ndO”: auth
ors: nina
artioli,
archite
ct / P
aola
Fusco
, arch
itect
/ alessa
ndra
Glorialan
za, a
rchite
ct / d
aniela
Pastore,
archite
ct / d
avide sac
coni,
arch
itect
/ TsPOOn ar
chite
cture st
udio
(Italy)
/ Gua
ltiero
Bonvino
, arch
itect
and ur
ban eco
nomist
/ raffa
ele
Patituc
ci, la
ndsca
pe arch
itect
and photograp
her.
07
08
1212 13
Urban vis
ion as a
way
for a
new posit
ion, in
terms o
f
identity
and co
mpetitive
ness
Milan has lived for years like an elderly movie star unmoved by the time going by and uncapable of changing her settled habits. Milan’s territory scale is geographically
large. It is composed by at least “five large cities in the city” and counts about 6 millions inhabitants. A city like Milan cannot allow itself to simply run after and respond to the requests of change of the present while other cities in the rest of the world face the chal-lenge of contemporaneity. Milan has the duty to anticipate, sistematize and address these challenges within a wide overall vision based on clear project choices.
an analysis of perspectives, i.e. a vision, guides the actions proposed today and which will develop in the future. The relapses of this course turn current problems and po-
tentialities into possible options. These possible options are the basis of the project action (see also HabitatBz: 4 scenari di densificazione urbana, edited by Metrogramma, S.Tischer and H. Hoelz, Comune di Bolzano, 2002). Another aspect is also relevant in building a vision. All prefigurations and descriptions of the problem contribute to the immediate involve-ment of interested subjects, such as citizens, institutions or administrative technicians. In other words, the planning and project component of the vision is accompanied by the social component, namely by the involvement of the citizenry in prefiguring a common future within a democratic process.
all in all, the project approach focussed on prefiguration triggers the selection of clear objectives. The latter contribute to structure a clear project idea. The princi-
ple of listening and partecipation has to be concretely developed within this picture. The modalities of this development has to be adequate to the complexity of the modern and consistent with the specificity of the places. The “culture of partecipation” needs to be regenerated and revalued despite dialectics which are merely ideological. Significant stra-tegical responsabilities will be taken and presented to the town as a global vision. The aim is to simmetrically increase the capacity of expression of the citizens as well as the capacity of listening of the administrators.
today, Milan’s demographic dynamics is stationary. However the city increasingly manifests a need for transformation and for phisical and functional re-qualification.
It dynamically demands an overall adjustment to a European standard. This evident dichotomy shows the complexity and concreteness of the urban physiology of Milan. The specificity of the urban growth of Milan consists of its substantial indifference to the pure dina-mics of the classical demographic growth. This clear paradox structurally results from the con-comitance of social, economical and territorial processes. Therefore Milan cannot chose neither to return to the past nor to resign to an overall lethargy, as some would like. This would indeed decree the death of the city. Milan has to be administered in its contempo-rary development. Milan’s current identity is elusive and constantly developing. The last concrete city project dates back to 1953. In 1980 a general variation to it was developed and then followed by multiple ad-hoc variations. After more than fifty years Milan awaits to understand what her destiny as city of the world will be, as well as its contemporaneity. In other words, it awaits to know her future project.
MIlan experiences a unique opportunity. Three great white revolutions converge at the same historical moment and are about to be undertaken:
- a new plan, the Plan for the Government of the Territory (PGT); - the 2015 International Exposition (Expo); - the need to re-think the city and its Government as an extended and multicultural metro-polis (Metropolitan Region). In this context there is only one way to follow for the succes-sful outcome of such a decisive challenge. It goes through a large social pact between the Institutions - the public - and the enterprises world - the private.
Indeed the control of the possible future through a system of restraints and conforming rules is impossible and undesirable in the contemporary world. On the contrary the
approach based on the formulation of a vision is oriented to a performance model. Howe-ver the plan conceived is neither rigid nor unappealable, therefore not demagogical. It
MILaN 2030
tOwards a P
uBLIC C
Ity
aBLE tO rEgENEratE It
sELf
1213
01
is rather an essential structure in which certainties will pour out and get projected. This will be a garantee for the city as an idea to which aspire. It will be an unchangeable reference background to which all future transformations will tend. Each time these transformations will be adapted to the needs and opportunities presented to the city by reality in a specific moment and which today are unforeseable.
Exactly in this direction goes the complex work undertaken in the last two years by the Commitee for the development of the Territory led by Carlo Maria Masseroli (Asses-
sorato allo Sviluppo del Territorio), by Metrogramma B&F (responsible for the general project strategy) with Paolo Pomodoro, by Mesa (responsable for the rules) and by Id-Lab (responsible for the service strategy), in coordination with the Office of the Plan of the Municipality of Milan (Ufficio di Piano del Comune di Milano) led by Giovanni Oggioni. In particular, a clear project of public city was set at the center of the projective vision of the new Plan.
the idea pursues the ambition of planning a metropolis with more green, rich in pla-ces and collective services - squares, boulevards, woods,pedestrial streets- and pro-
vided with more innovative and more functional mobility infrastructures. The network of the public city will look like the extention of one’s own garden, a city for people to meet.The project for Milan’s future turns around the theme of the open space as the main resource to act upon to ensure democracy to the collectivity. For all the above, Milan will represent the re-birth of the urban space against many other cities in the world which are instead investing in architectural symbols and punctual icons. In this sense Milan will be the anti-dubai.
the new vision of the city for the Milan of tomorrow is born from this premise. It constitutes the main reference for the whole Plan for the Government of the Territory
and more specifically for the Planning document which represents its overall strategic assett.
1414 15
THE STRATEGIC VISION OF THE PUBLIC CITY
the problem of the European city is generally linked to quality improvement and to the re-utilization of the existent, rather than to growth and expansion. Within this
overall picture the new Plan for Milan considers the non-utilization of new land as undero-gatory premise. The scarcity of land is indeed a structural condition of Milan’s city-region.
through the years the spreading of settlements on the Province territory progressively used up land. The empty space between the constructed areas was always conside-
red a left-over space or an administrative costraint. On one hand this has prevented its construction - see Parco Sud. On the other hand it has not managed to transform it into a public space with environmental quality. Today the emptiness within the constructed space can be seen as a precious opportunity within the metropolitan territory, from the point of view both of environment and landscape. It is an extraordinary resource which
02
1415
03
04
offers new project opportunities to increase urban quality.
the Plan vision draws a city that in the future will have to refer to a qualified “spine” made of open and permeable spaces. The existing assetts of the city will be re-utili-
zed, substituted and requalified. These interventions will renew the city and increase its density. The new vision of PGT moves in this direction. It defines the new image of Milan as a city with more balance within its parts, where services will be distributed more equally both at a local and super-local levels. This city will be able to interconnect its ressources with the natural ressources of the metropolitan area, from the Adda to the Ticino river, Lambro and Parco Sud.
as mentioned the core idea is the construction of an invariable structure of public city organised as a network. It is the result of the co-existence of new infrastructural
system, a new environmental strategy of permeability and a new and more balanced distri-bution of main public services throughout the urban territory. In other words the city will aim to the construct itself on the structure of the network of public space. The develop-ment of network at the regional area level will consist of multiple centers organised along the logic of a metropolis. It was therefore essential to imagine how to progressively move from a monocentric city structure to a multicentric and reticular one.
the vision of the Plan inscribes the structure of the city within the concept of a new urban pemeability. Essential components of the structure are open spaces and green
space, infrastructural network and general services. The system of open spaces becomes therefore the urban connective tissue. It gives a structure to the city and is invariant. It is the main premise to re-think a city build around the human being and around its quality as city. In the re-thinking process objectives and meanings will be put in question under a clear public guidance.
the complex vision of the open spaces is managed through several strategies. Three strategies deal with the large scale: Epicenters, Green Rays and Periurban Parks. Three
strategies deal with the small scale at the local level: Green of Quarters, Local Centralitties, Passages and Crossings. “Epicenter” is an expression which explains the “echo” effect of a transformation within the city to a place not directly touched by the transformation. It is used in a positive meaning, unlike what it commonly means.
unlike the Epicenters, the Green Rays are a project exclusively of riqualification of already existing open and public spaces (see also the “Piano del verde”, edited by the
Assessorato Arredo, decoro e Verde - Comune di Milano - with the consulting of Land office - Andreas Kipar e Giuseppe Sala). The Green Rays are linear routes mostly treelined. They are radial routes which start from the “Spanish city walls” and connect the old city nucleus with the net structure of the Epicenters and of the Belt Parks around the city. The project foresees 8 Green Rays plus 2, of an average length between 7 and 12 linear kilome-ters. Every ray starts from the city center, passes by and crosses the system of Epicenters and finally joins the large urban parks of Milan’s belt.
the Periurban Parks project deals with the theme of the public city on the scale of the metropolitan territory. The Parco Agricolo Sud Milano (Agrarian Park Milan South)
is one of the main resources in the Lombard and Milan territory. Its position and its ex-tension makes it the most relevant ressource for re-thinking the quality of life of the entire metropolitan territory of Milan. Infact it is close to the historical center and covers 47,000 ha, half of which is municipal territory. In addition to this important resource there is the green system along the Lambro river up to Monza and its park, the jagged system of the Groane which descends from Brianza and the North Park.
the PGT in general aims at an environmental approach with regards to the existing natural resources.
1616 17
01. epice
nters:
model, ©
Metro
gramma.
02. The la
rge pubic
projects
, © M
etrogram
ma.
03. The epice
nters,
© M
etrogram
ma.
04. The periu
rban park
s, © M
etrogram
ma.
05. The ar
chipelag
o of nIls
and th
e syste
m of neighborhood ce
ntrali-
ties, ©
nicola
russi.
the Planning of the Local Scale of Milan’s PGT, i.e. the quarter parkland, the centrality of NILs and new passages, is based on the historical memory and on the present identity of
the places. On one hand the Plan ri-qualifies the traditional characters of the quarters; on the other one it goes further and re-thinks its identity by increasing its space qualities. The primary objectives of plannig at a local scale are to strengthen the centrality of existing quarters, to introduce new centers and to develop connections. The planning of open spaces in the city goes together with the planning and promotion of services, functions and different cultural systems. It aims to avoid space segregation and enclaves as much as possible (the contribution of Nicola Russi was very important in this field).
the projects dealing with single quarters should not be confused, though, with the ordinary care of the smallest portions of the city. They do not represent a reduction
of scale of the general project. The quarters are thought as several cities in the city. The various modalities of living will be given a voice and the same quality. Each specificity will be fostered and put in relation to the broader metropolitan system. The morphological analysis of those public services which occupy large portions of the territory as well as the projects implied in the 10 points of the decalogue have made it possible to establish a series of interpretative criteria which are useful for the analysis and the design of entire neighborhoods.
the new network of collective and individual mobility opens the city of Milan to a multicentric relation with the metropolitan territory. The idea of transversal and ring road mobi-
lity identifies new potentialities for urban development. The PGT infrastructural network of the project aims to improve the efficiency and quality of mobility in Milan in relation to four themes - Milan hub, urban region, city and logistic. PGT assumes the already planned interventions and proposes new interventions on collective transportation and road network. The railway system assumes particular relevance for its relations with the airport system and other Italian and European cities, the connections between Milan and its urban region and the internal connections of Milan- i.e. “circle line”. With reference to the objectives thereabove mentioned, the road system becomes also particularly relevant. The external east ring road, the Pedemontana and the accomplishment of the Rho-Monza road are the three interventions foreseen at regional level. They will allow to lighten Milan of the through traffic and to re-organize the existing road system.
the infrastructural network of the PGT project is articulated in four areas, North , East, West and South. Each of their existent infrastructural systems needs to be con-
nected to the PGT network. Their areas of transformation have to be connected.Their new poles of infrastructure and settlement development need to be defined. The new network of collective and individual mobility opens the city of Milan to a multicentric relation with the metropolitan territory. The idea of transversal and ring road mobility identifies new poten-tialities for urban development.
as for the infrastructures of the public road network, the PGT project proposes the following (the PGT mobility plan is curated by Paolo Riganti):
- 7 new metropolitan lines, 3 of which already planned; - uninterrupted cycle network of ca. 220 km; - closure of the railway line on the west. This will turn it into a “circle line” with new city stations; - environment friendly people movers for mobility within the large parks of the city belt; - re-qualification of the circular line of the second ring, the so-called “line 90/91”.As for the individual mobility, PGT proposes: - the North Transversal Road, defined as “interquarters”; - the South Transversal Road, defined as“ronda del parco”.
the system of services is the last variant on the plan of the public city. It defines the mo-del and the methodological approach of the latter. Within the concept of a multicen-
ter city, the system of services is based on the principle of subsidiarity for the redistribution of
1617
the local services at the quarters level and of macro services at the territory level.
the Project’s strategic objective concerning the services is the one of thinking, deve-loping and implementing a new model of “services network”. The Project does not
aim to a final result. It rather defines a method to be applied every time there is a need to plan and provide the metropolis with a widespread quality. The practice is not anymore to establish fixed areas for services within an overall ideal scheme. Lines of action are established rather to provide services in an efficient way. The public actor commits himself to build a reference frame with clear and defined borders - e.g. in relation to objectives of public interest. Talking about widespread quality, it is worth to linger on two important elements.
the first one refers to the transition from localized services to a large quantity of non-localized services. The second element instead refers to the necessity of blending the
difference between services provided by the public actor and those provided by the private actor.1. Shifting from a physical place to a service based on digital technologies means to move from a totally “analogical” (spatial) world to another one where many activities (and services) are carried out by means of “digital” instruments (a-spatial).2. The supply of services is the element which most affects the user’s perception of the quality of the services themselves. We are used to imagine services as provided mainly - or exclusively- by the public subject.
05
1818 19
However daily reality and the transformation of the contemporary world show us a different scenario. The reference is particularly to the school system in its orders
and grades, to the markets as service provided by the public subject and to the world of subsidiarity.
PGT provides a new concrete vision of the city where its strauctre as network overco-mes the dichotomy center-suburbia and the highly hierarchical distribution of land
values. This is extremely important as it allows a redistribution of the system of services according to the effective needs of the different parts of the city. All this is possible also thanks to the urbanistic equalization. This is the most appropriate way to adopt an overall strategy which puts together a compatible re-distribution of quantities with a sustainable re-distribution of quality.
a new system of rules for the use of land is introduced. It is based on the extension of the principle of equalization to the whole city territory. The system allows to sepa-
rate the definition of policies from the assignment of the building rights. It sets in motion the free and autonoumous process of administration of the “built” and “empty” spaces of the city, the urban transformations and infrastructureal network, new settlements and system of services. The organisation and distribution of the new centers on the territory of Milan increases the services offered to the citizens and decreases the dependency on the city center. The decrease in pressure on the historical city center opens to a new vision which aims to offer a widespread balance of resources and urban services.
