VisionMobile Developer Economics Q3 2013

7/28/2019 VisionMobile Developer Economics Q3 2013

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UlslgiJgdlch 42=? | www)NhvhcgphrHogigjlos)ogj'kg

=


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4

Ogithits

Ahy tmahmwmys

Ofmpthr =0 _tmth ge tfh nhvloh imtlgi# ]? 42=?0

^fh liechxlgi pglit

Ofmpthr 40 Hogsysthj hogigjlos0 ogjphtlik

mkmlist tfh gnns

Ofmpthr ?0 _tmth ge jgdlch nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh0

]? 42=?

Ofmpthr >0 Ofglohs# ofglohs# ofglohs0

[flof pcmtegrj ls rlkft7

Ofmpthr 80 ^fh juctl*pcmtegrj nhvhcgphr0 Lts mcc

mdgut prlgrltlhs

Ofmpthr 50 Fgw nhvhcgphrs jlx min jmtof

jgdlch pcmtegrjs

Ofmpthr ;0 Nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi li tmdchts omtoflik

up wltf sjmrtpfgihs

Ofmpthr 60 Nhvhcgphr rhvhiuh jgnhcs0 m dgx ge

ofgogcmths

Ofmpthr ) Cljltmtlgi gi Clmdlclty0UlslgiJgdlch# lts meelclmths min

rhprhshitmtlvhs sfmcc fmvh ig clmdlclty egr miy nlrhot# liolnhitmc#

spholmc# gr ogishquhitlmc nmjmkhs gr cgst prgelts# le miy# sueehrhn dy

miy tflrn pmrty ms m rhsuct ge nholslgis jmnh# gr igt jmnh# gr motlgis

tmahi# gr igt tmahi# dmshn gi tfls pudclomtlgi)

8) ^hrjlimtlgi0 ^fls Clohish min tfh rlkfts krmithn fhrhuinhr

wlcc thrjlimth mutgjmtlomccy upgi miy drhmof dy ygu ge tfh thrjs ge

tfls Clohish)

Ogpyrlkft UlslgiJgdlch 42=?

v)2=4


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?

Ahy jhssmkhs

Gur cmthst rhshmrof ge 5#222! nhvhcgphrs tfh cmrkhst min jgst kcgdmc

jgdlch nhvhcgphr survhy tg nmth sfgws mi uiprhohnhithn chvhc ge nhtmlc linhvhcgphr mttltunhs# pcmtegrjs prhehrhiohs# rhvhiuhs# rhvhiuh jgnhcs ushn

min tggcs ge tfh trmnh)

^fh Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh ]? 42=? sfgws Minrgln chmnlik mt ;=( ge

nhvhcgphrs uslik tfh pcmtegrj# egccgwhn dy lG_ mt 85()

F^JC8 fms hitrhiofhn ltshce ms m jgdlch nhvhcgpjhit thofigcgky ge

ofgloh# wltf 84( ge tfh nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi uslik F^JC8 thofigcgklhs egr

nhvhcgplik jgdlch mpps)

Gioh wh ngudch ocloa gi tfmt 84( ge F^JC8 jgdlch jlinsfmrh# mamchlngsogph ge ogcgur min gptlgis mpphmrs) ^fh cmrkhst sfmrh &?6(, ge

F^JC8 nhvhcgphrs nhvhcgp jgdlch whdslths wltf migtfhr 4?( nhvhcgplik

jgdlch mpps# l)h) liogrpgrmtlik geeclih euiotlgimclty min nhhphr drgwshr

lithkrmtlgi) Fydrln mpps# suof ms tfgsh prgnuohn dy RfgihKmp# mooguit egr

4;( ge F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs) M jligrlty ge ;( ge F^JC8 jgdlch

nhvhcgphrs ush pcmtegrjs hxpgslik imtlvh MRLs vlm @mvm_orlpt# suof ms

Elrhegx G_ min DcmoaDhrry =2) Cmst dut igt chmst# 8( ge F^JC8 jgdlch

nhvhcgphrs ush m @mvmsorlpttgimtlvh ogivhrthr tggc clah Mppohchrmtgr)

DcmoaDhrry fms dhhi suoohsseuc li trmisltlgilik DD chkmoy nhvhcgphrs gvhrtg lts ihw DD=2 pcmtegrj# wltf tfh ihw pcmtegrj fmvlik mcjgst tfh smjh

jlinsfmrh ms tfh chkmoy DcmoaDhrry 8'5'; fmn# `ust dhegrh tfh rhchmsh ge

DD=2 slx jgitfs mkg)

^fh strgik lithrhst li [lingws Rfgih gdshrvhn li pmst survhys ls stlcc tfhrh

&?8( ge nhvhcgphrs pcmiilik tg mngpt [R,# dut fms sudslnhn dy =4

phrohitmkh pglits slioh ]= 42=?) Jgdlch nhvhcgphrs igw fmvh m wlnh kmjut

ge gptlgis wltf ofmcchikhr pcmtegrjs ogjphtlik egr tfhlr mtthitlgi)

[lingws 6 ls mt >2( ge Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh# egccgwhn dy

DcmoaDhrry =2 &46(, min Elrhegx G_ &ompturlik 4;( ge mcc nhvhcgphrspcmiilik tg mngpt m pcmtegrj,)

^fhrh ls ig gihslzh elts morgss jgdlch pcmtegrjs) Gur rhshmrof sfgws tfmt

lG_ ls shchothn jgrh erhquhitcy tfmi mvhrmkh dy nhvhcgphrs tfmt vmcuh

rhvhiuh pgthitlmc &!=4(,# krmpflos &!;(,# mpp nlsogvhry &!6(, min ushr

rhmof &!=2(,) Nhvhcgphrs thin tg ush F^JC8 jgrh erhquhitcy ms tfhlr

prljmry pcmtegrj wfhi tfhy vmcuh pgrtlik &!(,) DcmoaDhrry =2 ls ushn jgrh erhquhitcy tfmi mvhrmkh ms

m prljmry pcmtegrj dy nhvhcgphrs vmculik nhvhcgphr ogjjuilty

prgkrmjjhs &!=5(,) Min [lingws Rfgih ls jgst pgpucmr egr nhvhcgphrs


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>

cggalik egr tfh rlkft nhvhcgpjhit hivlrgijhit &!?(, min ngoujhitmtlgi

&!4(,)

[fhtfhr fgddylsts gr L^ jmimkhrs ge Egrtuih822 ogjpmilhs# nhvhcgphrs

ush 4)< jgdlch pcmtegrjs ogiourrhitcy# moogrnlik tg gur rhohit survhy ge5#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs) ^fls ls tfh elrst tljh wh mrh gdshrvlik m sflet

tgwmrns nlvhrslelomtlgi# slioh gur hmrclhr 42==42=4 rhshmrof pglithn

tgwmrns ogitliumc pcmtegrj ogisgclnmtlgi0 gi mvhrmkh jgdlch nhvhcgphrs

ushn ?)4 jgdlch pcmtegrjs li gur 42== survhy# ogjpmrhn tg 4); li 42=4 min

4)5 li gur ]= 42=? rhshmrof)