RENEWAL, RIqUALIFICATION ANd SAVEGARd OF THE URBAN FABRIC
the Milan of the third millennium will be involved less in its expansion as it will be in its overall reshaping, its self-care, in re-balancing the disequilibrium, reconnecting its
elements, re-qualifying its parts and developping its networks.
However the demand in housing, services, economic development and infrastructures requests growth. Milan is aware of the few territory available and of the preciousness
of the agrarian land. Fundamentally the city lives today with a scarcity of land. The princi-ple of responsibility has been underlined. It implies that nothing will be planned to achieve growth. However it important to stress also the principle of need, according to which it is impossible to plan without regulating the answer to the real needs of natural growth and of modernization.
Once excluded the use of new land, such as the one of the Milan Agrarian South Park, the new solution envisages the renewal and densification of the consolidated fabric
of the city. The scarcity of land and an environmental sesnitivity are mandatory restraints.The core issue pertains to the modalities of implementation of this development objective, namely how to regulate the city by mastering its disbalances.
the plan of the city will concretely re-open the opportunity for an active administra-tion by the public authorities. The Public Administration will concretely guide the
transformation processes instead of simply interpreting a system of rules unsensitive to the local context. The Public Administration will simplify and quicken procedures thanks to a project frame reflecting the public interest.The issue of Milan’s building need for the next 15-20 years has excluded the principle of increasing growth and the one of non-growth. The issue has been wisely addressed by conciliating the reutilization of the existing built herita-ge and the re-qualification of underutilized areas - railway areas, military zones, industrial areas in disuse, etc.
In this sense PGT indicates the criteria of safeguard of the historic city and introduces technical and economical prerequisites to favor processes of building substitution
(Mesa S.r.l. coordinated a research by Bruna Vielmi, Nicola Russi, Antonino Brambilla
1819
and Alessandra Bazzani). In some cases these processes could be extended to whole parts of the city defined as areas of urban renewal. Still as part of this early intervention, the PGT defines design criteria as well as quantities which are useful for re-qualifying areas which today are under utilized and which are strategical for the development of the city.
the planning document identifies strategic areas of development of the city - areas of transformation (AT) - and defines the criteria relative to issues of quality and quan-
tity. These criteria are expressed in schedules indicating constraints and objectives of the project. In particular, the capacity for specific places to accept specific building volumes was defined. The relative volumetric potential, called coefficent of densification, is the final outcome of considerations of technical, planning and economical nature.
the considerations on the technical and planning aspects relate instead to the general urbanistic questions, such as the overall morphological aspect, existing and planned
infrastractures, the “vocational” tendence of the area, and the sustainability of the inter-vention from the eco-systemic point of view.
the economic feasibility of the interventions of collective nature, such as mobility, services, green and apartments for rent, is a key indicator to define the capacity of
volumetric acceptance of the large strategic areas in transformation.
the overall surface of the territory of the city of Milan is of ca. 180 million sq m.The project of the city of the new PGT aims to intervene on:
a) 25 million square meters of “ urban public empty spaces” already existing - streets, squares, boulevards, gardens;b) 9 million square meters of areas currently not available to the city or in disuse, such as polluted areas, railway freights, former production areas;c) 25 million square meters of private agrarian land to be transformed into green space available to the city, such as the areas of the South Park included in the Milan municipality. According to the Plan the latters will contribute to the largest Agrarian in Park Europe.
the vision hereby outlined shows a methodological deviation from the traditional planning. This is the outcome of the specific will of putting forward a “reference
project” for the future and to open the structure of the plan to a more creative and con-temporary model of living and contributing to the city. This model is inevitably confronted with a global competitive system.
for a city like Milan it is not simply a question of doing things or taking decisions. The same is true for many of the other developed metropolis in the world. In Ulrich
Beck’s words : “ ...It is not possible to analize and act in a local reality aside variables and interdependences which are defined in a global environment. The winner is the one who manages to quickly metabolize the new cultural orientations. The loser is the one who gets stuck in the categories of the past”. Metrogramma Andrea Boschetti & Alberto FranciniMilan PGT responsible for the general project strategy
2020 21
urban transformation and recovery process of a city do not have more sense than the one of finding the accurate equilibrium for living in society. The most important
scenario in the city is, for sure, Public space, in which it is possible that every citizen meet in the same conditions, without race and economical position differences. From this prin-ciple, the Municipal development Plan grants to space and public building, the most rele-vant value to build the place so the citizens are able to meet and the best scenario where it is possible to build a society that from the diversity to be recognized and accepted as the way to a best coexistence. In this philosophical and political frame all the model of public management is structured, and allows carrying out this urban transformation process. This intervention process is supported in six working lines, allowing el physical and spatial development, always crossed by an attractive process of citizen participation and some efficient strategies of public communication. 1. MOdEL OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ANd PROJECTS OPERATION.One of the most relevant values for the success of this urban transformation process made in the city of Medellín is the possibility to have the “Empresa de desarrollo Urbano - EdU” as scenario for the management, formulation and execution of strategic urban projects defined in the Municipal development Plan. Its condition as Industrial and Commercial Entity of the State allows collecting resources and public and private initiatives under the same purpose and make available for every process to have every development item and in this way the impact of every intervention is greater and goes in benefit of communities. 2. PLANNING IN ORdER TO NOT IMPROVISING. The whole definition process of urban interventions to undertake in this period through evaluation of Human development indicators and life quality in the city of Medellín, one of the most important factors to define are the places and areas in the city where through integral interventions and investments equity, improvement of life quality of inhabitants can be reached. The simultaneous action process of planning and action, allowed in many cases the development of integral plans and projects of intermediate scale, with the completion of projects allowing the verification of purposes and validation with commu-nities of processes to undertake. 3. PROGRAM OF LIBRARY PARKS ANd EdUCATIVE EqUIPMENTS TO dIGNIFY THE NEIGHBORHOOdS ANd RECOVERY THE VALUE OF PUBLIC BEFORE THE SOCIETY. In the city of Medellín, in the last twenty years, neighborhoods were losing state pres-ence and public buildings were gradually disappearing from urban landscape and from recognition and memory of communities as a result of social and political problems. As a recovery strategy it was again the presence of state in neighborhoods in order to strength the zonal centralities and dignify public building, the program of Library Parks was formu-lated and executed and the improvement of educative infrastructure, as a way to generate in every neighborhood spaces to allow citizens to meet and in this way through educa-tion and culture to make a social transformation of the city and a configuration of a new urban landscape recognizing in this equipment and public spaces the starting of a renewal and social transformation process. 4. INTEGRAL URBAN PROJECTS, AGAINST THE ExCLUSION ANd INEqUALITY. Integral Urban Projects - PUI - pretend generating a methodology of urban, social and economical intervention allowing to be the intervention model in unplanned growth zones and with low equipment coverage, lack on public spaces and low housing quality. This model incorporates all the planned and simultaneous development items in a defined ter-ritory and its application should be tightly based in a citizen participation program where municipal management integrates community and uses it in the execution of many of the identified projects. 5. SOCIAL HOUSING AS IMPROVEMENT OF LIFE qUALITY ANd NOT AS A STATISTI-CAL PROBLEM. Housing in Colombia has become a numerical and economical problem in the last de-
MEdELLíN 2015
ENdurINg d
EvELOPMENt
tHrOugH CuLt
urE aNd
EduCatION
Urban vis
ion as a
way
for a
new posit
ion, in
terms o
f
identity
and co
mpetitive
ness
2021
cades, far away from the search of housing quality and improvement of life quality of its inhabitants. Without any doubt the response to this complex problem goes by the equilib-rium between the qualitative and quantitative issues, especially in cities like ours.Housing program established along these four years is oriented to populations of less income in housing critical situations and risk promoting solutions covering the needs of communi-ties localized in risk zones, always looking for territorial ordering and paying the historical debt in coverage. 6. PLAN OF SIdEWALKS ANd EMBLEMATIC STREETS” CONNECTING THE CITY” Our city is the product of a few planned city and with too strong city’s inheritances devel-oped for automobiles; Highways, bridges and streets, added to the unorganized growth of neighborhoods in peripherals and inarticulate and without connectivity among them and the city, they make our city to be as a segmented and unconnected city, do not allowing the efficient mobility of pedestrians and a clear public transportation model.
this program is aimed to recover urban quality in streets, Sidewalks and Linear Parks in the city and neighborhoods, principally looking to build a “City for people” and
in this way connecting the city between its parts and improving mobility of people aimed by projects simultaneously incorporating public space and mobility, with priority in public transportation.
all this urban and social transformation process is framed in the “Medellín THE MOST EdUCATEd” Program, a political decision betting to the education and
culture as motor of transformation and which believes in the ability to build a better and fair society from the scenario of an intervention of space and public building concerted with inhabitants. The knowledge of the city and community through the development of every program and project has been, for sure, a fundamental experience of this process; to have the opportunity to go through the city enquiring every street, space or building, which always inhabited though us that the city’s architecture is just the formalization of lives of its inhabitants or a sample of joyful and sufferings of a society able to materialize its culture in one of the greatest marvelous created by men; the city. Carlos Mario Rodriguez OsorioManager A. of the Urban Design EDU
03
01
02
04
2222 23
InTeGral U
rBan PrOJeCTs (P
UI). The PUIs a
re loca
ted in slu
m areas
chara
cteriz
ed by high le
vels o
f violenc
e and so
cial u
nrest.
The PUIs
integrat
e simult
aneousl
y all t
he compone
nts of d
evelopment
alto-
gether in a
well-define
d area.
The PUIs are plan
ned an
d implemente
d
with th
e activ
e and perm
anent
partici
pation o
f the lo
cal c
ommunity
.
The PUI’s list
inclu
de the fo
llowing
undergoing
projects
, more w
ill
start
soon.
sOCIal HOUsInG FO
r COMMUnITIes lO
CaTed In
Hazard lOCaTIOn.
The program
me’s main
objective
is to bene
fit low in
come popula
tion
living
in poor c
onditio
ns, w
ith lo
w stan
dard housi
ng m
ostly lo
cated in
hazard
loca
tions.
The strat
egy’s ai
m is to im
prove
the qua
lity of li
fe
of the aff
ected popula
tion w
ith ar
ticula
ted housing
projects
which
includ
e new housi
ng so
lutions,
housing
up-g
rading
schemes, r
esettle
-
ment plan
s, all p
rovid
ing se
cure of te
nure.
PlannInG TO PreV
enT IM
PrOVIsaTIOn. Pub
lic in
vestm
ents have
been
focusse
d in ur
ban ar
eas ch
aracte
rized by lo
w Human
development
Index (H
dI) and
low Qua
lity of l
ife In
dex to ac
hieve equa
lity. In
terme-
diate Urban
Plans, s
pecial P
lans a
nd Urban
Projects
. These
projects
make of th
e physica
l compone
nt the flag
ship of the tr
ansfo
rmati
on
proce
ss, in
tegrating
cultu
ral and
socia
l asp
ects as
well.
Manag
e-
ment an
d Partici
pation.
“socia
l Man
agements
” as a
mean
s to ac
hieve
inter-i
nstitu
tiona
l coordina
tion a
nd co
mmunity
partici
pation.
effecti
ve
plannin
g, high st
andard
design,
accu
rate co
nstruc
tion,
and th
e role of
commun
icatio
n and
socia
lizati
on pro
cesse
s duri
ng th
e entire pro
cess.
Public
spaces a
nd Pub
lic Buil
dings a
s the driv
ing fo
rces o
f our
urban
transf
ormati
on. “M
edel
lÍn THe M
OsT edUCaTed
” as a
politica
l deci-
sion.
lIBrary - P
arks PrOGraMMe &
QUalITy sHOOls
PrOGraMMe.
librar
y Park
s, High Qua
lity sch
ools and
Muse
ums t
o dignify o
ur
neighborhoods: l
arge sc
ale public
building
s to st
rengthen t
he urban
centr
alities w
here there is
a pro
ven d
eficit of th
ese kin
ds of
servi
ces. O
ur int
ention i
s to pro
vide a
complete co
ver-
age ar
ound th
e city
with th
e implementa
tion
of integral c
enters
of acti
vities f
ocuse
d
on educ
ation,
cultu
re, sport
and
recreati
on.
05
06
07 08
01-03. s
ome of the re
sults
of Integral U
rban
Projects
(PUI) ,
2004-2007
04. Medellin
Mast
erplan 2004-2
007
05. Integral U
rban Pro
jects 2004-2
007
06. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
ocial u
rbanism
07. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of in
frastr
uctur
es
08. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of e
ducati
ve an
d sport
equipments
09. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
ocial h
ousing
10. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
trategic
green
2223
walkways Pla
n eMBle
MaTIC sTreeTs PrOGraMMe a
nd lIne. T
he
strate
gy’s ai
m is to re
cove
r the
quality
of the pub
lic sp
ace, p
hysica
lly
improvin
g streets,
walk
ways an
d lineal
parks t
hroug
h out
the cit
y,
acco
rding to
the slo
gan “T
he cit
y for t
he people”. T
he projects
inclu
de
public
spac
e interve
ntions,
the re
adjus
tment
of the m
obility fl
ows
fosterin
g public
transp
ort alt
ernativ
es, and
urban
cultu
re throug
h com-
munity
particip
ation.
(alejandro ec
heve
rri)
credits
sergio Fajar
do Valderra
ma: Mayo
r of th
e City of M
edellin 20
04-07.
alonso sala
zar J
aramillo
: Mayo
r of th
e City of M
edellin 20
08-11.
Federic
o restrepo: C
ity Plan
ning dire
ctor 2
004-07. C
arlos H
. Jara
millo:
City Plan
ning dire
ctor 2
008-11. a
lejandro ec
heve
rri restr
epo: Urban
Projects dire
ctor 2
004-07. J
osé alonso Gonz
ales l
ópez: Head
of the
empresa
desarrollo
Urbano (e
.d.U). Carl
os Mari
o rodrigue
z Osorio
:
Vice-H
ead e.d
.U.
Masterplan
Medellín
2004-0
7 and
2008-15
by
alejandro ec
heve
rri an
d Carlos M
ario ro-
drigue
z. Map
s by a
lejandro ec
heve
rri.
Photograp
hs of th
e mast
er
plan: th
e archite
cture
worksho
p from
the ed
U.
InTeGral U
rBan PrOJeCTs (P
UI). The PUIs a
re loca
ted in slu
m areas
chara
cteriz
ed by high le
vels o
f violenc
e and so
cial u
nrest.
The PUIs
integrat
e simult
aneousl
y all t
he compone
nts of d
evelopment
alto-
gether in a
well-define
d area.
The PUIs are plan
ned an
d implemente
d
with th
e activ
e and perm
anent
partici
pation o
f the lo
cal c
ommunity
.
The PUI’s list
inclu
de the fo
llowing
undergoing
projects
, more w
ill
start
soon.
sOCIal HOUsInG FO
r COMMUnITIes lO
CaTed In
Hazard lOCaTIOn.