Mt 4)< ogiourrhit pcmtegrjs gi mvhrmkh# tgnmys nhvhcgphr ls juctl

pcmtegrj) Li tfls wgrcn# igt mcc pcmtegrjs mrh hqumccy ljpgrtmit tg m

nhvhcgphr) Rrlgrltlsmtlgi fms mi ljpmot gi wflof pcmtegrj ihw mpps min

ehmturhs elrst rgcchn gut gi# ms whcc ms tfh egous# mpp qumclty# smchs minrhvhiuh gi tfmt pcmtegrj) Gur nmtm sfgws tfmt 6>( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs

mrh uslik lG_# Minrgln gr F^JC8 &jgdlch, ms tfhlr prljmry pcmtegrj)

Gur rhshmrof linlomthn nhvhcgphrs prhehr lG_ &8x tljhs jgrh nhvlohs

sflpplik min m slkilelomit chmn li Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh# lt cmks

dhflin lG_ li thrjs ge Minrgln nhvhcgphrs uslik lt ms tfhlr chmn pcmtegrj)

Rcmtegrj prlgrltlhs mcsg nhphin gi tfh chvhc ge hxphrlhioh) Nhvhcgphrs wfg

mrh erhsf tg jgdlch fmvh m juof strgikhr prhehrhioh tgwmrns Minrgln# wltf

mcjgst twloh ms jmiy ihw jgdlch nhvhcgphrs prhehrrlik Minrgln &>2(,

tfmi lG_ &4=(,)

Mt .8#422 phr nhvhcgphr phr jgitf gi mvhrmkh# lG_ ogitliuhs tg dh tfh

jgst rhvhiuhkhihrmtlik pcmtegrj egr nhvhcgphrs# mfhmn ge Minrgln

nhvhcgphr jgitfcy rhvhiuhs dy m jmrkli ge =2()

Gur rhshmrof ge 5#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs sfgws tfmt tfhrh ls ig slikch

rhvhiuh jgnhc tfmt ls ngjlimit morgss mcc pcmtegrjs) Gi [lingws Rfgih#

nhvhcgphrs fmvh m strgik prhehrhioh tgwmrns limpp mnvhrtlslik &>?(, min

pmyphr ngwicgmn &>2(,) DcmoaDhrry =2 nhvhcgphrs fmvh m strgik

prhehrhioh tgwmrns pmyphr ngwicgmn &>;(,) ^fh ploturh ls juof jgrh

dmcmiohn gi Minrgln# lG_ min F^JC8# wltf ig rhvhiuh jgnhc ngjlimtlik

tg tfh hxthit gdshrvhn gi [lingws Rfgih gr DcmoaDhrry =2)

Ogitrmry tg pgpucmr phrohptlgi# jgihy ls igt tfh gicy jgtlvmtgr egr jgdlch

mpp nhvhcgphrs li emot# emr ergj lt) Thvhiuhs# li sgjh egrj gr gtfhr# mrh

tfh kgmc egr `ust 82( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs)

^fh flhrmrofy ge nhvhcgphr jgtlvmtlgis sfgws sgjh surprlslik elinliks) Mt

tfh dmsh ge tfh pyrmjln# tfh jm`grlty &8?(, ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs mrhjgtlvmthn dy orhmtlvlty gr tfh shish ge moflhvhjhit# jmalik tfls tfh jgst


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8

pgpucmr jgtlvmtgr) ^fh eui ge jmalik mi mpp# ls m jgtlvmtgr egr >2( ge

jgdlch nhvhcgphrs)

Gur rhshmrof sfgws tfmt nhvhcgphr tggcs mrh li tfh justfmvh mpp

nhvhcgpjhit mrshimc ge tfh jgst sgpflstlomthn nhvhcgphrs# min mcsg tfgshjmalik tfh jgst rhvhiuhs) Morgss tfh tggcs sphotruj# lG_ nhvhcgphrs mrh

tfh jgst motlvh min sgpflstlomthn# wltf


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5

Mdgut Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos

[hcogjh tg _tmth ge tfh Nhvhcgphr Imtlgi# tfh 8tf hnltlgi ge Nhvhcgphr

Hogigjlos tfh nhemotg rhshmrof shrlhs dy UlslgiJgdlch gi jgdlchnhvhcgpjhit min tfh trhins ge tfh mpp hogigjy) ^fls rhpgrt trmoas tfh

stmth ge jgdlch hogsysthjs# nhvhcgphr jlinsfmrh# jgihtlsmtlgi trhins#

rhvhiuh jgnhcs min nhvhcgphr tggcs# dmshn gi tfh cmrkhst# jgst kcgdmc

nhvhcgphr survhy &gvhr 5#222 rhspginhits ergj ==8 oguitrlhs,

Li tfls rhpgrt# wh tmah m ocgsh cgga mt sgjh ge tfh cmthst trhins li tfh jgdlch

hogsysthj# liocunlik nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh min pcmtegrj prlgrltlsmtlgi#

pcmtegrj mngptlgi orlthrlm# rhvhiuh jgnhcs min rhvhiuhs# ms whcc ms juctl

sorhhi nhvhcgpjhit) _tmth ge tfh Nhvhcgphr Imtlgi hxmjlihs sgjh ge tfh

tgp jgdlch pcmtegrjs# plttlik tfh tfrhh chmnlik fgrshs li tfh rmoh &Minrgln#

lG_ min F^JC8, vs) tfh ihwogjhrs &DcmoaDhrry =2# [lingws 6 min

[lingws Rfgih, min tfh upminogjlik pcmtegrjs &Elrhegx G_# ^lzhi#

@gccm# Xduitu,)

^fh elinliks min lislkfts ge tfls rhpgrt mrh dmshn gi mi giclih survhy ge

gvhr 5#222 nhvhcgphrs# ms whcc ms 4= pfgih lithrvlhws# oginuothn dhtwhhi

Mprlc min Jmy 42=?) ^fh survhy fmn mi uiprhohnhithn kcgdmc rhmof# wltf

rhspginhits ergj gvhr ==8 oguitrlhs wgrcnwlnh) Gur smjpch wms dmcmiohn

dhtwhhi Mslm# Hurgph min Igrtf Mjhrlom# dut wh mcsg fmn m cmrkh iujdhr

ge nhvhcgphrs ergj Merlom# Gohmilm min _gutf Mjhrlom) Li grnhr tg rhmof m

kcgdmc munlhioh min rhklgimc nhvhcgphr ogjjuiltlhs# tfh survhy wms

mvmlcmdch li hchvhi cmikumkhs &Mrmdlo# Oflihsh# Hikclsf# Erhiof# Khrjmi#

@mpmihsh# Agrhmi# Rgrtukuhsh# Tusslmi# _pmilsf min _whnlsf,)

[h fgph ygu+cc hi`gy gur rhpgrt wh+vh ohrtmlicy hi`gyhn wrltlik lt- Le ygu

fmvh miy quhstlgis gr ehhndmoa# ygu omi kht li tguof mt

jmtgsBvlslgijgdlch)ogj) ^fh ogithits ge tfh rhpgrt wlcc mcsg dhogjh

mvmlcmdch li whd egrjmt gvhr tfh sujjhr ge 42=? mt

www)NhvhcgphrHogigjlos)ogj'kg

MinrhmsR# Jmtgs# Ofrlstlim# MinrhmsO# Nljltrls# Umihssm# Ofrls# Jlofmhc#Iloa# _tl`i min Jmra mt UlslgiJgdlch)

Bvlslgijgdlch

www)vlslgijgdlch)ogj'dcgk


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;

^fmia ygu-[h+n clah tg tfmia hvhrygih wfg fhcphn us li tfls prg`hot min fhcphn usorhmth tfh dhst Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos rhpgrt tg nmth-

Gur spgisgrs# wltfgut wfgj wh wgucni+t fmvh dhhi mdch tg ogjpchth tflsprg`hot0 DcmoaDhrry# Jgzlccm# Lithc# hchegilom min Jg_yio)

Gur Thklgimc min Jmrahtlik pmrtihrs# wfg fhcphn us rhmof miuiprhohnhithn 5#222 nhvhcgphrs morgss tfh kcgdh# drhmalik ihw rhogrns egrtfh cmrkhst# kcgdmc jgdlch nhvhcgphr survhy)

^fh nhvhcgphrs min jgdlch lislnhrs tfmt tgga tfh tljh min lithrhst tg sfmrhtfhlr hxphrlhiohs wltf us)


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6


9/59


5 jmrahtlik min rhklgimcpmrtihrs wltfli tfh mpp nhvhcgpjhit linustry) Ms m rhsuct# tfh survhy

rhmofhn mi uiprhohnhithn iujdhr ge rhspginhits# kcgdmccy dmcmiohn morgss

Hurgph &>2(,# Mslm &4>(, min Igrtf Mjhrlom &46(,) ^fh survhy mcsg

mttrmothn m slkilelomit nhvhcgphr smjpch ergj Merlom &?(, min _gutf Mjhrlom

&8)8(,)

Thspginhits omjh prljmrlcy ergj tfh X_ &=6);(,# Linlm &=?)


10/59


=2

^fh survhy kmtfhrhn rhspgishs ergj nhvhcgphrs uslik ms tfhlr jmli

pcmtegrj Minrgln# Dmnm# DcmoaDhrry 8'5';# DcmoaDhrry =2# Ofrgjh#

Emohdgga# Elrhegx G_# Ecmsf ' Mngdh MLT# lG_# @mvm JH# F^JC &tmrkhtliknhsatgp,# F^JC &tmrkhtlik jgdlch,# G_V &nhsatgp,# ]t# _yjdlmi# [lingws

&nhsatgp,# [lingws Rfgih# [lingws 6 min ^lzhi) [h hxocunhn

rhspginhits igt uslik m jgdlch pcmtegrj ms tfhlr prljmry nhvhcgpjhit

pcmtegrj)

^g jliljlsh tfh smjpclik dlms egr pcmtegrj nlstrldutlgi# wh ogjpmrhn tfh

nlstrldutlgi morgss m iujdhr ge nleehrhit nhvhcgphr gutrhmof ofmiihcs min

lnhitlelhn stmtlstlomccy slkilelomit ofmiihcs tfmt hxfldlthn tfh cgwhst

vmrlmdlclty ergj tfh pcmtegrj jhnlmis morgss gur wfgch smjpch dmsh) [h

nhrlvhn m rhprhshitmtlvh pcmtegrj nlstrldutlgi dmshn gi tfhsh ofmiihcs minwhlkfthn gur rhsucts dmshn gi tfls nlstrldutlgi# ms nhplothn li tfh krmpf

dhcgw)


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==


12/59


=4

OFMR^HT GIH

_tmth ge tfh nhvloh imtlgi# ]? 42=?0

^fh liechxlgi pglit

42=? prhshits mi liechxlgi pglit li tfh hvgcutlgi ge mpp hogsysthjs) Mppchs

lG_ min Kggkchs rhprhshit mi uiprhohnhithn


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=?

cmthst fydrln tmdcht'igthdgga vhrslgi ge [lingws# wltf smchs sclkftcy up gi m

qumrthrcy dmsls dut ig slki ge dhlik mi ljjlihit tfrhmt tg hltfhr Minrgln gr

lG_)

M ihw wmvh ge pcmtegrj ofmcchikhrs flts tfh

nhvloh ecggr

Nhvhcgphr jgjhituj ls dulcnlik up gi tfh F^JC8 ergit# nhsplth tfh

ihkmtlvh shitljhits orhmthn ergj Emohdggas trmisltlgi tg imtlvh mpps)Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh puts F^JC8 mcjgst gi pmr wltf lG_ min Minrgln ms

wh sfmcc shh) M ihw sht ge pcmtegrj ofmcchikhrs Elrhegx G_# DcmoaDhrry =2#

^lzhi# @gccm min Xduitu mlj tg ompltmclsh gi tfh jlcclgis ge hxlstlik whd

nhvhcgphrs tfmt fmvh yht tg sthp litg jgdlch# min ge ogursh tfh egrjlnmdch

jlinsfmrh ge F^JC8 mjgik jgdlch nhvhcgphrs)

Mjgik ihw hitrmit pcmtegrjs# DcmoaDhrry =2 ls krmnumccy jmalik m

trmisltlgi litg tfh ogjpmiys sflpjhit jlx# sflpplik >2( ge DD=2

pgwhrhn nhvlohs gut ge 5)6 jlcclgi sjmrtpfgihs li ]= 42=?) Elrhegx G_ fms

rhohitcy miiguiohn tfh elrst twg nhvlohs flttlik tfh jmraht tfh McomthcGih^guof Elrh min P^H Gphi tfh cmtthr `ust cmuiofhn li _pmli ergj


14/59


=>

^hchegilom egr 5< &.