The program
me’s main
objective
is to bene
fit low in
come popula
tion
living
in poor c
onditio
ns, w
ith lo
w stan
dard housi
ng m
ostly lo
cated in
hazard
loca
tions.
The strat
egy’s ai
m is to im
prove
the qua
lity of li
fe
of the aff
ected popula
tion w
ith ar
ticula
ted housing
projects
which
includ
e new housi
ng so
lutions,
housing
up-g
rading
schemes, r
esettle
-
ment plan
s, all p
rovid
ing se
cure of te
nure.
09 10
PlannInG TO PreV
enT IM
PrOVIsaTIOn. Pub
lic in
vestm
ents have
been
focusse
d in ur
ban ar
eas ch
aracte
rized by lo
w Human
development
Index (H
dI) and
low Qua
lity of l
ife In
dex to ac
hieve equa
lity. In
terme-
diate Urban
Plans, s
pecial P
lans a
nd Urban
Projects
. These
projects
make of th
e physica
l compone
nt the flag
ship of the tr
ansfo
rmati
on
proce
ss, in
tegrating
cultu
ral and
socia
l asp
ects as
well.
Manag
e-
ment an
d Partici
pation.
“socia
l Man
agements
” as a
mean
s to ac
hieve
inter-i
nstitu
tiona
l coordina
tion a
nd co
mmunity
partici
pation.
effecti
ve
plannin
g, high st
andard
design,
accu
rate co
nstruc
tion,
and th
e role of
commun
icatio
n and
socia
lizati
on pro
cesse
s duri
ng th
e entire pro
cess.
Public
spaces a
nd Pub
lic Buil
dings a
s the driv
ing fo
rces o
f our
urban
transf
ormati
on. “M
edel
lÍn THe M
OsT edUCaTed
” as a
politica
l deci-
sion.
lIBrary - P
arks PrOGraMMe &
QUalITy sHOOls
PrOGraMMe.
librar
y Park
s, High Qua
lity sch
ools and
Muse
ums t
o dignify o
ur
neighborhoods: l
arge sc
ale public
building
s to st
rengthen t
he urban
centr
alities w
here there is
a pro
ven d
eficit of th
ese kin
ds of
servi
ces. O
ur int
ention i
s to pro
vide a
complete co
ver-
age ar
ound th
e city
with th
e implementa
tion
of integral c
enters
of acti
vities f
ocuse
d
on educ
ation,
cultu
re, sport
and
recreati
on.
01-03. s
ome of the re
sults
of Integral U
rban
Projects
(PUI) ,
2004-2007
04. Medellin
Mast
erplan 2004-2
007
05. Integral U
rban Pro
jects 2004-2
007
06. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
ocial u
rbanism
07. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of in
frastr
uctur
es
08. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of e
ducati
ve an
d sport
equipments
09. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
ocial h
ousing
10. Mast
erplan 2008-2
015: M
ap of s
trategic
green
2424 25
Urban vis
ion as a
way
for a
new posit
ion, in
terms o
f
identity
and co
mpetitive
ness
ZaragOZa 2014
POst-ExPO urBaN r
E-LauNCH,
IN s
PItE O
f CrIs
Is
Out of all the cities in Spain, the city of Zaragoza has undergone one of the most intense urban transformations in recent years.This transformation, conceived and planned in
stops and starts throughout the 1980s and 90s, can be defined by its three main vectors. An urban artery for priority action: the River Ebro; a strategic positioning: sustainability; a momen-tous stimulus event: Expo 2008.
the regeneration of the River Ebro as the main public space of the city was an old aspiration of Zaragoza, a city that had grown with its back to its principal watercourse.
Hosting Expo Zaragoza 2008 on Water and Sustainable development with funding from the Spanish government allowed the Riverbanks Plan to be undertaken. In the 2006-2008 period, 50 kilometres of banks along the rivers Ebro, Huerva and Gállego and the Canal Imperial de Aragón were regenerated by means of this plan. These new spaces featured 230 hectares of new parkland (with 560 total hectares now), 46 kilometres of cycle paths (with 80 km now) and 24 new mixed traffic and foot bridges. Furthermore, a 121-hectare park was built on land adjacent to the Expo site - the largest in the city, the Water Park - and this series of actions was completed with a Green Belt of over 30 kilometres in length creating a new route for lovers of walking and cycling that encompasses the city (images 01-03).
this set of actions has brought about a radical change in the city’s landscape and the way the inhabitants of Zaragoza live. They are suddenly reconciled with a natural land-
scape that in Zaragoza, surrounded by large semi-desert stretches of steppe land, had al-ways been considered hostile.These changes were made possible as the result of momentum from Expo 2008, as the event included an Accompanying Plan for public investment valued at 1.5 billion euros, which has modernised the city’s critical infrastructure (ring roads, local train network, airport, motorway access). But Expo 2008 went far beyond by projecting a national and international image for Zaragoza as a city concerned about and specialised in water management, sustainability, environment and renewable energies. This image in the field of knowledge creation has its flagship in the new Institute for Climate Change Research (I2C2), established by the Spanish government in the building designed by Patxi Mangado to be the Spanish Pavilion.This is also an image in the field of new experiences in sustainable urban design, with important maximum energy efficiency social housing projects such as Parque Goya and, especially, the Valdespartera Ecocity (images 05-06), a residential develop-ment with more than 90,000 homes. It is practically completed and has gained international recognition for its advanced sustainability designs.
finally, the momentum given to the future projection of Zaragoza by the driving event that was Expo also extends to include a model that is well adapted to the demands and
opportunities of the new “green” economy”. A number of the grand public and private proj-ects being engaged in by the city since the start of the decade are integrated into this, includ-ing: the largest Intermodal Logistics Platform in southern Europe - logistics efficiency is inversely proportional to energy use (with a surface area of over 1.200 hectares); Technology Park for the recycling industry and inverse logistics with a surface area of over 800 hectares; and the digital Mile, one million square metres in the centre of the city created by the arrival of the high speed train and devoted to information technology and creative industries to bring about urban renewal, create skilled employment in a densely populated and highly residential set-ting, and with the aim of giving rise to active specialisation in the new field of Green IT.
the dream that Expo would be the great revitaliser of the Ebro’s course through the city has now reached its culmination with the final transformation (image 07, photo by
Félix Bernad and daniel Marcos): extending this model of action to the last stretch of the river as it leaves the city to the east, regenerating banks and natural spaces and promoting quality urban development that is integrated into already-existing city districts. This project is now in progress and a date has been set for its completion and an engine for its develop-ment found by setting sights on Expo Landscapes 2014 (image on the left), a large-scale horticultural and floral exhibition, a theme deeply rooted in the Zaragoza riverside market gardening tradition and culture. José Carlos Arnal, Technical Advisor to the Mayor of Zaragoza
2425
frOM rIvErBaNk rEgENEratION tO NEw urBaN dEvELOPMENt
From the very start, the Expo Zaragoza 2008 project was designed as part of a city-wide project that, logically, exceeded the spatial restrictions of the actual site and the timeline leading up to the date for the event to be held. This city project, more implied than defined in the current city master plan, has seen its first stage delivered in the form of strategic and operational urban develop-ment. Now is the time to take advantage of the momentum to fully meet the initial aims, in addition to others that have been maturing over this exceptional time for urban development in Zaragoza.
A substantial part of the Expo project was devoted to converting the Ranillas meander (Expo site, beside Ebro river, only 3 km away from the Town Council) into a multi-functional and service hub, which was a major strategy. Together with the trans-formation of railway land in the vicinity of delicias Station with multipurpose resi-dential and innovative tertiary use (digital Mile project) zoning, the incorporation of the meander added extensive surface area, some 250 hectares in total of previously marginal land, to the city with urban func-tions and landscape features that had been unknown in the existing city. In this regard, it can be said that the new “urban double core” emerging to the west of the historic centre is now bringing about substantial renewal in the urban structure of Zaragoza.
In addition to the transformation of the Ranillas meander and the Ebro Riverbanks Project, the benefits of Expo were extended to the city as a whole though the other ac-tions included in the Accompanying Plan. In a way, the actions taken on the banks of the Canal Imperial de Aragón can be seen as part of a process that is analogous to that taking place on the Ebro. Regeneration of public spaces as a contiguous line was a decisive step, as is the improvement in cross-river connections with new footbridg-es, the expansion of public spaces into the surrounding districts as occurred with the “Casablanca Lakes” and in the other very different areas the Canal passes through. Actions taken with the River Gállego and to a lesser extent with the Huerva were also important. However, it is essential that all
of these actions should be understood as part of a process that would have taken many years to complete if it had not been for Expo.
Mention should be made of the role of road and transport infrastructure invest-ment which, like logistics and services, have had a direct impact on the cities outward competitiveness and on improvement of urban quality. As a result, building of the Ronda del Rabal section of the third ring road and completion of this orbital infrastructure project were key actions for enhancing the city’s structure and integrat-ing the different areas the ring road passes through. Completion of the fourth ring road with the Ronda Este not only im-proved general urban and inter-urban traf-fic conditions but has become a strategic element in redefining the city’s limits to the east. Building stations for the local railway and a new airport terminal were also strate-gic actions bringing considerable improve-ment for access to and from Zaragoza.
Once the event had finished, Expo’s urban development impact has been continued with the momentum and catalysis of an important series of urban projects that turned out to be necessary for Zaragoza. Although it is true that there are many other projects to be undertaken, because this is an ambitious city-wide project that has its timelines and stages of delivery. Logically, once started, the project should have continuity with the undertaking of other actions, some closely linked to the previous ones, and others that are more innovative. Pending construction are service areas on the Ebro adjacent to the Helios sports club or in the vicinity of the weir (not on the Accompanying Plan) and sections of the Canal, considered as a possibility in the Plan. Also requiring completion are the cultural facilities underway, such as the Pablo Serrano Museum, or completion of the tendering process, such as the Goya Space (image 04).
Perhaps it is in the area of public spaces where the actions delivered to coincide with Expo have enabled more considerable prog-ress to be made in improving the urban
01
02
03
2626 2705
and environmental quality. Once the “Expo method” has been tested, with the coexis-tence of an overall vision and attention to a type of urban development that works like suture and for the integration of the river-bank spaces with the urban fabric, it will be possible to think of a greater role for these operations. This is a form of micro-urban planning that is perfectly compatible with the types of actions involving large-scale projects and, naturally, with the general framework current planning implies.
The so-called “green belt” that aims to connect the Ebro riverside parks with those of the Canal (through the Oliver-Valdefi-erro green corridor and other connection points) stands out as an initiative that corresponds well to the current awareness of landscape and the environment. The line of the most revitalising concepts regarding natural spaces in urban landscapes, where the new urban and territorial development culture converges with architecture and landscape ecology in an attempt to weave a network capable of interconnecting small public spaces with the large parks and natural spaces encircling the city.
The main legacy of the Expo - the Metro-politan Water park, the regenerated banks of the Ebro and the Canal Imperial, etc. - would be taken advantage of in this way and the system would be enhanced by giv-ing it continuity. Moreover, the green belt
would be an excellent support for the green corridors and external and internal public spaces, pulling the uses and associated ac-tions towards the east with the consequent process of urban rebalancing that would come with closing the ring in that sector.
In short, it is about taking advantage of the momentum of these years and of prioritising urban and landscape qual-ity before quantity, in terms of surface areas and stretches transformed or to be transformed. It is also a determined move towards more strategic and operational ur-ban development, with projects that must be directed and managed in an integrated manner. We find ourselves with a city proj-ect understood as a process, already begun before the Expo, boosted with the Accom-panying Plan and in the midst of transition towards a post-Expo management model: a true city laboratory that must incorpo-rate new projects - like Expo Landscapes 2014 - to take the great step towards more qualitative, sensible and integrating urban development in Zaragoza. In a climate of world economic uncertainty, all of this is but a starting point and one of the new principles of urban development in the age of globalisation. Javier Monclús Head of Accompanying Plan Department Consor-cio Expo 2008
07
06
05
04
2627
Only by gauging progress from the starting point is it possible to realise how and how much Zaragoza was transformed in the three years prior to the opening of Expo Zaragoza 2008. The city built a series of in-frastructure projects and facilities that had been planned decades before and eagerly awaited. At the same time, it projected its image nationally and internationally by showing its capacity and appeal. This was the fruit of a well thought-out strategy and extraordinary effort.
The urban metamorphosis was marked by the timelines and resources of a great event, Expo Zaragoza 2008, which acted as a catalyst for political and social in-tentions, procured sufficient economic resources and set the schedule. Internally, the promotion plan was key to raising awareness of the need for the project, its feasibility and the capacity to carry it out. With a view to the world outside, the aim was to place Zaragoza on mental maps and turn a city people passed through on the road to somewhere else into an attrac-tive meeting place. The message was pieced together through key ideas and basic values that gave the project a coherent conceptual structure. These were basically sustain-ability and quality of life through water, a fundamental element for life and the basic resource for development. This set of ideas and values impregnated both the design and construction of the infrastructure and facilities and the promotion programme which won support from citizens and finally disseminated and evidenced the achievements.
A number of fundamental milestones stand out in a process that spanned the best part of a decade. At the start, in early 2001, the social participation process put in place accomplished its aim of letting the citizens of the city claim the project as their own. The body of volunteers came into being naturally and successfully, exceeding all expectations. External promotion sup-ported by the ranks of Spanish diplomacy was the determining factor in the victory of Zaragoza’s bid. The internationally-relevant theme “Water and sustainable develop-ment”, the capacity and experience of
Spain in hosting events, the support of the state and the enthusiasm of the population were decisive in bringing to Zaragoza 104 countries and a total of 134 participants, including international organisations, companies and NGOs. The sponsorship programmes signed with the main national and international media organisations achieved media impact that would other-wise have been unreachable. The economic value of news reports alone was worth more than €145,000,000, half of which came in the three months the event ran for. Zaragoza happily entered the international debate of cities renewing their waterfronts. The Ebro riverbanks played a dynamic and strategic role in the processes of urban rezoning and renewal and brought the city privileged value in meeting the challenges of appeal based on environmental quality and the capacity for cultural exchange. Pro-fessional associations, governments, uni-versities and social organisations arranged encounters which captured local interest. Zaragoza became a case for analysis, study and reflection.