Mjgik fminsht jmahrs# _mjsuik rhjmlis li chmn pgsltlgi li sjmrtpfgih

smchs# egccgwhn dy Mppch) CK elins ltshce li tflrn pgsltlgi# pmrtcy nuh tg

pgsltlvh smchs ge tfh Kggkchdrminhn Ihxus > li tfh elrst qumrthr ge tfh yhmr)

DcmoaDhrry min Igalm ogitliuh tg cgsh jmraht sfmrh min ogitliuh tg rhslst

`ujplik gi tfh Minrgln pcmtegrj dminwmkgi)

^fh fminsht jmahr ogisgclnmtlgi mt tfh tgp hin# chn dy _mjsuik# ls mcsg

ogjdlihn wltf m ermkjhitmtlgi ge sjmrtpfgih jmahrs mt tfh cgik tmlc ge tfhnlstrldutlgi) ^fh gtfhr shkjhit ge sjmrtpfgih jmiuemoturhrs ls

igw shcclik ms jmiy nhvlohs ms _mjsuik) ^fhsh fminsht jmahrs

mrh jmnh up ge =22s ge Minrgln fminsht prgnuohrs# chvhrmklik gee*

tfh*sfhce fmrnwmrh pcmtegrjs ergj ]umcogjj min Jhnlmtha min

nhclvhrlik oustgjlshn Minrgln fminshts tg Mslm min Merlom# wltf

ms sjmcc ms m =2*phgpch prgnuotlgi thmj min gwi nlstrldutlgi

ihtwgras) Li tfls shish# _mjsuiks dlkkhst ogjphtltgr li thrjs ge jmraht

sfmrh lsit Mppch# dut tfh =22s ge fminsht jmahrs wfg mrh mdch tg suppcy tfh

ofhmphst pgssldch sjmrtpfgihs# oustgjlshn egr hvhry ogrihr ge tfh

nhvhcgplik wgrcn)


15/59


=8

^fh hcuslvh tloaht tg sjmrtpfgih prgelts

[flch Minrgln ls m tloaht tg tfh sjmrtpfgih jmraht egr fminsht

jmahrs# lts igt m tloaht tg sjmrtpfgih prgelts) Li ]= 42=? F^Os

prgelts whrh ngwi dy gvhr


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=5

_mjsuiks prgelt rholph shh UlslgiJgdlchs 42=4 Jgdlch Lislnhr rhshmrof

igth mtwww)vlslgijgdlch)ogj'lislnhr

Lts igt `ust sjmrtpfgihs hmtlik litg ehmturh pfgihs) Lts mcsg tmdchts wflof

mrh hmtlik litg ROs &igthdgga % nhsatgp, sflpjhits) Li ]= 42=?# ROsflpjhits hxphrlhiohn m sfmrp scujp hinlik m twg yhmr phrlgn ge

m stmcchn# dut rhcmtlvhcy stmdch RO jmraht) ^fls fms mccgwhn tmdchts

tg ocmlj mi hvhi cmrkhr sfmrh ge tfh ogjdlihn RO*tmdcht jmraht#

igw mooguitlik egr gvhr ?


17/59


=;

OFMR^HT ^[G

Hogsysthj hogigjlos0 ogjphtlik

mkmlist tfh gnns

42=? prhshits mi liechxlgi pglit ms m ihw sht ge ofmcchikhrs tg tfh

lG_'Minrgln nugpgcy mpphmrs) ^wg yhmrs methr Jlorgsget min Igalm

nhduthn tfhlr ihw jgdlch strmthky wltf [lingws Rfgih# m ihw sht ge

hitrmits fmvh suremohn# imjhcy DcmoaDhrry =2# Elrhegx G_# ^lzhi# Xduitu

min @gccm) ^fh ofmcchikhrs fmvh ofgshi tg ogjphth fhmntgfhmn wltf Mppch

min Kggkch# rmtfhr tfmi nlsrupt tfhj)

Hogsysthj hogigjlos ochmrcy mot li emvgur ge tfh ngjlimit pcmyhrs# minwltf Minrgln min lG_ clthrmccy ngjlimtlik ogisujhr min nhvhcgphr

jlinsfmrh# ofmcchikhrs tfmt mlj tg ofmikh tfh stmtus qug mrh ogjphtlik

mkmlist tfh gnns) Xinhrstminlik hogsysthj hogigjlos jhmis

uinhrstminlik wfhtfhr min fgw tfh ihw hitrmits omi ofmcchikh tfh

nugpgcy)

Minrgln min lG_ fmvh krgwi gi tfh dmoa ge strgik ihtwgra heehots# wfhrhdy

tfhy krgw strgikhr wltf hmof ushr min nhvhcgphr mnnhn tg tfh hogsysthj)

Xshrs nrlvh nhjmin egr mpps min fhioh nhvhcgphrs) Nhvhcgphrs min mpps

nrlvh ushr mngptlgi)

Ihtwgra heehots tmah pcmoh igt `ust dhtwhhi ushrs min nhvhcgphrs# dut mcsg

dhtwhhi mcc egur slnhs ge mpp hogsysthjs# liocunlik fminsht jmiuemoturhrs#

min ihtwgra gphrmtgrs) ^fh ihxt ofmrt sfgws tfh ihtwgra heehots mt pcmy

wltfli tfh lG_ hogsysthj# min tfh vmcuh mnnhn min ompturhn# dy hmof slnh)


18/59


=6

^fh MinrglnlG_ nugpgcy ls stlcc fgcnlik strgik wltf ig slki tfmt lt omi dh

ofmcchikhn li tfh egrhshhmdch euturh) Gioh ihtwgra heehots fmvh aloahn li

min somch fms dhhi moflhvhn# lt ls mcjgst ljpgssldch egr ogithinhrs tg

ogjphth nlrhotcy min nlspcmoh tfh chmnhrs) Dhygin ihtwgra heehots# tfh

lioujdhits fmvh hstmdclsfhn nhvhcgphr fmdlts# ushr stgrhn vmcuh litg tfh

mpps tfhjshcvhs# hxthrimc sudslnlhs li tfh egrj ge nhvhcgphr tljh % heegrt#

min mduinmit thcog suppgrt)

Miy ofmcchikhr tg tfh Minrgln*lG_ nugpgcy tfhrhegrh emohs mi

upflcc strukkch min# ms jhitlgihn hmrclhr ogjphths mkmlist tfh

gnns) Jmrahts ngjlimthn dy ihtwgra heehots mrh wfmt wh omcc

Dcmoa Gohmis) [fhrhms Dcuh Gohmis hxfldlt ig ogjphtltlgi# Thn

Gohmis mrh sfmra*liehsthn# Dcmoa Gohmis jmah lt ihmr*ljpgssldch

tg ogjphth) Hvhi Jlorgsget wltf mi hstljmthn gvhr 8 dlcclgi

ngccmrs livhsthn li [lingws Rfgih fms jmimkhn tg shourh m tliy

?( sjmrtpfgihs smchs sfmrh li 4)8 yhmrs slioh tfh pcmtegrj

cmuiofhn)


19/59


=


20/59


42

Ofmcchiklik tfh gnns

Jgzlccm# mcgik wltf shvhrmc omrrlhr pmrtihrs# fmvh cmuiofhn Elrhegx G_# m

drgwshrdmshn jgdlch pcmtegrj) Jgzlccm ls tmalik F^JC8 ergj m sht ge

sphos min MRLs litg m euccyechnkhn hogsysthj# liocunlik mi mpp stgrh#

jgihtlsmtlgi min fminsht jmahr nhmcs wltf Mcomthc min P^H)