The culture of water has become a part of Zaragoza’s identity and a source of pride. The Water Tribune documents, compiled in the Blue Box, form the state of the art regarding this issue in the world. It was the result of ninety days of activity by more than 3,000 experts who passed through the Water Tribune to contribute the best
of their knowledge and experience from all over the globe. The Expo Zaragoza 2008 Publications Plan was responsible for more than 100 books published, an unprece-dented event in the history of international exhibitions or of any other event concern-ing water. The Environmental Resources Agency and the Educational Action Plan contributed to shaping the visit to Zara-goza, making it an experience linked with innovative ideas and unforgettable feelings. After decades of neglect, the Ebro corridor in Zaragoza, which had lost a great part of the river’s original functions and was sub-ject to dangerous processes of environmen-tal degradation, was turned into the main thoroughfare of the city and the scene for international encounters. The silent and threatening Ebro is today a friendly river, a visual poetic symphony. Francisco Pellicer Assistant Director General of Content, Expo Zaragoza 2008
tHE EBrO, frOM sILENCE tO tHE vIsuaL POEtIC syMPHONy
2828 29
the job of an urban planner is to take into account all the economic, social and physi-cal components in aim to foresee the future development of the city, and to provide
the urban framework for its physical transformation. The quality and sustainability of the planner’s vision is related to expectations and the particular visions of various interest groups involved in the development process.
1PLANNERS - THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPTINESSUrban design schools worldwide are teaching us that the future is related to past. The
continuity of the city shape is one of the elements of its identity. Contemporary physical changes within the city are sometimes in harmony and sometimes in contrast with the existing structures. details may be historic-related, respectful and neutral, or, on the other hand, extremely modern, different, trying to be “icons or aliens” of a city. In both cases the “whole”, the city image, its character should be sustained and significant in the global race for dignity, recognition and competitiveness. Planners are therefore studying the past and exploring the trends. Their visions are not as attractive for the city management, sometimes simple and scientifically boring, but that is how the bases should be. The qual-ity of their vision is in leaving enough free space with just enough building limitations that other participants in city building process can fulfill the wide picture in accordance with the actual time, needs and trends. There is just one solid and the most important vision that should be protected and improved: the Three “Cores” of Belgrade: the first, natural, around the mouth of Sava and danube rivers; the second, Urban cores, (historic fortress, Old Belgrade, Zemun and the modern New Belgrade centers), and the third, the area of brownfields in the wider waterfront, in between the previous two cores.
2dEVELOPERS - SUBJECTIVE VISIONThe other different perspective is the attitude and the visions of developers. It is chal-
lenging to make the choice to promote and support for the city management: to choose between modesty, tolerance, quality, beauty or the uniqueness. The offer is wide and all developers are seeking to be extreme: the highest, the most digital, post modern, creative, passive, glassy, glossy, sophisticated or intelligent. Planning vision is usually in contrast with developer’s but when the planning rules are clear and reasonable, the match of two should be harmonic. The developers are often offering the significant urban change, but also attractive spots within the city matrix are contributing even more to the city develop-ment and identity.
3ExPLORERS - THE RIGHT TO A VISIONNot only professionals are putting effort in creating the vision of contemporary
Belgrade. The group of creative people, mostly students, organized within the “Project Belgrade” showed one of their visions in Venice in 2006 during Biennale. The project is still active, offering conceptual development and presentation. www.projectbelgrade.com/en/info.htm, www.projectbelgrade.com/serbian/events.html, www.projectbelgrade.com/serbian/events.html The urban design competition for the revitalization of the Belgrade danube Waterfront showed the visions of Belgrade given by groups of young local architects. The 480 ha brownfield site is yet to be the topic for planners, economists, environmentalists, urban and architectural designers. The project and the city will provoke not only star architects Mr. Libeskind and Mr. Jan Ghel, but surely more teams and individuals to express their visions and contribute to new contemporary Belgrade. Žaklina Gligorijevi Managing Director, Town Planning Institute of Belgrade
BELgradE 2021
aN aLLIa
NCE aMONg P
uBLIC
sECtOr, dEvELOPErs a
Nd urBaN
dEsIgNErs
Urban vis
ion as a
start
-up fo
r deve
lopment an
d new
resourc
es
2829
05
03
04
0201
3030 31
BELgradE MastErPLaN
Although archeological findings indicate that the Belgrade site has been inhabited for 7,000 years, the planning history covers the time from the Belgrade Fortress, on the hill above the Sava and danube mouth in 1721, to nowadays Belgrade Master (Ge-neral) Plan for the year 2021. Our project
is related to the vision given in this newest city plan and the process of creating the particular sites and urban scenes within the vision of the city as a whole in the near future of 2021. The area of the Master Plan is 77.000 hectares and covers parts of the ten City municipalities.
tHE BasIC gOaL Of tHE BELgradE gENEraL PLaN
Belgrade, Serbian city. Belgrade was the lead-ing city of former Yugoslavia and the wider region before nineties, but is the capital of Serbia in the first place. Its leadership role is based on its magnitude and concentra-tion of powers, should be carefully shifted towards different forms of support to the other cities of our country. Regional ex-change and cooperation are the convenient ground for transfers of know - how, cul-tural models, civil and city life values, and for materialization of various economic projects in the mutual benefit. A cunning regional policy with a high extent of local self-government, purposefully decentralized where it is more effective and common to
expect initiatives of smaller communities, should help to find a way out of present obstacles.
Belgrade, European metropolis. Belgrade should use advantages of its favorable geographic location and also vicinity of the important European corridors to reaf-firm its role as a European metropolis. It will be done by developing of functions and activities adequate to such a status: services, tourism, commerce, scientific and educational centers, river transport, transit transport etc., while in the same time im-proving quality of physical structures and environment, and also through identifica-
06
3031
08 11
tion, consolidation and affirmation of all the unique elements creating its identity.
Turning towards Danube. danube is one of the two most important traffic corridors. “Coming down to the river” may result with different economic, tourist, recreational and also central and housing facilities along the danube riverbanks. diverse construction projects are planed on the left bank such are new recreational island or the new port. The danube waterfront revitalization projects are steps towards postindustrial transformation already finished in most of the developed capitals of the Western world. Belgrade in harmony with nature. The un-controlled growth of the city and back-wardness of its economic basis produced gradual loss of green areas, from the small-est squares, to parks and whole forests. Green areas should be spread evenly and protective green girdles around existing and planed industrial zones carefully situated. Fertile soil of the best classes and those equipped with ameliorative systems ought to be preserved and used for its best pur-pose. The City must take good care of its green complexes such as “Ratno ostrvo”, left bank of danube, Zvezdara, Topčider, Košutnjak and others.
Sustainable city. Future construction of Bel-grade is primarily directed towards existing structure, tending to complete and improve existing residential, business and industrial zones, followed by a limited linear spread-ing. One of the tasks of the Plan is to improve living conditions in informally built areas, avoiding endangering public interest in the same process. The other important task is integration of such districts in the regulated city structure. Then, the goal is to improve living conditions in the low income areas, by determining rules for rehabilita-tion and transformation of such districts. Belgrade development policy should rely (again) on city planning and urban design. Belgrade, city of complex memories. The respect for urban memory of Belgrade and affirma-tion of divere cultural - historical matrix, consisting of three specific spatial entities; Belgrade, Zemun and New Belgrade, with their distinctive central zones, is one of the fundamental frameworks for urban renewal
and reconstruction. The Master Plan pro-motes integral protection of architectural heritage. Affirmation of public spaces and ambient complexes, stressing and guard-ing of qualitative visions and silhouettes of town, will improve Belgrade identity and play part of the strong axis on which transformation of its surroundings will be founded.
The City of harmonized and encircled image. The last decade of the century added attributes of sordidness, incoherence and improvisa-tion, deriving from poverty, cheap looks, and new-rich distaste to the image of Belgrade. On the other hand, appealing looks, decency, sense of good taste and harmony, neatness and sophistication, are values with strong economic dimension, highly respected among important Euro-pean cities. Gradually though consistently, by means of urban regulation, construction rules including esthetical criteria, measures of the city policy and through highly moti-vated engagement of its citizens, Belgrade should configure and refine its shabby, idle or misused parcels of land, fix its streets and installations, renew its parks and green oasis, reaffirm contest for „the best looking facade, terrace, or garden in town”. The new City of Belgrade development Strategy (CBdS) project proposed also Reclaiming the modern New Belgrade architecture, promotion of the Creative industries and bringing back the identity by promoting city “Icons” (architectural, historic, natural , etc.)
The Economic Vitality. The Master Plan is of-fering a basis for activating production and completing existing working zones, as well as framework for prospective economic ac-tivities, in accordance with socio-economic development strategy of Belgrade. The bases are:• New industrial capacities along Dan-ube, temporarily using but also planning revitalization and relocation of the existing harbor facilities.• Aspiration for more balanced spatial distribution of jobs in city center, and the other business areas, to correspond with spatial distribution of housing, transport accessibility, provision of infrastructure, and climate and microclimate conditions.• Gradual relocation of undependable activities towards suburban municipalities
07
3232 33
04. dan
iel libeski
nd, P
ort of B
elgrade M
aster P
lan
(2009); arch
itect:
studio dan
iel libeski
nd; jo
int ve
nture
partne
r: CeP
- Cente
r for U
rban deve
lopment Plan
ning, B
elgrade.
05. new Urban
Core (photo: Ž
aklin
a Glig
orijević
).
06. COMMer
CIal zOnes
: MasTer
Plan
2021. Belgrad
e Town P
lannin
g Insti
tute; m
aster
plan te
am: Ž
aklin
a Glig
orijević
, M.sc.a
rh, Gene
ral
Manag
er; Jova
n Uroše
vić, e
ng. a
rch., e
mil dim
itrov,
eng. a
rch., d
arko savi
ć, B.sc.e
con.
- Tran
slatio
n.
07. eCOnOMIC zOnes
: MasTer
Plan 2021.
08. Gree
n and aGrICUlTUre:
MasTer Pla
n 2021.
09. new
BUsIness and TeC
HnOlOGy Pa
rks: M
asTer Pla
n 2021.
10. PrOTOTyPe 2
5 HOles ©
neOarHITek
TI
11. PrOTOTyPe 1
9a CIrCUs © neO
arHITekTI
01. 10 BlO
Ck 33; theme: B
alance
; Pro
ject: swim
ming pool +
, M5
design s
tudio, U
niversi
ty of B
elgrade Fa
culty
of arch
itectu
re
student:
Branisla
v spaso
jević; T
utor: V
ladim
ir Mile
nković
, Msc a
rch,
assista
nt pro
fessor; y
ear: 2008. in
fo: www.ar
h.bg.ac.rs
; © Bran
islav
spasojević
.
02. Pro
totype 19
a; arc
hitects
: neO
arhite
kti / T
atjan
a stra
timiro
vić,
sneža
na Vesni
ć, Vlad
imir M
ilenk
ović; a
ssocia
tes: Maša
Bratuša
, srdjan
Marlović
, Milo
š Miro
savić,
Vladim
ir Toplič
ić. This w
ork is a
resul
t of
project
“rese
arch an
d educ
ationa
l Pro
cess
and desig
n Methodology
of City
Transfo
rmati
on in C
ontext o
f Tran
sition a
nd in
Proce
sses o
f
Globalizati
on and
euro
pean In
tegrations”
(nIP 16
4003d) und
er
the ausp
ices o
f Mini
stry o
f scie
nce an
d Techno
logical
development
of serbia.
03. wate
rfront
(photo: nebojša
stevaniv
ić)
and other regions of Serbia.• Desirable industries, supporting environ-mentally friendly production.• Different projects activating important City development projects - ‘Sava amphi-theatre’, ‘New Belgrade center’, ‘Rivers and river banks’ - are the constitutive parts of the Master Plan.The ongoing main addition to this list is the new project of technology and business parks along City ring roads, transformation of the inner city industries to commercials and the successive revitalization of the danube waterfront brownfields. The City for All. Belgrade should be the city where anyone could find one’s “place in the sun”, regardless origin, race, religion, sex, age, education, convictions or material status. Market economy should be fol-lowed by adequate social policy, protect-ing interests of the less privileged and less powerful. Socially financed habitations, rehabilitation of slams and unsanitary blocks, constructing of space for public purposes, free spaces and public parks, will be enabled through combination of market and planned measures and instruments.
Well-connected and accessible city. Belgrade Transport system should be renewed in a way to achieve harmonized relation between land use and transportation demands and capacities; also between dif-
ferent means of transport; long distance, regional and local. Its effectiveness will be based on the better and rational use of transport capacities, sustainable way to in-crease the level of services and traffic secu-rity. The existing city matrix, with individual parcels and buildings shouldn’t slow down efficient transportation. The priority should be the construction of a high-capacity public transportation system, with recon-struction, completion and further develop-ment of the city streets network, based on the matrix from the 19th century. The new General Plan Concept is also promoting public spaces, pedestrians, bicycles and public transportation in exchange to cars. The City of Culture. If not absolutely in structure, than by relative scope, Belgrade should achieve the European level of cultural institutions, comparing to cities similar in size and national significance. Planning the unique locations for such important facilities, as Opera, Philharmon-ics, to commercial sports - is one f the priorities. Existing - traditional and new cultural events should have their recogniz-able place of happenings, their facilities, and familiar space as a symbol of a public manifestation. The CBdS is also promoting Belgrade Creative industries, Cultural paths and Routes as a generator of the tourism development, and the event management, of a general urban development.
09
3233
04. dan
iel libeski
nd, P
ort of B
elgrade M
aster P
lan
(2009); arch
itect:
studio dan
iel libeski
nd; jo
int ve
nture
partne
r: CeP
- Cente
r for U
rban deve
lopment Plan
ning, B
elgrade.
05. new Urban
Core (photo: Ž
aklin
a Glig
orijević
).
06. COMMer
CIal zOnes
: MasTer
Plan
2021. Belgrad
e Town P
lannin
g Insti
tute; m
aster
plan te
am: Ž
aklin
a Glig
orijević
, M.sc.a
rh, Gene
ral
Manag
er; Jova
n Uroše
vić, e
ng. a
rch., e
mil dim
itrov,
eng. a
rch., d
arko savi
ć, B.sc.e
con.
- Tran
slatio
n.
07. eCOnOMIC zOnes
: MasTer
Plan 2021.
08. Gree
n and aGrICUlTUre:
MasTer Pla
n 2021.
09. new
BUsIness and TeC
HnOlOGy Pa
rks: M
asTer Pla
n 2021.
10. PrOTOTyPe 2
5 HOles ©
neOarHITek
TI
11. PrOTOTyPe 1
9a CIrCUs © neO
arHITekTI
credits
Partici
pation t
o “Urban
Visions”
by:
Žaklin
a Glig
orijević
, eng
.arch
., M.sci,
Man
aging
directo
r, Town P
lan-
ning In
stitut
e of Belgrad
e;
Vladim
ir Mile
nković
, Msc a
rch, a
ssista
nt pro
fessor, V
ice-d
ean fo
r
externa
l realat
ions, Univ
ersity
of Belgrad
e Facu
lty of a
rchite
cture;
Tatja
na stra
timiro
vić, M
sc arch
, neO
arhite
kti (w
ww.neoarh
itekti
.net),
Belgrade;
team: M
iloš M
irosav
ić, Iva
na Popović
, steva
n Šorm
az
NEw vIsION: MEta MOdErNIty
A case-study: the NEO_arhitekti visiondespite fast and commercially orien-tated construction, New Belgrade is still architecturally inspiring area for everlast-ing Modernity and its capacity to answer new professional conditions and society in transition. The idea of this study is to point out the possibilities of widening the real spatial potential of existing urban structure of Le Corbusierian Green City that would fit new and future needs of its citizens. Modernistic heritage and the sharpness in which structure of New Belgrade has been shaped are taken as thematic context for design that enables the form to be antici-pated in meeting plane of sky and park - architecture between hollow and solid - unbuilt and built. dynamics that had been brought into the matrix of New Belgrade central zone by rotated structure of block 19a has been additionally amplified by the position of its unbuilt fragment. Linear
assemblage has been closed into circular form enabling issue of distance between houses, at the same time reflecting the topic of island in the whirlpool of traffic lanes. If New Belgrade is still both garden and city than its potential comes from definition of undefined relation between filled and empty - in typology of hybrids created in superposition of emptiness in pure form and emptiness of what is left in space.Presented models are to be seen as a result of investigation into typology of new physical structure, to be embedded in temporal and spatial gap caused by major shift in idea of architecture - medium that projects an overall vision of life. Witnessing this phenomenon brought us into position to develop design strategy that could cre-ate link between our building era and time of postwar Modernism.www.neoarhitekti.net
01. 10 BlO
Ck 33; theme: B
alance
; Pro
ject: swim
ming pool +
, M5
design s
tudio, U
niversi
ty of B
elgrade Fa
culty
of arch
itectu
re
student:
Branisla
v spaso
jević; T
utor: V
ladim
ir Mile
nković
, Msc a
rch,
assista
nt pro
fessor; y
ear: 2008. in
fo: www.ar
h.bg.ac.rs
; © Bran
islav
spasojević
.
02. Pro
totype 19
a; arc
hitects
: neO
arhite
kti / T
atjan
a stra
timiro
vić,
sneža
na Vesni
ć, Vlad
imir M
ilenk
ović; a
ssocia
tes: Maša
Bratuša
, srdjan
Marlović
, Milo
š Miro
savić,
Vladim
ir Toplič
ić. This w
ork is a
resul
t of
project
“rese
arch an
d educ
ationa
l Pro
cess
and desig
n Methodology
of City
Transfo
rmati
on in C
ontext o
f Tran
sition a
nd in
Proce
sses o
f
Globalizati
on and
euro
pean In
tegrations”
(nIP 16
4003d) und
er
the ausp
ices o
f Mini
stry o
f scie
nce an
d Techno
logical
development
of serbia.
03. wate
rfront
(photo: nebojša
stevaniv
ić)
10
11
3434 35
Urban vis
ion as a
start
-up fo
r deve
lopment an
d new
resourc
es
the “Linea 2” project, Turin’s second underground line, is undoubtedly one of the main projects concerning the city in the near future. The Line 2 is not a mere
infrastructure project, it is a more ambitious and complex transformation which crosses settlement, environment, urban and infrastructural aspects redesigning radically extensive sections of Turin’s northern area.
this project which merges in the Planning variant n. 200 represents the first step of the transformation phase of the city’s metropolitan area. The first phase which took
place between years 1995 - the year Vittorio Gregotti and Augusto Cagnardi’s new devel-opment Plan was approved - and 2006 - the year of the Winter Olympics - entailed the reuse of extensive vacant industrial areas located inside the urban tissue and the rezoning of the old Baroque capital’s centre. Spina Centrale, the long backbone boulevard crossing the city on a north-south axis which connects the four great transformation areas - the so called “Backbone” - the linchpin around which the great game of the reclaim of the ex industrial spaces has been revolving. Underneath the boulevard of Spina Centrale is the railway link, Passante ferroviario, which from 2012 will revolutionise the accessibility and transport system of the city’s entire metropolitan area.
as well as two sides of Spina Centrale, Gregotti and Cagnardi’s development Plan en-visaged also two great north-south axes - the corso Marche axis and the leisure and
culture axis along the river Po - which are also underway. To implement this configuration of the urban tissue open towards Milan and the Padan lowland, Turin has decided to gen-erate a series of projects with a cross flow, ranging from the improvement of the buildings on the other three rivers crossing Turin to the construction of the underground’s Linea 2.
the new infrastructural axis crosses an area which was built between the 19th and 20th centuries and is located between the historical centre and the suburbs, linking
the Passante ferroviario and the fast train line to Caselle international airport to the city centre. Linea 2 was devised in close relation - and here lays one of the great novelties of the project as regards to the Italian scene - with the new conspicuous buildings which will take place along that route, especially in the Vanchiglia ex freight depot and the Spina 4 area. The metro line is being built using the ex railway trench which, covered, will generate a linear park in the compact urban tissues of the north area. Around the infrastructural axis and the brand new settlements and new green areas, Vanchiglia and Sempione parks, are also built, which will create a connection between the built northern area and the existing parks along the river.
the objective is to redevelop and enhance the entire north area of the city by tuning the infrastructural, environmental and land use frames.
Mario VianoUrban Planning, Building Trade and Heritage Councillor, Città di Torino Paola ViranoDirector, Divisione Urbanistica ed Edilizia privata, Città di Torino Carlo OlmoDirector, Urban Center Metropolitano Antonio De RossiVice-director, Urban Center Metropolitano
turIN 2011
INfrastruCturE a
s a C
HaNCE
fOr PuBLIC
sPaCE a
Nd HOusIN
g
3435
tHE BENEfIts BrOugHt By tHE urBaN aNdINfrastruCturaL PrOjECt- Construction of new quality urban tissue also thanks to an increased building capa-city; - New underground line with interexchange systems with the Passante ferroviario, road system and car parks; - development of land uses in a multifun-ctional way;
- Construction of new integrated public services; - Requalification of public spaces also financed by European funding; - Improvements of the context by attracting and enhancing high level activities and functions.
01
02
tHE fIgurEs Of tHE PrOjECt
SPINA 4 Surface area: 165,000 sq m Total built up area: 251,000 sq m Building indexes: from 0.73 to 1.00 sq m/sq m Functional Mix: offices, hotels, private services, advanced productive and research activities SCALO VANCHIGLIASurface area: 750,000 sq m Building indexes: da 0,50 a 1,35 mq/mq Functional Mix: building A: advanced
productive and research activities, service and artisan activities, commercial activi-ties, apartments, offices, hotels, private services, advanced productive and research activities, apartments; building B: apart-ments, retail, commercial activities, hotels; building C : commercial, artisan and service activities. The estimated cost for the construction of the first branch of the underground’s Linea 2 (from Spina 4 to corso Novara) is 600 million euro.
3636 37
credits
Città di T
orino; d
ivisione
Urbanist
ica ed ed
ilizia
Privata
divisione
Infra
strutt
ure e M
obilità;
divisione
Cultura
, Comun
icazio
ne e Pro
mozione
della Città
;
divisione
lavo
ro, Fo
rmaz
ione pro
fessiona
le, svilu
ppo
econo
mico (s
ettore Fo
ndi s
truttu
rali - Urban
3). Urban
Center
Metropolita
no. F
inpiemonte
spa
INvOLvEd PLayErs
Communication steps
Real estate panel discussion
Local district 6
Urban Center Metropolitano
June - July 2009
Town planning o�ce
EU Urban program
Real estate agents
“masterplan implementation”workshop
April 2009
Discussion with the citizensSeptember 2009
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE
competition“a name for the new district”
Naming, corporate image and a manual September - October 2009
Urban Center Metropolitano
operators
investors
REAL ESTATE
Urban Center Metropolitano
Citizens
Urban Center Metropolitano
Graphic studios
District Infocenter October 2009
Urban Center Metropolitano
EXPO ITALIAN REAL ESTATE,9 - 12 June
BEYOND MEDIA FESTIVALURBAN VISIONSFirenze, 9 - 17 July 2009
Photography Networkby November 2009
Urban Center Metropolitano
Local associations[movie&photography]
Survey of the area and two half-day long debates on the transformation project theme. The core of the discussion is the masterplan drawn by Città di Torino which redesigns the city along the new infrastructural line: visions, pre�gurations,ideas about the city in comparison.
A panel discussion on the project and its management open to Italian and foreign real estate agents and investors.
Presentation to the citizenship of the “Variante 200” and launch of the competition open to all citizens to “invent a name” for the project and for the new district, which has to conjure up allits dimensions (infrastructural, urban, social, cultural).
After the name choice, the creation of a logo and the visual variations, will followtogether with the production of a manual to regulate di�erent communication tools.
The establishment of a hub on the place of the transformation, housed by the Centro di Interpretazione dell'Ecomuseo Urbano della VI Circoscrizione: a networking host, a place where to �nd information about the project, but also the place of the real story and of creation of imagery.
video shooting
presso�ce
September - October 2009
posters
Urban Center Metropolitano
CitizensTrade associations
manualinfopanels
lea�eat
video
book
tools
actions
comunities
actors
CITIZENS
A panel discussion with photographers living and working in Barriera di Milano - Regio Parco; production of events and/or toolsbased on photography as the medium to tell the transformation (itinerant exhibitions, publications…)
itinerantexhibition
web sitenewsletter
photography campaign
Infrastructure and mobility o�ce
Di�used Communicationby December 2009Way�nding systems along the Line 2 axis, communication itineraries, “low de�nition” installations.
Urban Center Metropolitano
Project consultants
Cultural and comunication o�ce
video shooting
video shooting
EU Urban program
radiospots
Citizens
CITIZENS
Trade associations
Local district 6
Local district 6
Graphic studios
Local district 6
Local district 6
Town planning o�ce
Town planning o�ce
Cultural and comunication o�ce
Cultural and comunication o�ce
05
03
04
Public and public-private bodies. Città di Tori-no; divisione Urbanistica ed Edilizia Privata; divisione Infrastrutture e Mobilità; divisio-ne Cultura, Comunicazione e Promozione della Città; divisione Lavoro, Formazione professionale, Sviluppo economico (Settore Fondi Strutturali - Urban 3); Commissione Arte Pubblica; Urban Center Metropolita-no; Finpiemonte Spa; Regione Piemonte; Circoscrizione 5; Circoscrizione 6; Provincia di Torino; Azienda Sanitaria Locale 2 Torino Nord; Politecnico di Torino; Accademia Albertina di Belle Arti.Owners of the areas, promoters, operators, stokeholders. Agenzia del demanio; Poste Ita-liane; Primary worldwide prototype model company; Primary worldwide domotics and automation company; Primary national company for illumination and optical fibre design and use; Other local businesses, professional firms, real estate agencies, individual owners, construction businesses.Stakeholders. Professional association; Buil-ders’ association; Environmental associa-tions; Association “Officina della Memo-ria”; Other local citizens’ associations.
01. Città
di Torin
o, north
area.
The route
of Turi
n’s li
nea 2
.
02. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. Bird
’s
eye vie
w - weste
rn vie
w.
03. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. s.
Giovann
i Bosco
hospita
l area .
Bird’s e
ye vie
w - south
-easte
rn vie
w.
04. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. spina
4
area.
Bird’s e
ye vie
w - north
ern vie
w.
05. Commun
icatio
n steps.
06. Mun
icipality
of Turi
n, north
area.
Historic
al struc
turing
of the te
r-
ritory:
mid-19
th centu
ry; 19
06 Unitary
development
Plan; th
e 1920s.
07. Turi
n north
-east
ern are
a: urb
an previe
ws of th
e housing
project
3637
COMMuNICatION PLaN
The communication plan is based on three themes/assumption which orient the con-struction of the communication actions and places: The time theme. Communication schedules involve an accelerated time which requires immediate responses. The time of the city, the projects, the urban life - in other words the experience of the citizen living in the city - is a medium-long extended time and when it loses that dimension it is diminished. Starting from this assump-tion, the communication plan is based on the possibility to conciliate the times of communication with the time of the proj-ect, performing communication actions and creating communication tools which should first and foremost be “places” for a reflection: places where the decision-makers also take their responsibility: “we have made certain choices which we are here to explain, yet we believe in the exis-tence of alternatives which we are willing to discuss”.
The story theme. The urban practices need spaces for simulation, mediation, images, which once produced tend to substitute the concrete urban space and to function
as the debate’s main reference facilitating the communication among the multiple players and the understanding of urban processes of inexpert users. The second assumption of the communication plan is based on the possibility to construct actions and tools which help the commu-nication recipients to outline their expecta-tions and prefigurations on the future of the city through the constructions of convincing and shareable imageries.
The networking theme. The co-existence in this process of different players with dif-ferent expectations and needs constitutes both one of the most difficult elements within the definition of its communication strategies and one of the elements of major interest and novelty. The third assumption of the communication guidelines estab-lishes itself on this aspect, leveraging with the great number of players involved and proposing a communication strategy based on networking - the capability of putting all the players into a network which will then generate grassroots actions and tools, by involving associations across the territory and relevant groups; in other words, by exploiting the potentiality already inscribed in the “urban gene pool”.
credits
Città di T
orino; d
ivisione
Urbanist
ica ed ed
ilizia
Privata
divisione
Infra
strutt
ure e M
obilità;
divisione
Cultura
, Comun
icazio
ne e Pro
mozione
della Città
;
divisione
lavo
ro, Fo
rmaz
ione pro
fessiona
le, svilu
ppo
econo
mico (s
ettore Fo
ndi s
truttu
rali - Urban
3). Urban
Center
Metropolita
no. F
inpiemonte
spa
07
06
01. Città
di Torin
o, north
area.
The route
of Turi
n’s li
nea 2
.
02. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. Bird
’s
eye vie
w - weste
rn vie
w.
03. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. s.
Giovann
i Bosco
hospita
l area .
Bird’s e
ye vie
w - south
-easte
rn vie
w.
04. Vari
ante 200. M
orphological p
refiguratio
ns for t
he settle
ment
and in
frastr
uctur
al pro
ject lin
ked to
the un
dergroun
d’s line
2. spina
4
area.
Bird’s e
ye vie
w - north
ern vie
w.
05. Commun
icatio
n steps.
06. Mun
icipality
of Turi
n, north
area.
Historic
al struc
turing
of the te
r-
ritory:
mid-19
th centu
ry; 19
06 Unitary
development
Plan; th
e 1920s.
07. Turi
n north
-east
ern are
a: urb
an previe
ws of th
e housing
project
3838 39
The Mak
e it right c
ore
team as
sembled by B
rad Pitt
includ
es the fo
llowing
experts:
william
Mcd
onoug
h + Partne
rs, a
world
leader in
enviro
nmenta
l arch
itectu
re;
Cheroke
e Gives B
ack F
oundati
on, the no
npro
fit arm
of
Cheroke
e, a firm
that
specia
lizes in
remediat
ion and
susta
in-
able re
development
of env
ironm
entally
impair
ed properti
es;
Graft, a
n inte
rnatio
nal le
ading
arch
itectu
re firm th
at Brad
Pitt co
llabo-
rates w
ith on p
rojects
aroun
d the w
orld;
Make It
right staff
, loca
l Mak
e It right p
ersonn
el coordina
ting effo
rts
on the gro
und in
new Orlean
s.