Gur Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos ]? 42=? nmtm linlomths tfmt F^JC8 fms mcjgst

hqumc jlinsfmrh tg Minrgln min lG_ mjgik jgdlch nhvhcgphrs min ls

chvhrmkhn fhmvlcy dy hithrprlsh L^ stmee jgdlclslik ogrpgrmth msshts) Jgzlccm

ls mcsg uslik lts drgwshr listmcchn dmsh tg liorhmsh drmin mwmrhihss ge

Elrhegx G_ tgwmrns nhsatgp ushrs) ^fh drgwshr ogjpmiy ls mcsg m tfgukft

chmnhr mjgikst tfh jlcclgis ge whd nhvhcgphrs gut tfhrh) Nhsplth tfhsh

msshts# wh mrkuh tfmt Jgzlccm sfgucn sprhmn lts dhts# igt `ust dy ogjphtlik

fhmngi# dut mcsg gi nlcutlik tfh lG_ min Minrgln ogitrgc pglits egrhxmjpch dy fhcplik whd nhvhcgphrs orhmth kggnmsimtlvh# drgwshrchss

mpps gi miy pcmtegrj# min lithkrmtlik imtlvh mpp shmrof wltfli lts nhsatgp

drgwshr shmrof)

Jlorgsget fms pcmyhn tfh syihrky omrn# mljlik tg drlnkh min orgssshcc

[lingws Rfgih min [lingws 6 prgnuots tg dgtf nhvhcgphrs min ushrs)

Ihvhrtfhchss lt ls ourrhitcy strukkclik gi dgtf ergits0 [lingws Rfgih ls igt

hvhi ocgsh tg tfh pglit ge dhlik ogislnhrhn m ofmcchikhr egr lG_ gr Minrgln#

dut# phrfmps jgrh wgrrylikcy egr Jlorgsget# [lingws 6 fms dhhi fmvlik m

nleelouct tljh spurrlik tfh upnmth oyoch gi tfh nhsatgp'igthdgga ergit)Tlkft igw# Jlorgsgets jgdlch strmthky mpphmrs nlsphrshn morgss

sjmrtpfgihs# tmdchts min igthdggas tfmt cgga clah tmdchts)

Jlorgsget ihhns tg sgcvh m euinmjhitmc ofmcchikh0 tfmt lts

sgetwmrh clohislik duslihss jgnhc ls gutnmthn li tfh pgst*

Minrgln mkh# li tfmt fminsht jmiuemoturhrs mrh uiwlcclik tg pmy

sgetwmrh rgymctlhs egr clohislik tfh gphrmtlik systhj) Tlkft igw#

Jlorgsgets jgdlch nlvlslgi mpphmrs tg dh jgrh suoohsseuc ms m

pmthit clohislik duslihss# tfmi m sgetwmrh clohislik duslihss)

DcmoaDhrry =2 fms elimccy mpphmrhn gi tfh jmraht min `unklik dy gur nmtm

gi nhvhcgphrs rhmotlgis tfh ogjpmiy fms jmimkhn tg sflet jgdlch

nhvhcgphr jlinsfmrh ergj tfh chkmoy pcmtegrj tg DD=2) DcmoaDhrry fmvh

rhnuohn dmrrlhrs tg hitry egr nhvhcgphrs dy prgvlnlik m strmlkftegrwmrn

pgrtlik emolclty egr Minrgln mpps tg DcmoaDhrry =2) [hdwgras mcsg prgvlnhs

m fydrln imtlvh'F^JC8 pmtf egr whd nhvhcgphrs mccgwlik moohss tg

fmrnwmrh MRLs min XL hchjhits gi DcmoaDhrry =2)

[flch nhvhcgphr dmrrlhrs tg hitry mrh qulth cgw# ogisujhrs fmvh igt yht

mngpthn tfh ihw pcmtegrj ms DD=2 fminsht smchs li ]= 42=? rhmofhn 4);

jlcclgi fminshts# whcc dhcgw tfh hxphothn ?)? jlcclgi) DcmoaDhrryJhssmklik ls klvlik wmy tg [fmtsMpp ms DD ushrs emvgurlth jhssmklik


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4=

pcmtegrj) ^fh hitlrh D\GN &drlikygurgwinhvloh, jhkmtrhin ls

hsshitlmccy mdgut jlkrmtlik hithrprlsh ushrs mwmy ergj OLGsmiotlgihn

DcmoaDhrry nhvlohs) DcmoaDhrry fms phregrjhn hxtrhjhcy whcc li

thrjs ge nhvhcgphr jlinsfmrh# dut lts ushr jlinsfmrh ls

uinhrphregrjlik# min dgtf mrh ihhnhn tg sustmli tfhhogsysthjs ihtwgra heehots)

_mjsuiks dmnm pcmtegrj wms nhslkihn ms m ihkgtlmtlik omrn mkmlist Kggkch

ms mi mcthrimtlvh _mjsuik ogucn ush tg geesht tfh pgwhr ge Kggkch gi lts

fminsht ehmturhs min sgetwmrh) [ltf _mjsuik dhogjlik tfh Minrgln

alikjmahr# tfh tmdchs mrh igw rhvhrshn min m ihkgtlmtlik omrn ls ig cgikhr

ihhnhn) Listhmn# _mjsuiks ihw pcmtegrj ^lzhi ls mi heegrt igt `ust tg

drhma lts rhclmioh gi Minrgln# dut jgrh ljpgrtmitcy tg ogpy tfh Mppch

rholph# li tfh egrj ge m euccyogitrgcchn pcmtegrj) _mjsuiks ofmcchikh ls tg

jgnhrilsh m chkmoy ^lzhi G_ &dmshn gi tfh gcnhr _CR pcmtegrj# wltfermkjhits ge Jmhjg min ClJg sgetwmrh, min tg ogivlioh nhvhcgphrs tg

dmoa yht migtfhr mpp hogsysthj) Lt mcsg ihhns tg rhvmjp tfh cmikumkh tfh

ogjpmiy sphmas wltf nhvhcgphrs## ergj tfh chkmoy jgdlch linustry cmikumkh

stlcc rhjlilsohit ge tfh Minrgln cmuiof hrm ge 4226 &^lzhi ls mi gphi

sguroh# stminmrnsdmshn sgetwmrh pcmtegrj suppgrthn dy chmnlik jgdlch

gphrmtgrs# nhvloh jmiuemoturhrs# min slclogi suppclhrs,


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44

OFMR^HT FTHH

_tmth ge jgdlch nhvhcgphr0

Jlinsfmrh# ]? 42=?

Fms tfh pcmtegrj cminkrmd hinhn7 [hcc# Minrgln min lG_ jmlitmli tfhlr

Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh slioh gur cmst survhy pudclsfhn li ]= 42=?)

Gur cmthst rhshmrof ge 5#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs sfgws Minrgln chmnlik mt

;=( ge nhvhcgphrs uslik tfh pcmtegrj# egccgwhn dy lG_ mt 85() F^JC8 fms

hitrhiofhn ltshce ms m jgdlch nhvhcgpjhit thofigcgky ge ofgloh#

wltf 84( ge tfh nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi uslik F^JC8 thofigcgklhs

egr nhvhcgplik jgdlch mpps) ^fh Jlinsfmrh ofmrt sfgws tfh ( ge

nhvhcgphrs uslik hmof pcmtegrj gut ge tfh tgtmc jgdlch nhvhcgphr

pgpucmtlgi)

[h stlcc stgp sfgrt ge omcclik tfls m trlgpgcy tfgukf# egr twg kggn rhmsgis)

Elrstcy# F^JC8 ls m thofigcgky stmoa# igt m eucc hogsysthj clah Elrhegx G_)

_hogincy# jgst F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs mrh tmrkhtlik tfh drgwshr# wltf m

jligrlty tmrkhtlik lG_'Minrgln mpp stgrhs tfrgukf RfgihKmp# sg li miy

omsh hin up flttlik tfh smjh lG_ min Minrgln nhvlohs wflof egrj tfh vmst

jm`grlty ge sjmrtpfgihs sgcn)


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4?

Jhmiwflch [lingws Rfgih fms egr tfh tflrn tljh ruiilik emlchn tg

ompltmclsh gi tfh fukh lithrhst tfmt nhvhcgphrs fmvh sfgwi li tfh pcmtegrj#

rhjmlilik li egurtf pcmoh# slkilelomitcy dhflin tfh lioujdhits) Nhsplth

hxthislvh jmrahtlik heegrts# sclkftcy liorhmshn smchs ge [lingws

Rfgih nhvlohs min khihrgus nhvhcgphr prgkrmjs# Jlorgsget lsstlcc strukkclik tg ogivlioh nhvhcgphrs tfmt lts pcmtegrj omi

ogjphth fhmn*tg*fhmn wltf Minrgln gr lG_# slioh tfh pcmtegrj

cmoas li ushr rhmof# wflof ls tfh jgst jgtlvmtgr egr nhvhcgphrs tg

livhst li m pcmtegrj) ^g mngpt m ihw pcmtegrj# nhvhcgphrs ihhn tg

ogislnhr igt ùst tfh chmrilik ourvh ge [lingws Rfgih# dut mcsg tfh

gppgrtuilty ogst ge somclik ngwi gi lG_ gr Minrgln) [fhrh tfhsh ogsts mrh

sgethihn ls tfh omsh ge [lingws 6# wflof omi mttrmot trmnltlgimc nhvhcgphrs

wfg fmvhit yht jmnh tfh trmisltlgi tg jgdlch min mrh mcrhmny emjlclmr wltf

tfh [lingws tggcsht) _tlcc# ushr rhmof rhjmlis m euinmjhitmc pcmtegrj

mngptlgi rhmsgi# min li 42=?# tfh tmdchs mrh ochmrcy sahwhn tgwmrns

Minrgln min lG_)

DcmoaDhrry fms jmimkhn tg rhtmli Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh#

wltf tfh ihw DcmoaDhrry =2 pcmtegrj fmvlik mcjgst tfh smjh

jlinsfmrh ms tfh chkmoy DcmoaDhrry 8'5'; fmn ùst dhegrh tfh

rhchmsh ge DD=2 slx jgitfs mkg) [flch lt cmks dhflin [R li thrjs ge

Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh# DD=2 nghs pgsh m vlmdch tfrhmt tg [lingws

Rfgih ms lt fms jmimkhn tg mjmss m slzmdch egccgwlik li ùst m ehw jgitfs

egccgwlik lts liltlmc cmuiof) ^fls jmahs DD=2 gih ge tfh jgst suoohsseuc

gphrmtlgis ge trmisltlgilik nhvhcgphrs morgss pcmtegrjs)

Dhygin DcmoaDhrry =2# tfh nhoclih ge gcnhr khihrmtlgi pcmtegrjs suof ms@mvmJH# Ecmsf'MLT min _yjdlmi ogitliuhs# ms tfh pcmtegrjs mrh dhlik

pfmshn gut# wltf tfh nhvloh smchs dmsh nhoclilik wltf tfh Nhvhcgphr

Jlinsfmrh) ^fhsh pcmtegrjs fmvh igw dhogjh omsh stunlhs ge tfh nhjlsh ge

gioh tfrlvlik hogsysthjs ge tfh prh mpp stgrh hrm)

_mjsuiks dmnm hxphrljhit ls ogjlik tg mi hin# fmvlik emlchn tg

kmtfhr Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh nhsplth m prgjlslik ushr rhmof# tfmt

smw flkfhr smchs tfmi [lingws Rfgih li 42== min jgst ge 42=4)

Li rhtrgsphot# dmnms phregrjmioh ls hxmotcy tfh gppgslth tfmt ge DD=20

wfhrh DD=2 tfrlvhs li nhvhcgphr jlinsfmrh# lt sueehrs li nhvloh sflpjhits&tfh hqulvmchit ge ushr jlinsfmrh,)

^fh omsh ge dmnm ls mcsg mi lithrhstlik hxmjpch ge tfh ihtwgra

heehots tfmt ngjlimth mpp hogsysthjs0 ushr mngptlgi nghs igt

sueeloh li tfh ihw mpp hogigjy) ^fh pgsltlvh ehhndmoa cggp just

liocunh nhvhcgphrs wfg dhihelt ergj mi liorhmshn ushr dmsh) Le nhvhcgphrs

mrh chet gut ge tfh cggp# tfh ihohssmry ihtwgra heehots wlcc igt aloali min

tfh pcmtegrj wlcc emlc tg krgw) _mjsuiks min Lithcs mtthjpt mt m fgjh

krgwi pcmtegrj# ^lzhi fms sgjh hmrcy nhvhcgphr mngpthrs dut wltf ig

nhvlohs li tfh jmraht lt ls tgg hmrcy tg rlsa prhnlotlgis)


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4>

Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh

^fh ]? 42=? Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh nmtm sfgws m ehw ihw alns tfmt

fmvh mpphmrhn gi tfh dcgoa)

^fh strgik lithrhst li [lingws Rfgih gdshrvhn li pmst survhys

ls stlcc tfhrh &?8( ge nhvhcgphrs pcmiilik tg mngpt [R, dut fms

sudslnhn ogislnhrmdcy slioh Igvhjdhr 42=4 &>;(, ms ihw

ogithinhrs DcmoaDhrry =2 min Elrhegx G_ mrh ompturlik

nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi# wltf gvhr m qumrthr ge nhvhcgphrs hxprhsslik tfhlr

lithrhst li hmof ge tfh cmtthr pcmtegrjs) Jlorgsgets limdlclty tg ogivhrt

[lingws Rfgih lithrhst litg mngptlgi ls nuh tg cmoa ge ogjjhrolmc trmotlgi

&tfh hqulvmchit ge ushr jlinsfmrh,# wltf [lingws Rfgih smchs mooguitlik

egr `ust ?( ge sjmrtpfgih smchs li ]= 42=?)