This core te
am is
working
in ta
ndem w
ith le
aders
of a lo
cal, n
eigh-
borhood-led co
alition o
f not-f
or-pro
fits, an
d has expan
ded to in
clude
five lo
cal, f
our na
tiona
l and
five in
ternatio
nal a
rchite
cture firm
s to
ensure th
at the fo
cus o
n - an
d commitm
ent to - t
he lower 9
th ward
is demonst
rably d
iverse
and re
flective
of Brad
Pitt’s d
edicatio
n to giv-
ing th
is crit
ical n
eighborhood acce
ss to th
e best experti
se av
ailab
le.
John C
. willi
ams a
rchite
cts, a
s execu
tive arch
itects
for t
he project,
produc
e const
ructio
n docu
ments an
d overse
e the co
nstruc
tion o
f
every
house. T
hey work
with th
e homeowners,
the desig
n arch
itects
,
and th
e general c
ontrac
tors to ac
hieve th
e most
comforta
ble, sus-
taina
ble, and
affordab
le homes for t
he Mak
e It right fa
milies.
loca
l arch
itects
Billes a
rchite
cts – new Orle
ans, l
a
eskew dum
ez ripple – new Orle
ans, l
a
Concordia
– new Orlean
s, la
Trahan
archite
cts – Bato
n roug
e, la
nationa
l arch
itects
BnIM – ka
nsas C
ity, M
O
kieran Tim
berlake
- Phila
delphia, Pa
Morphosis – san
ta Monic
a, Ca
Pugh + sca
rpa – san
ta Monic
a, Ca
Interna
tiona
l arch
itects
adjaye arch
itects
– lond
on, en
gland
Construc
ts – acc
ra, Ghan
a
Graft –
Berlin, G
erman
y
MVrdV – rotterdam
, Holla
nd
shigeru Ban
archite
cts – To
kyo, J
apan
NEw OrLEaNs 2010
a day-By-day v
IsIO
N:
rECOstruCtION a
ftEr katrIN
a
Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States. The August 29, 2005 storm flooded 80 percent of the City of New Orleans and killed 1,577 people.
Hardest hit was the Lower 9th Ward where more than 4,000 homes were destroyed by the storm and the surge of water caused by the breach of the Industrial Canal levee. When the water receded after weeks of stagnation, block after block of one of the city’s poorest neighborhoods lay filled with debris, mangled homes and mud-filled cars. Two years later, when actor Brad Pitt toured the city, the once-vibrant neighborhood was still silent and razed, failed by government, frustrated by a lack of progress. The story of Pitt’s commitment to “Make It Right” in the Lower 9th Ward is a testament to the power of a vision communicated forcefully and the ability of art and architecture to transform and lift people’s lives. After meeting with community groups and families, Pitt pledged to work with top flight architects to rebuild the Lower 9th Ward back better than it was before Katrina. His vision was to build 150 green, affordable, safe high-quality design homes in the neighborhood closest to the levee breach. His foundation, Make It Right, kicked off in december, 2007 with the Pink Project – a unique hybrid of art, architecture and media designed to increase awareness of the plight of New Orleans, raise money to construct new homes and commemorate the lives of people who died in Katrina. Pitt worked with the architectural firm, GRAFT, to conceive and develop the six-week installation of 150 pink houses. The installation started as 429 pink geometric shapes scattered over the 14-square block site where the real houses would be built. As dona-tions came in to sponsor the cost of a real house, the pieces of the symbolic houses were “righted” on their lots. The Pink Project raised 12 million dollars and was a potent and pivotal event that brought global attention to the challenges and possibilities of rebuilding the Lower 9th Ward. Today, eight LEEd Platinum certified homes stand where there was once six feet of water, where pieces of pink houses were once assembled. By december 2009, one hundred Lower 9th Ward families will once again be homeowners. But they will be living in what the US Green Building Council says is the “largest, greenest development of single family homes in America.” They will also be living in the vision of a neighborhood made real by the transformative power of artful communications and architecture. Make It Right Foundation 01
Urban vis
ion as a
start
-up fo
r deve
lopment an
d new
resourc
es
3839
tHE stOrM aNd Its aftErMatH. wHy MakE It rIgHt Has COME tO HELP
Hurricane Katrina resulted in flooding that destroyed the Lower 9th Ward. A breach in the Industrial Canal levee along the perimeter of the Lower 9th Ward, combi-ned with the failure of pumping stations throughout the city, caused prolonged flooding in the Lower 9th Ward and water stagnated for more than three weeks. To make matters worse, residents were among the last allowed to return to their homes. When they were finally allowed back, it was only to “look and see,” a reality described by many as heartbreaking since they could not retrieve any belongings, nor could they have time to grieve at the scene of their loss or begin to plan the next phase of their lives. Much of the Lower 9th Ward’s devasta-tion was due to a massive breach in the Industrial Canal levee, resulting in a surging wave of water. The sheer force of the water swept houses off their foundations and left entire families desperately clinging for their lives, stranded on rooftops and floating debris. More than 1,000 Lower 9th Ward residents died and 80% of the homes were either smashed or washed on top of cars and other houses. Most remaining struc-tures – homes, businesses, churches and schools alike – later were demolished by the Army Corps of Engineers. No one from the Lower 9th Ward was left untouched by the destruction. Immediately following Hurricane Katrina, a series of city redevelopment planning efforts took place. Through the devasta-tion, planners saw an opportunity to turn
something as terrible as Hurricane Katrina into a chance to re-plan a city that many perceived as dysfunctional from an urban planning perspective prior to the storm. Such planning efforts included studies by the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Urban Land Institute (ULI), the Bring New Orleans Back plan sponsored by the Mayor’s office, and the Neighborhood Planning Initiative sponsored by the New Orleans City Council. Several of these plans put forth controversial recommenda-tions about which areas of the city should or should not be redeveloped. The Lower 9th Ward was widely perceived to be an area that could not be brought back – the devastation was just too immense. By contrast, the Unified New Orleans Plan (UNOP) was created in response to several redevelopment plans with incompatible content. The UNOP, a plan that sought to create consensus, was in the final stages of development during this project’s initial research phase, and Make It Right was allo-wed access to its initial findings. In accor-dance with UNOP, Make It Right’s analysis of safety, environmental and demographic factors demonstrated that indeed the Lower 9th Ward could be rebuilt. As a further endorsement of the neigh-borhood’s recovery, the Mayor’s Office of Recovery Management has designated two priority rebuilding zones in the Lower 9th Ward. One of these includes the Make It Right site. This designation makes available expedited city services for the neighborhood.
The Mak
e it right c
ore
team as
sembled by B
rad Pitt
includ
es the fo
llowing
experts:
william
Mcd
onoug
h + Partne
rs, a
world
leader in
enviro
nmenta
l arch
itectu
re;
Cheroke
e Gives B
ack F
oundati
on, the no
npro
fit arm
of
Cheroke
e, a firm
that
specia
lizes in
remediat
ion and
susta
in-
able re
development
of env
ironm
entally
impair
ed properti
es;
Graft, a
n inte
rnatio
nal le
ading
arch
itectu
re firm th
at Brad
Pitt co
llabo-
rates w
ith on p
rojects
aroun
d the w
orld;
Make It
right staff
, loca
l Mak
e It right p
ersonn
el coordina
ting effo
rts
on the gro
und in
new Orlean
s.
This core te
am is
working
in ta
ndem w
ith le
aders
of a lo
cal, n
eigh-
borhood-led co
alition o
f not-f
or-pro
fits, an
d has expan
ded to in
clude
five lo
cal, f
our na
tiona
l and
five in
ternatio
nal a
rchite
cture firm
s to
ensure th
at the fo
cus o
n - an
d commitm
ent to - t
he lower 9
th ward
is demonst
rably d
iverse
and re
flective
of Brad
Pitt’s d
edicatio
n to giv-
ing th
is crit
ical n
eighborhood acce
ss to th
e best experti
se av
ailab
le.
John C
. willi
ams a
rchite
cts, a
s execu
tive arch
itects
for t
he project,
produc
e const
ructio
n docu
ments an
d overse
e the co
nstruc
tion o
f
every
house. T
hey work
with th
e homeowners,
the desig
n arch
itects
,
and th
e general c
ontrac
tors to ac
hieve th
e most
comforta
ble, sus-
taina
ble, and
affordab
le homes for t
he Mak
e It right fa
milies.
loca
l arch
itects
Billes a
rchite
cts – new Orle
ans, l
a
eskew dum
ez ripple – new Orle
ans, l
a
Concordia
– new Orlean
s, la
Trahan
archite
cts – Bato
n roug
e, la
nationa
l arch
itects
BnIM – ka
nsas C
ity, M
O
kieran Tim
berlake
- Phila
delphia, Pa
Morphosis – san
ta Monic
a, Ca
Pugh + sca
rpa – san
ta Monic
a, Ca
Interna
tiona
l arch
itects
adjaye arch
itects
– lond
on, en
gland
Construc
ts – acc
ra, Ghan
a
Graft –
Berlin, G
erman
y
MVrdV – rotterdam
, Holla
nd
shigeru Ban
archite
cts – To
kyo, J
apan
02 03
4040 41
01. Photo: r
icky r
idecos
02. Photo: a
nna l
ena ko
rtman
n
03. Photo: r
icky r
idecos
04. Urban
vision s
ite plan
05. House
designe
d by kieran
Timberla
ke desig
n
(photo: John w
illiam
s).
06. House
designe
d by GraFT
(photo: J
ohn willi
ams)
07. Photo: M
egan Gran
tRD
.
ST.
CAFF
IN
FLO
OD
LIZA
RDI
SURE
KOTE
N. DERBIGNY
ST.
ST.
ST.
N. GALVEZ
N. GALVEZ
N. MIRO
RD.
SURE
KOTE
ST.
ST.
ALAB
O
RD.
ST.
ST.
LAM
ANCH
E
SURE
KOTE
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
DEL
ERY
TRIC
OU
ST. M
AURI
CE
TUPE
LO
GO
RDO
N
MO
NTI
CELL
O
ROFF
IGN
AC
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
WHIPPLE
HAMLIN
N. MIRO ST.
N. GALVEZ ST.
VALJEAN
N.JOHNSON ST.
N. PRIEUR ST.
PRARO
ST.
RD.
AVE.
AVE.
FLORIDA
LAW
JOU
RDAN
SURE
KOTE
AVE.
RD.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.ST
.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
BEN
TON
CHAR
BON
NET
CHO
CTAWAN
DRY
EGAN
IA
FORS
TALLRE
YNES
TEN
NES
SEED
ESLO
ND
E
SURE
KOTE
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
ST.
AVE.
AVE.
N.VILLERE
N.CLAIBORNE
N. ROMAN
N. ROMAN
N. PRIEUR
N. PRIEUR
N. JOHNSON
N. JOHNSON
N. MIRO
N. TONTI
N. TONTI
N.ROCHEBLAVE
N.ROCHEBLAV E
N.DO RGENOIS
N.DORGENOIS
FLORID A
ST.
AVE.
ST.N.ROBERTSON
N. DERBIGNY
ST.
AVE.
N.CLAIBORNE
500’0’
Indu
stria
l Can
al
Pre-Katrina Houses
Post-Katrina Houses
DAMAGE AND RECOVERY IN THE LOWER 9TH WARD
New Make It Right Construction
1/4 Mile
proposed thruways
viewing platforms
light meter
solar panel houses (16’x32’ base)
vehicular path
SS
SSSS
S
SS
SS
SSSS
S
SS
SS
SSSS
S
SS
SS
SSSS
S
SS
PINK PROJECT - DECEMBER, 2007 PINK PROJECT - JANUARY, 2008 PINK PROJECT LEGEND
vehicular path
proposed thruways
viewing platforms
light meter
solar panel houses
PINK houses
s
NEW ORLEANS DISTRICT MAP
TARGET AREATARGET AREA
FRENCHFRENCHQUARTERQUARTER
FAIRGROUNDSFAIRGROUNDS
CITY CITY PARKPARK
CENTRAL CENTRAL BUSINESS BUSINESS DISTRICTDISTRICT
WAREHOUSEWAREHOUSEDISTRICTDISTRICT
GARDENDISTRICT
LOWER LOWER NINTHNINTHWARDWARD
GARDEN DISTRICT
PInk PrOJeCT
Initia
tor and
designe
r: Brad
Pitt
Cura
tor: Graf
t
Partne
rs: la
rs krüc
keberg, w
olfram
Putz, T
homas wille
meit,
alejandra
lillo, G
regor Hoheise
l
Team: M
osska a
deil, Celi F
reeman, M
ick va
n Gemert,
neiel norheim
, dirk
Pause
, Chris
toph rauhut,
Verena sch
reppel, susa
nne w
oitke,
Michae
l zac
h execu
tive Pro
ducer: s
tefan Beese
(Graf
t)
Co Produc
er: nina
killeen;
Co Produc
er: stephen r
ehage,
rehage en
tertainm
ent
lightin
g designe
r: Herve
descotte
s, l’ O
bserva
toire
Interna
tiona
l
Project
Manag
ement: Beatr
ice w
itzgall;
Project
support:
Oscar l
ouveau
renderer: a
nna M
uslim
ova
lightin
g design T
echnic
ians: a
dam Fo
rd and rend
on slad
e,
Universa
l deve
lopment & Fa
bricati
on: Ja
y Gerns
bacher, C
enter
staging
sleeve Fa
bricati
on: anth
ony M
anno
, Mari
ne To
ps & Cove
rs
artist:
lione
l Milto
n, ell
eone
Videographer: J
ason V
illemare
tte an
d Christopher
whittake
r
Photographer: r
icky r
idecos
04
4041
tHE faMILIEs IN NEEd: MakE It rIgHt Is HELPINg BrINg faMILIEs HOME
Every family in the Lower 9th Ward has a horrifying Katrina tale to tell: of chil-dren, brothers, cousins and elderly family members who lost the battle with one of the worst natural disasters our nation has ever seen. Having lost over 1,000 lives, the Lower 9th Ward suffered the largest num-ber of storm fatalities (by far) of any neigh-borhood in the city of New Orleans. Many of those who narrowly survived did so on their rooftops with the storm waters raging around them. Of these, many suffered the incalculable loss of watching helplessly as their children and relatives succumbed to the waves.
Thousands of Lower 9th Ward families still are left without homes, without founda-tions on which to raise their families and continue their lives in the community they love. Without the pledge of Make It Right and committed supporters, this neighbor-hood will not have access to the magnitude
of relief assistance required to rebuild. The result would be the loss of a national treasure and the blatant disregard for prin-ciples of public responsibility. Allowing the message that this culture, this community or any of these families are expendable is not acceptable.