DcmoaDhrry fms dhhi suoohsseuc li trmisltlgilik DD chkmoynhvhcgphrs gvhr tg lts ihw DD=2 pcmtegrj# min orhmtlik tfh tflrn*

flkfhst Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh methr [lingws 6 min

[lingws Rfgih mt 46( ge mcc nhvhcgphrs pcmiilik tg mngpt m ihw

pcmtegrj) ^fh rhmc ofmcchikh egr DcmoaDhrry igw ls igt tg trmisltlgi# dut tg

rhorult ihw nhvhcgphrs# ms Elrhegx G_ min [lingws 6 mrh kmlilik

jgjhituj min ogjphtlik egr Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh) ^fh hmsh ge pgrtlik

Minrgln mpps tg DcmoaDhrry wlcc cgwhr dmrrlhrs egr nhvhcgphrs tfmt wmit tg

hxphrljhit wltf DcmoaDhrry# dut tfh ogjpmiys dlkkhst nhvhcgphr rhcmtlgis

fhmnmofh wlcc dh Jlorgsgets slzmdch nhvhcgphr jmrahtlik dunkhts egr

[lingws 6)


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48

Jgzlccm# fms prgvlnhn tfh jlsslik whd pcmtegrj0 uitlc igw whd thofigcgky

cmoahn tfh likrhnlhits tfmt wgucn turi m thofigcgky sgcutlgi litg m

pcmtegrj0 ms m slikch MRL sht min nhvhcgpjhit hivlrgijhit# min m jhmis tg

nlstrlduth# jgihtlsh min nlsogvhr whd mpps) [ltf F^JC8 mcrhmny dhlik

ushn dy jgrh tfmi fmce ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs# tfh prgsphots egr Elrhegx G_mrh cggalik kggn min tfhrh ls m vhry fhmctfy chvhc ge lithrhst li tfh pcmtegrj)

Gur nmtm sfgws tfmt 4;( ge nhvhcgphrs mrh pcmiilik tg mngpt

Elrhegx G_# gut ge tfgsh tfmt pcmi tg mngpt miy pcmtegrj) Li thrjs

ge Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh# tfls puts Elrhegx G_ ùst mfhmn

ge lG_ min Minrgln)

Li ùst m sfgrt spmoh ge tljh# Elrhegx G_ fms jmimkhn tg mjmss m

rhsphotmdch Nhvhcgphr Lithitsfmrh# hvhi dhegrh nhvlohs flt tfh jmraht# min

wflch ogjphtlik egr [lingws Rfgih# [lingws 6 min DcmoaDhrry =2 mcc ge

wflof mrh juof gcnhr pcmtegrjs# wltf nhvlohs li jmraht min dlcclgis ge

jmraht ngccmrs dhflin tfhj) ^fh lislkft fhrh ls tfmt hmrcy mngpthrs mrh

nrlvhi dy tfh prgjlsh ge F^JC8 gphiihss min orgsspcmtegrj ompmdlcltlhs)

\ht Jgzlccm# ihhns tg nhclvhr gi lts prgjlsh) Juof clah DcmoaDhrry# Jgzlccm

just nhclvhr vmcuh tg dgtf nhvhcgphrs min ushrs tg suoohhn wfhrh Jlorgsget

fms sg emr emlchn) Khttlik rlkft gih pmrt ge tfls hqumtlgi &h)k) ùst

nhvhcgphrs, wlcc ochmrcy igt sueeloh) Min prgeltmdlclty egr sjmrtpfgih jmahrs

fms clttch tg ng wltf uslik Elrhegx G_ gr Minrgln)

^lzhi hxfldlts sgjh chvhc ge nhvhcgphr lithrhst dut wltfgut miy nhvlohs li

tfh jmraht lt ls tgg hmrcy tg smy wfhtfhr tfls wlcc jmthrlmclsh dhyginnhvhcgphr fyph) ^lzhis F^JC8 phnlkrhh ls mljlik mt mttrmotlik whd

nhvhcgphrs min lts gphisguroh# stminmrnsdmshn sgetwmrh pcmtegrj ls

mljhn mt sgethilik tfh nhphinhioh gi _mjsuik)

[flch shvhrmc pcmtegrjs ourrhitcy mpphmr ms nlstmit ofmcchikhrs

tg tfh Minrgln*lG_ nugpgcy# tfh hogigjlos ge mpp hogsysthjs

mrh suof tfmt miy pgsltlgi dhcgw tfh tgp ls uisustmlimdch) ^fh

kgvhrilik ihtwgra heehots emvgur tfh krgwtf ge tfh elrst ogjhr

pcmtegrjs wflch lifldltlik tfh krgwtf ge cmkkmrns)

Rcmtegrj gwihrs ng igt gicy emoh tfh ofmcchikh ge rhorultliknhvhcgphrs# dut mcsg ogivliolik ushrs tfmt lNhvlohs min Minrglns

mrh igt tfhlr gicy gptlgi) ^fls ls juof hmslhr tg moflhvh li

nhvhcgplik jmrahts wfhrh Mppch ls whmahr &suof ms li Merlom, gr

wfhrh# egr hxmjpch# DcmoaDhrry ls strgikhr &suof ms li _gutf

Mjhrlom,) Linhhn# tfhrh mrh slkilelomit nleehrhiohs li pcmtegrj mngptlgi

morgss rhklgimc jmrahts) ^fls ls nuh tg nleehrhit nhjgkrmpflos gr rhklgimc

liecuhioh tfmt vhingrs fmvh moflhvhn dy egouslik gi spholelo jmrahts)


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45

Ochmrcy# tfh chmnhrs &Minrgln min lG_, ms whcc ms F^JC8 ngjlimth hvhry

rhklgimc jmraht) Mt tfh smjh tljh# wh shh tfmt tfhrh ls slkilelomit vmrlmioh

li tfh chvhc ge rhklgimc Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh0 lG_ ogjjmins m 54(

Jlinsfmrh li Igrtf Mjhrlom dut gicy >6( li Mslm min ??( li Merlom) Min

[lingws Rfgih ls strgikhr li Mslm tfmi li Igrtf Mjhrlom)

Thklgimc Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh ls ge ogursh tlhn tg rhklgimc nhvloh smchs)

Nhvhcgphrs wlcc mngpt pcmtegrjs nhphinlik gi tfhlr strhiktf li tfhlr

jmraht) [flch nhvhcgphrs mrh igt dguin dy rhklgimc jmrahts# l)h) tfhy omi

shcc mpps kcgdmccy# tfh jm`grlty ge nhvhcgphrs wlcc tmrkht cgomc jmrahts# ms wh

smw li Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos 42=4)


27/59


4;

OFMR^HT EGXT

Ofglohs# ofglohs# ofglohs) [flof

pcmtegrj ls rlkft7

^fh Mppch'Kggkch nugpgcy ls tfh smeh ofgloh) Lt ogjjmins m pfhigjhimc

Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr Jlinsfmrh# wltf 65( ge jgdlch mpp nhvhcgphrs uslik

hltfhr lG_ gr Minrgln ms hvlnhiohn dy gur rhohit survhy ge 5#222

nhvhcgphrs min m stmkkhrlik >4( ge nhvhcgphrs uslik dgtf pcmtegrjs)