Families are scattered as far as Maine and California, while others are as nearby as Baton Rouge and Houston. despite extreme hardship, estrangement and loss of the highest levels in New Orleans neighbor-hoods, no matter where they are, the Lower 9th Ward residents remain united in the desire to find their way home again. Their unfailing determination to return, to raise their children and to preserve the spirit of their community in the face of relentless odds is the inspiration for Make It Right. Make It Right will provide a way for these families to return home.
01. Photo: r
icky r
idecos
02. Photo: a
nna l
ena ko
rtman
n
03. Photo: r
icky r
idecos
04. Urban
vision s
ite plan
05. House
designe
d by kieran
Timberla
ke desig
n
(photo: John w
illiam
s).
06. House
designe
d by GraFT
(photo: J
ohn willi
ams)
07. Photo: M
egan Gran
t
07
06
05
execu
tive Pro
ducer: s
tefan Beese
(Graf
t)
Co Produc
er: nina
killeen;
Co Produc
er: stephen r
ehage,
rehage en
tertainm
ent
lightin
g designe
r: Herve
descotte
s, l’ O
bserva
toire
Interna
tiona
l
Project
Manag
ement: Beatr
ice w
itzgall;
Project
support:
Oscar l
ouveau
renderer: a
nna M
uslim
ova
lightin
g design T
echnic
ians: a
dam Fo
rd and rend
on slad
e,
Universa
l deve
lopment & Fa
bricati
on: Ja
y Gerns
bacher, C
enter
staging
sleeve Fa
bricati
on: anth
ony M
anno
, Mari
ne To
ps & Cove
rs
artist:
lione
l Milto
n, ell
eone
Videographer: J
ason V
illemare
tte an
d Christopher
whittake
r
Photographer: r
icky r
idecos
4242 43
notes
:
01. Adna F
erris
WEBER, T
he G
rowth
of Citie
s in th
e Nine
teenth
Cen
tury:
A
Study
in St
atisti
cs (1
891), Gree
nwood Press,
New Yo
rk, 1
969.
02. Cf.
david E. B
loom an
d Taru
n Khan
na, “T
he Urb
an R
evolutio
n”,
in: Fina
nce &
Deve
lopmen
t, A qu
arterl
y mag
azine
of th
e IM
F, Se
ptember
2007,
Volume 4
4, Num
ber 3.
Urban vis
ion as a
reflecti
on on i
ts own r
ules
the last hundred years were marked by a breath-taking development of cities world-wide. Between Adna Ferris Weber’s The city in the nineteenth century 01 and Blum &
Kanna’s “The urban revolution” 02, urban spaces once exceptional in the landscape, have come to be the home for more the half of the Earth’s population. Parallel to this develop-ment, an impressive arsenal of tools was built within an array of related disciplines (law, urbanism, architecture, etc.), addressing questions of how to design, plan and admin-istrate the urban realm. Built upon an urban context rapidly evolving from industrial to post-industrial, these “devices” (English translation of the French dispositif) reflect -if not provoke- its complexity.
such is the case of those systems of tools that were created in order to visually and ver-bally represent urbanistic concepts. Invented in order to express in the best possible
way the spatial and functional solutions the world’s metropolises called for, these tools of representation are obviously rooted in the secular tradition of architecture, namely plan, section and 3d perspective. It is probably since the first third of the 20th century, marked by the first CIAM edition at La Sarraz (1928) that urban concepts definitely and thor-oughly open towards a certain idea of scientificity (charts, statistics, etc.), by suggesting that urban planning projects are based on objectifiable and commonly accepted grounds. In fact, this evolution takes place not in the everyday application of planning by public or corporate services, but mainly through competitions. Under a hypothesis akin to modern times, that every new project should be innovative, if not radical, architects and planners continually re-invent their graphic and linguistic codes.
the Greater Paris consultation, launched by the French State last year, is one of those cases where the representation of conceptual tools seems to be boosted, partly
because of its media surface, and partly because of the historical conjuncture within which it took place. In fact, the ten interdisciplinary groups led by an architect (and not “ten groups of architects”, as it was widely diffused by the media) that were chosen to put forth this rare if not unique planning experience, were faced with a dream double com-mand: to freely imagine the future of the world agglomerations, by proposing solutions to ecological, social and esthetic problems of the 21st century; and to freely consider Paris as one of the leading world agglomerations, whose form and characteristics should be reorganised in order to face the complexity of the decades to come. The response to these questions was impressively varying and astonishingly integrated. Spatial concepts, social issues, energy problems, artistic visions, geopolitical strategies, etc. appear interwoven in a plexus of arguments offered through a variety of schemes, drawings, plans, images and, last but not least, texts.
Organising, and classifying according to visionary concepts, innovative processes and communication strategies the bulky 3000-page, 10-volume material produced at a
record time of seven months will be the task of the civic society and experts for the months to come. The purpose will be manifold: understanding the evolution of communication strategies in designing the metropolis, in the new critical post-Kyoto era; selecting the elements pertaining to a new generation of architectural and urban education; and, of course, showing the way of evolution for the Greater Paris agglomeration. Panos Mantziarasarchitect, assistant professor at the école Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-Malaquais
ParIs 2100
sustaINaBIL
Ity a
Nd urBaN
INCLusIO
N Of t
HE BaNLIE
uEs
4243
notes
:
01. Adna F
erris
WEBER, T
he G
rowth
of Citie
s in th
e Nine
teenth
Cen
tury:
A
Study
in St
atisti
cs (1
891), Gree
nwood Press,
New Yo
rk, 1
969.
02. Cf.
david E. B
loom an
d Taru
n Khan
na, “T
he Urb
an R
evolutio
n”,
in: Fina
nce &
Deve
lopmen
t, A qu
arterl
y mag
azine
of th
e IM
F, Se
ptember
2007,
Volume 4
4, Num
ber 3.
01
02
4444 45
01. Berna
rdo secchi a
nd Pao
la Vigan
o, stud
io 09
02. sir r
ichard
rogers, rogers
stirk H
arbour
& Partne
rs /
lond
on sch
ool of e
cono
mics / a
rup
03. rolan
d Castro
, atelie
rs Cast
ro / d
enisso
f / Casi
04. winy
Maa
s, MVrdV w
ith aCs + aaF
05. anto
ine Grum
bach, a
gence Grum
bach et a
ssocié
s
06. yve
s lion,
Group
e descarte
s
07. Jean
nouvel, a
teliers
Jean
nouvel /
Michel C
antal-d
upart
/ Jean
-
Marie duth
illeul
08. Finn
Geipel, lIn
09. djam
el klouc
he, l’aUC
10. Chris
tian d
e Portzam
parc, a
telier C
hristia
n de Portz
amparc
05
0403
4445
07
laun
ched in
early 2
008, the Greate
r Pari
s consu
ltatio
n has
been
placed un
der the au
thority o
f a st
eering co
mmittee co
mposed by
the state, th
e City of P
aris, t
he Île-d
e-Fran
ce re
gion, the as
socia
-
tion o
f May
ors of Il
e-de-Fr
ance
, assi
sted by a
scienti
fic committe
e of
23 qualifi
ed individ
uals a
roun
d the ar
chite
ct Chemetov P
aul a
nd th
e
geographer M
ichel l
ussau
lt. Ove
rall coordina
tion o
f the co
nsulta
tion
has been e
ntrust
ed by the Presid
ent of th
e republic
to th
e Mini
stry o
f
Culture
and Commun
icatio
n.
Partici
pating
team
s:
- sir r
ichard
rogers, rogers
stirk H
arbour
& Partne
rs / l
ondon
school o
f eco
nomics
/ arup
- yve
s lion,
Group
e descarte
s
- djam
el klouc
he, l’aUC
- Chris
tian d
e Portzam
parc, a
telier C
hristia
n de Portz
amparc
- anto
ine Grum
bach, a
gence Grum
bach et a
ssocié
s
- Jean
nouvel, a
teliers
Jean
nouvel /
Michel C
antal-d
upart
/ Jean
-
Marie duth
illeul
- Berna
rdo secchi a
nd Pao
la Vigan
o, stud
io 09
- Finn
Geipel, lIn
- rolan
d Castro
, atelie
rs Cast
ro / d
enisso
f / Casi
- winy
Maa
s, MVrdV w
ith aCs + aaF
08
10
06
09
4646 47
In recent years (2004-2009), the city of Bologna completely revised the framework of the territorial spatial plan, approving the Municipal Structural Plan, the Town Plan-
ning Building Regulations, and the Municipal Operative Plan. The wish to adapt the plans system to the new regional planning law went hand in hand with the wish to re-discuss the city’s development prospects, looking beyond the framework defined more than thirty years ago, with the latest Urban Masterplan. Such a complex operation could not have been created without discussing a ‘vision’ of the city’s development: a vision proposed by the Municipal Administration, developed with the project’s languages, agreed with the economic and social forces, discussed with citizens in the territory, and communicated by Bologna Urban Centre.
the vision which provides the view of the changes mentioned by the Plan is apparently simple: not a revolution within the city’s slow development, not only large architec-
tural projects. We propose an objective: to considerably improve Bologna’s habitabil-ity. The city must be pleasant to live in, and welcoming to those arriving there (various persons who will share its spaces), inviting people to stay (young people in particular). The vision of a city where “you live well” becomes the key to understanding policies and transformations. “Habitability” does not mean an important but general request for quality transformations, but rather demanding transformations to be planned and built: a new railway station connected to the airport, an overall revision of the public transport system, a well aimed strengthening of the area’s provision systems, a new vision of the role of the ecological network in urban, metropolitan and regional connections. A widespread strategy, a broad urban redevelopment affecting, directly or indirectly, the entire munici-pality’s territory, and not only that one. The need to deploy as a system operations aimed at transformation, placing them in a strategy which associates them with unavoidable requirements and performances, and therefore introducing ‘behavioural” elements, makes it possible to tackle the different development periods without having to retract oneself: the important thing is not only “what” and “how much” is produced, but rather “how” and “if”.
the Municipal Structural Plan describes the strategy through images, composed in the figure of the “seven cities of Bologna”, which performs different functions: it inter-
prets the urbanisation processes, showing their territorial extension; delineates a strategy open to the implementation of the other metropolitan municipalities; suggests percep-tible figures, referring the strategy to physical space. The seven cities are the strategic and structural image of the new Plan: they recognise the existence of new types of ‘urbanity’, already present or potential; they take their name and shape from places, aiming to be-come familiar to those living there, and to enter the non “expert” public communication circuits; they seek to mobilise thoughts, generate waits, move actions, and motivate care.
this vision was built in the initial Plan preparation stage, based on proposals made by the Town Executive Board and then discussed with the city: in the planning confer-
ence, the place of institutional concertation; in the “Bologna a changing city” forum, the place assigned for consultation, also with the economic and social associations; in the participative workshops, venues for discussion of urban regeneration projects, where strategy becomes trees and stones. The themes concern urban dimension (international/global, metropolitan, and local), systems which make it function (infrastructures for mobility, equipment and collective spaces, ecological and environmental provisions), materials which construct the cities and its relations (the materials of open space and built over space, the historical materials, the infrastructures, the buildings and their type of aggregation). The instruments used to construct the vision concern the reading and the interpretation of the territory, and the evaluation of the state of resources; but also those of the project, by the activation of numerous planning explorations, or by means of in-depth planning experiences (participative workshops). Maria Cecilia Bizzarri, Francesco Evangelisti, Giovanni Ginocchini, Alice ProsperoUrban Center Bologna
BOLOgNa 2015
tHE “sEvEN C
ItIE
s” fOr a M
OrE
LIvaBLE M
EtrOPOLIs
Urban vis
ion as a
reflecti
on on i
ts own r
ules
4647
03
02
01
4848 49
credits
The Plan is
developed in
side th
e Mun
icipal te
chnic
al struc
tures, w
ith
the scienti
fic consu
ltatio
n of th
e Mila
n Polyt
echnic
(gene
ral consu
l-
tant: P
atrizi
a Gab
ellini) a
nd w
ith nu
merous
secto
rial c
onsulta
ncies
(equalisi
ng: e
zio M
icelli
Mesa srl
; greene
ry: Fo
ndaz
ione Villa
Ghigi;
enviro
nmenta
l eva
luatio
n: sim
ona To
ndelli,
Universi
ty of B
ologna;
graphic
representa
tion:
Caterin
a Gfelle
r and
Mari
na la
Palombara);
the project
explorations
which sh
aped diffe
rent asp
ects of th
e overall
vision w
ere commiss
ioned fr
om stud
io llop Jo
rnet P
astor o
f Barc
elo-
na along
with
Tasca
stud
io of Bologna
, from st
udio Priv
ileggio-s
ecchi
archite
ttura,
from th
e Universi
ties o
f Bologna
, Parm
a, Trie
ste, Fe
rrara,
and fr
om the Villa
rd inter-u
niversi
ty ass
ociatio
n.
01. “The City
of rail
way - s
cheme” b
y Cate
rina G
feller a
nd
Marina
la Palombara
.
02. ”The City
of Tan
genziale - s
cheme” -
by Cate
rina G
feller a
nd
Marina
la Palombara
.
03. “The City
of Hills
- sch
eme” by C
aterin
a Gfelle
r and
Mari
na la
Palombara.
04. new stat
ion Pro
ject: arat
a Isoza
ki with
Ove arup
& Partne
rs
and st
udio M
+T & Partne
rs (desig
ners)
, Grup
po Ferro
vie dello
stato
(custo
mers)
05. a vie
w of the riv
er acc
ording to
the pro
ject “B
OlOGna TOward
rIVer ren
O”.
06. The ne
w nurse
ry sch
ool GaIanIdO.
tEN PrOjECts fOr sEvEN CItIEs
To show the urban vision, we thought it in-teresting to select ten urban projects which interpret the themes of the seven cities of the Bologna Municipal Structural Plan. The captions contain the essential references of and connection to the city which each project will contribute to build. 1. NEW CENTRAL BOLOGNA RAILWAY STATIONThe “City of Railway” is reconstructed start-ing from the reorganisation of its central node, the station to which the following converge: the international, national (High Speed), regional and metropolitan railway lines, the main urban public transport systems, the pedestrian flows which are directed to the old town and the city’s new “centres”. To design the new integrated complex of the railway station, and the redevelopment of the surrounding areas, Ferrovie dello Stato (State Railways), in agreement with the local authorities, pro-moted an international design competition in 2008. It will be possible to construct the winning project, by Arata Isozaki, while the other components of this urban plan are being completed.New Station Project. Arata Isozaki with Ove Arup & Partners and studio M+T & Partners (designers), Gruppo Ferrovie dello Stato (customers).Some significant data. Area of the new inte-grated complex of Bologna Central Station: 180,000 sq.m, GFA of 42,000 sq.m for sta-tion services and 69,000 sq.m for comple-
mentary and managerial uses. Passengers/year: 96,000 (2007 data item), 180,000 (2020 estimate).
2. FAST CONNECTION TO AND FROM CENTRAL RAILWAY STATION - MARCONI AIRPORTProject. Consorzio Cooperative CostruzioniSome significant data. Route length: ~ 5.1 km; Type of route: on viaduct; Typical height of viaduct (under beam): 5 m; No. of stops: 3; Type pf system: monorail; Station to airport travelling time: 7.5 minutes; Transport capacity: 400-420 passengers per hour in travel direction.
3. CIVIS PUBLIC TRANSPORT TRAVEL SYSTEMProject. Civis, now being constructed, is a project actuated by ATC, the Bologna and province public transport company, jointly with the Ministry of Transport, the Emilia-Romagna Region, the Province of Bologna, the Bologna Municipality and the San Laz-zaro di Savena Municipality.Some significant data. Route width: 18.93 km; No. of stops: 105 (many of which are shared with other ATC public transport lines). 4. DISTRICT COUNTRY-PARK: VIA LARGAProject. L’Officina group - Micaela Giordano (group head), Jacopo Favara, Elisa Ferretti, Mariapia Malagoli.Overall area. about 120,000 sq.m.
04
4849
credits
The Plan is
developed in
side th
e Mun
icipal te
chnic
al struc
tures, w
ith
the scienti
fic consu
ltatio
n of th
e Mila
n Polyt
echnic
(gene
ral consu
l-
tant: P
atrizi
a Gab
ellini) a
nd w
ith nu
merous
secto
rial c
onsulta
ncies
(equalisi
ng: e
zio M
icelli
Mesa srl
; greene
ry: Fo
ndaz
ione Villa
Ghigi;
enviro
nmenta
l eva
luatio
n: sim
ona To
ndelli,
Universi
ty of B
ologna;
graphic
representa
tion:
Caterin
a Gfelle
r and
Mari
na la
Palombara);
the project
explorations
which sh
aped diffe
rent asp
ects of th
e overall
vision w
ere commiss
ioned fr
om stud
io llop Jo
rnet P
astor o
f Barc
elo-
na along
with
Tasca
stud
io of Bologna
, from st
udio Priv
ileggio-s
ecchi
archite
ttura,
from th
e Universi
ties o
f Bologna
, Parm
a, Trie
ste, Fe
rrara,
and fr
om the Villa
rd inter-u
niversi
ty ass
ociatio
n.
5. “BELLA FUORI”: THE NEW PIAZZA GORKIPromoting and funding body. Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna.Project. sgLab + d-sign.Some significant data. Overall area of interven-tion location: 13,500 sq.m; Stay spaces: 270 metres of seats and 8 benches in steel; New lamp posts: 26 to reach a total of 58 lamp posts.
6. “BELLA FUORI”: REDEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SPACES IN SAN DONATOProject: studio TEEP - F. Toppetti, F. Egidi, V. Bernardi, F. d’AmbrosioSome significant data: Pedestrian spaces: + 4,200 sq.mGreen spaces: 8,000 sq.m
7. BOLOGNA TOWARD RIVER RENOTo rediscover the city overlooking the river and to plan (with environmental and loisir functions) the city’s most important green infrastructure is the objective expressed by the “City of Reno River” figure.Project exploration: Giovanni Corbellini (dpau, University of Trieste) with Ravalli Architetti and Tasca Studio
8. IDEAS FOR THE CITY - SAVENA PARKProject exploration: Giovanni Corbellini
(dpau, University of Trieste) with Ravalli Architetti and Tasca Studio
9. THE CITY’S HILLSIDEProject coordination: Jornet Llop arquitectesSome significant data: the hillside occupies one third of the municipal area (one third is urbanised land, one third peri-urban countryside)
10. THE NEW NURSERY SCHOOL “GA-IANIdO”The new nursery has been conceived as an integral part of the countryside in the Ra-vone valley, harmonious in terms of both its design and its colour schemes. The project envisages the construction of a wooden building of low energy consumption, thanks to constructional and plant-engineering technologies which favour a lower envi-ronmental impact and a capacity to partly self-produce the energy the school needs: a “bioclimatic machine”, also intended to be an educational element for the children.Project: Tasca studio architetti associati (Bologna)Some significant data.Area: 900 sq.m; Green spaces: 2.400 sq.m; No of babies: 69.
05
06
5050 51
the exhibited project uses the efforts of communities and residents to reflect on, describe and fantasize about the future of different neighbourhoods in Mumbai.
The featured images are created in collaboration with residents, researchers (often from the neighbourhoods being studied) and professionals such as filmmakers, architects, and artists.
girangaon - or the village of mills - is the story of a massive transformation. That of a gigantic manufacturing neighbourhood that spun out miles of cloth with the inputs
of hundreds of thousands of workers. It also spawned a cultural fabric that became the foundations of Mumbai’s cosmopolitan heritage as migrants from a range of different regions joined its workforce. The village is today responding to the city’s hunger for land and real estate development by re-building on layers of a textile industry’s graveyard. Con-troversially, the mills were shut off one by one by during the eighties. By the nineties the city at large, as well as the residents of the neighbourhood, lost all right of use of the land. The area is now full of the markers of a booming service and finance economy - shopping malls and high-rises. The images you see record this transformation and simultaneously tell several stories of the past.
dharavi is now almost an urban legend. It has caught the global imagination like no other place and excites urbanists and city-dwellers for its sheer impossibility. Of
course it’s not the only such neighbourhood in the world - but there is something hyp-notic of a space that is dense beyond belief and so productive that it would make a 19th century industrial factory feel calm and quiet. It is what it is because thousands of units make all kinds of goods ranging from pots to leather, from food to textiles. It is the recy-cling hub of the city and Mumbai’s best example of cosmopolitan living. For more images and stories, see the Mythologies of Mumbai section of pukar.org.in.
the images you see here are a fraction of dharavi’s complexity - but a good repre-sentation of what exists. It is the intersection of community and economic life that
inspires PUKAR’s engagement. Like Girangaon - dharavi is also on the verge of a massive transformation. Unlike Girangoan though - its economic life was never tied down to a his-torically specific mode of production - the factory or the mill. In many ways, it bypassed that route and moved straight into a post-industrial mode of operation. Unfortunately, the city’s planning imagination is stuck in an archaic mode and wants to clear it out. For more images and stories, besides the one you see here, log onto dharavi.org.
Nestled in one corner of dharavi, but really in many ways its progenitor, is Koliwada, a village of fishermen that found itself surrounded by a city that refused to acknowledge
its existence. It became hinged to the half-baked category ‘slum’ and made its residents feel unsure of their own identity as modern Mumbaikars. In early 2008, they invited a team of urbanists to collaborate with them and question this treatment. That is how a PUKAR partnered event was organized, called the Urban Typhoon. Local residents and community members got together for a week and brainstormed collectively to come up with concrete ideas, images and visions to challenge a huge makeover plan that the city was imposing onto the village - and dharavi as a whole - in the name of redevelopment. The PUKAR team
MuMBaI 2015
CONsErvatION O
f aN Id
ENtIty
fOr LOCaL COMMuNIt
IEs
Urban vis
ion as a
reflecti
on on i
ts own r
ules
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
3-3_mumbai_CMYK.pdf 1 17/06/09 14:35
5051
Industry. dharavi harbours hundreds of industries of all kinds. This city within the city of Mumbai, contributes a large amount to its economy. The value of the businesses here, are estimated at millions of dollars (though an exact figure is hard to pin point). Products from dharavi are exported globally, from leather products to medical sutures to clay pots and more. Several goods are produced from recycled items, which are eventually assembled and shipped off elsewhere. Production is run most often from home and generations of families are involved in the process.
Religion. India is melting pot of religions. From, Hinduism to Islam to Christianity to Buddhism, the country is a dwelling place for numerous faiths and their various sects. dharavi has been the migration centre for people across India. With the promise of a job and a place to live, people flock to the centre with dreams. They bring with them their culture, their way of life and their religion. Religious structures form the centre point for socialization, community programs and festivals. A community’s identity is derived from various factors, one being the religion it follows.
People & Communities. The people in dharavi hail from various parts of the country. Each community settles in a hamlet and adopts almost the same lifestyle as that of their vil-lage of origin. Their dress, food, residences
and the like, are structured to mirror their native place. Even though generations have passed for most of these communities, traditions are kept alive with a few changes brought in through modernization. Khumb-harwada, which is the potters community hailing from Gujarat have been in dharavi for the last century or so. Their work and community lives have been integrated in the same space, which has forged a strong community identity amongst the residents. Rajabali Chawl is another mixed residential area of Hindus and Christians. However, the majority of residents hail from Tamil Nadu in South India, with the dominant caste being the Nadars. The Hindu festival of Pongal and the Christian feast of Christ-mas are celebrated with great élan. Streets and Houses. dharavi’s streets are crowded, small and congested, much like the rest of Mumbai. Places to rest and meet appear in small corners and nondescript parts of the street. Yet, everyone seems to live their lives out in the open. Small busi-nesses and hawkers contend with pedes-trians and vehicles for the little space that does exist. Houses open up directly to the road and more often than not, into each other.With the Government and the rest of the world taking interest in dharavi’s prime location, redevelopment of houses and spaces is the burning issue for the area. While everyone is in favour of development,
the kind of development being imposed on dharavi and its people is being strongly contested.
Politics. Politics in dharavi run on a bilateral level. One the one hand social activism is strong in contesting the redevelopment plans by garnering local support and work-ing towards a more inclusive pro resident plan. On the other, political parties have a deep interest in capitalizing on dharavi’s vote bank. Unlike the rest of the city where the promise of better civic facilities forms the mandate for political parties, their focus in dharavi is the redevelopment plan. Post the 1992-93 riots, right winged extremism has been on the rise and some minority communities have turned into ghettos.
01. Gira
ngao
n
(photo by ajit-
Bharat /
Pukhar)
02. dhara
vi
dHaravI
02
01
5252 53
urBaN tyPHOON wOrksHOP. kOLIwada - dHaravI March 16 - 22, 2008
Just before the spring of 2008, nearly 100 people from Koliwada dharavi, Mumbai and all over the world participated in a multidisciplinary workshop that was held in this urban village. The Urban Typhoon documented its unique character and produced alternative visions for its future at a time when the Government is planning a massive redevelopment of dharavi, a large informal settlement where anything between 500,000 and 1 million people live. The land value of the 2.2 km sq. area, defined as dharavi, is estimated at several billion dollars.
Koliwada is approximately 40,000 m sq. with an adult population of around 15,000 people. The population is mostly Hindu, but with a large Catholic presence, as well. This former fishing village is one of the oldest parts of dharavi, with historical records pre-dating the existence of Mum-bai. Many original residents are property owners and claim their right to develop the land themselves, refusing to be included in the redevelopment project of the Gover-nment.
5253
credits
:
”Myth
ologies of M
umbai
-
Girang
aon &
dharavi”
. sup
ported by
The Ford Fo
undati
on. a pro
ject by P
Ukar:
Partne
rs for U
rban kno
wledge action &
researc
h
www.pukar.
org.in
www.urban
typhoon.c
om
www.dharavi.o
rg
5454 55
01. “what
demand sa
fekeeping
are
the city’
s spati
al struc
ture, it
s urban
experi-
ence an
d life st
yle...U
rban an
d arch
itectu
ral desig
n
guidelin
es beco
mes to an
importa
nt tool ..
. to in
terpret the
urban
heritag
e with
freedom ye
t main
tainin
g a se
nse of c
onsiste
ncy
on both ur
ban an
d arch
itectu
ral leve
ls”.
yung Ho Chan
g, atelie
r FCJz
, Qian
Men:
Old Town r
egenerat
ion in
Central B
eijing, 2
007
02. “Beijin
g has a h
istory
of short-
term fu
tures. F
rom th
e ‘10 Great
Building
s’ buil
t to ce
lebrate te
n years
of the People’s r
epublic
in
1959, to
the Olym
pics in
2008, Beijin
g has lim
ited its
ambitio
n to
immediat
ely realiz
able dream
s. ... i
t beco
mes nece
ssary
to imag
ine
Beijing’s f
uture beyo
nd 2008, to
look b
eyond
short
terms p
roblems
and politi
cal c
onsiderat
ions”.
Mad arch
itects
, Beijin
g 2050, 2006
03. “we w
ill ins
ert sup
er modern
interve
ntions
into th
e fabric
of
the Hutong
s, to pro
vide ne
w private
facil
ities (s
howers, to
ilets,
play-
rooms) f
or the cu
rrent
residents
... 2050 Huto
ngs w
ill va
lue th
e lives
of the people w
ho live in
the buil
dings, r
ather t
han ju
st the buil
dings
themselve
s”.
Mad arch
itects
, cit.
after presenting the proposals for the 10 cities (joint proposals made by technicians, administrators, architects, planners and intellectuals) it is useful to take a look at
the research carried out by those architects who take care of theorethical research. Urban vision is often meant as an occasion for reflection and careful considerations, long term proposals demonstrating an effort for cultivating an ability for investigation.
two different researches, carried out in Beijing by MAd Architects and Atelier FCJZ on the future of their city, are especially significant in this sense. In particular, the
expectation for a competitive and sustainable future founds its basis on a reflection upon the destiny of the historical fabric of the Hutong, which today is especially at risk.
01
5455
0203
01. “what
demand sa
fekeeping
are
the city’
s spati
al struc
ture, it
s urban
experi-
ence an
d life st
yle...U
rban an
d arch
itectu
ral desig
n
guidelin
es beco
mes to an
importa
nt tool ..
. to in
terpret the
urban
heritag
e with
freedom ye
t main
tainin
g a se
nse of c
onsiste
ncy
on both ur
ban an
d arch
itectu
ral leve
ls”.
yung Ho Chan
g, atelie
r FCJz
, Qian
Men:
Old Town r
egenerat
ion in
Central B
eijing, 2
007
02. “Beijin
g has a h
istory
of short-
term fu
tures. F
rom th
e ‘10 Great
Building
s’ buil
t to ce
lebrate te
n years
of the People’s r
epublic
in
1959, to
the Olym
pics in
2008, Beijin
g has lim
ited its
ambitio
n to
immediat
ely realiz
able dream
s. ... i
t beco
mes nece
ssary
to imag
ine
Beijing’s f
uture beyo
nd 2008, to
look b
eyond
short
terms p
roblems
and politi
cal c
onsiderat
ions”.
Mad arch
itects
, Beijin
g 2050, 2006
03. “we w
ill ins
ert sup
er modern
interve
ntions
into th
e fabric
of
the Hutong
s, to pro
vide ne
w private
facil
ities (s
howers, to
ilets,
play-
rooms) f
or the cu
rrent
residents
... 2050 Huto
ngs w
ill va
lue th
e lives
of the people w
ho live in
the buil
dings, r
ather t
han ju
st the buil
dings
themselve
s”.
Mad arch
itects
, cit.