^fhsh iujdhrs mrh ig chss pfhigjhimc tfmi tfh ogjdlihn jmraht sfmrh ge

lG_ min Minrgln fminsht smchs wflof rhmofhn


28/59


46

Gur rhshmrof sfgws tfmt lG_ ls shchothn jgrh erhquhitcy tfmi

mvhrmkh dy nhvhcgphrs tfmt vmcuh rhvhiuh pgthitlmc &!=4(,#

krmpflos &!;(,# mpp nlsogvhry &!6(, min ushr rhmof &!=2(,)

Fgwhvhr# lt ls shchothn juof chss erhquhitcy dy nhvhcgphrs tfmt vmcuh ihmrcy

hvhry gtfhr qumclty# min li pmrtloucmr gphi stminmrns &4>(,# ogjjuilty

prgkrmjs &4=(, dut mcsg pgrtmdlclty &(,)

Nhvhcgphrs thin tg ush F^JC8 jgrh erhquhitcy ms tfhlr prljmry

pcmtegrj wfhi tfhy vmcuh pgrtlik &!(, dut chss le tfhy vmcuh rlof MRLs &*5(, gr

krmpflos ompmdlcltlhs &*5(,) Elimccy# DcmoaDhrry =2 ls ushn jgrh

erhquhitcy tfmi mvhrmkh ms m prljmry pcmtegrj dy nhvhcgphrs vmculik

nhvhcgphr ogjjuilty prgkrmjjhs &!=5(,) Min [lingws Rfgih ls jgst

pgpucmr egr nhvhcgphrs cggalik egr tfh rlkft nhvhcgpjhit hivlrgijhit

&!?(, min ngoujhitmtlgi &!4(,)

Egr nhvhcgphrs nholnlik wflof pcmtegrj tg livhst li# tfh hmrclhr

ofmrt geehrs sgjh phhr mnvloh) Ng L ihhn nhhp moohss tg nhvloh

MRLs egr tfh typh ge mpps L wlcc nhvhcgp7 Mj L cggalik tg

hxphrljhit7 Ng L ihhn m jmrahtlik hnkh li chss orgwnhn

pcmtegrjs7 Ls rhmof jgrh ljpgrtmit tfmi jgihy7 ^fh smjh


29/59


4


30/59


?2

OFMR^HT ELUH

^fh Juctl*Rcmtegrj Nhvhcgphr0 Lts

mcc mdgut prlgrltlhs

Nhsplth tfh ominln heegrts ge Mppch min Kggkch# tgnmys nhvhcgphrs mrh igt

whnnhn tg miy slikch pcmtegrj)

[fhtfhr fgddylsts gr L^ jmimkhrs ge Egrtuih*822 ogjpmilhs#

nhvhcgphrs ush 4)< jgdlch pcmtegrjs ogiourrhitcy# moogrnlik tg

gur rhohit survhy ge 5#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs) ^fls ls tfh elrst

tljh wh mrh gdshrvlik m sflet tgwmrns nlvhrslelomtlgi# wltf gur

hmrclhr 42==*42=4 rhshmrof pglitlik tgwmrns pcmtegrj

ogisgclnmtlgi0 gi mvhrmkh jgdlch nhvhcgphrs ushn ?)4 jgdlch

pcmtegrjs li gur 42== survhy# ogjpmrhn tg 4); li 42=4 min 4)5 li

gur ]= 42=? rhshmrof)

^fh ihw hitrmits ge [lingws 6# DcmoaDhrry G_ mrh ompturlik igt `ust

nhvhcgphr fgph min fyph# dut motumc livhstjhit ge nhvhcgphr tljh# jgihy

min heegrt) Min tfhrh mrh kggn rhmsgis) Jgrh pcmtegrjs mccgw nhvhcgphrs tg

liorhmsh rhmof# nlvhrsley rhvhiuh gppgrtuiltlhs# sprhmn tfhlr rlsa# min omthr

tg ihw rhquhsts egr ogjjlsslgihn mpp nhvhcgpjhit wgra)

Rcmtegrj nlsorljlimtlgi

Mt 4)< ogiourrhit pcmtegrjs gi mvhrmkh# tgnmys nhvhcgphr ls

juctl*pcmtegrj) Li tfls wgrcn# igt mcc pcmtegrjs mrh hqumccy

ljpgrtmit tg m nhvhcgphr) Rcmtegrj nlsorljlimtlgi ls mduinmit)

Nhvhcgphrs pcmtegrj prlgrltlsmtlgi wlcc egccgw tfhlr shchotlgi orlthrlm#

wfhtfhr lt ls rhvhiuh# rhmof# ogst# sphhn# nlsogvhry gr nhv hivlrgijhit tfmt

tfhy mrh methr) Dhygin tfh chmn pcmtegrj# gur nmtm sfgws tfmt nhvhcgphrs mrh

jmalik ogisolgus nholslgis tg ngwiprlgrltlsh pcmtegrjs tg shogin# tflrn gr

hvhi egurtf pcmoh)

^fh chmn pcmtegrj# ls wfhrh ihw mpps min ehmturhs mrh elrst

rgcchn gut min wflof ls mcwmys tfh stmr ge tfh jmrahtlik cmuiof)

Rrlgrltlsmtlgi wlcc mcsg fmvh mi ljpmot gi egous# mpp qumclty#

smchs min rhvhiuh) Ms suof# tfh wmy nhvhcgphrs prlgrltlsh tfh

pcmtegrjs fms m nlrhot ljpmot gi tfh gvhrmcc phrohptlgi ge tfh

pcmtegrj) Ogislnhr tfmt le jgst nhvhcgphrs trhmt m pcmtegrj ms m shogin

ocmss oltlzhi# tfls wlcc rhechot ihkmtlvhcy gi tfh mpp qumclty min ogishquhitcy#

gi nhvhcgphrs rhvhiuh gppgrtuilty gi tfmt pcmtegrj) Nhvhcgphrs tfmt

prlgrltlsh m pcmtegrj wlcc mot ms hvmikhclsts egr tfmt pcmtegrj# ms tfhy rh

clahcy tg orhmth tfh flkfhstqumclty# jgst uptgnmth mpps min sphma gut egrtfh pcmtegrj mt hvhits gr sgolmc jhnlm)


31/59


?=

Gur nmtm sfgws tfmt 6>( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs mrh uslik lG_#

Minrgln gr F^JC8 &jgdlch, ms tfhlr prljmry pcmtegrj# ms tfh

ihxt ofmrt sfgws) Minrgln min lG_ mrh tfh ngjlimit prljmry

pcmtegrjs# prhehrrhn dy ?>)>( min ?4);( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs

rhsphotlvhcy# wflch F^JC8 ls tfh prlgrlty pcmtegrj egr =;)?( gejgdlch nhvhcgphrs)

Imturmccy pcmtegrj prlgrltlhs mrh igt gihslzheltsmcc) [h shh vhry ochmr

trhins hjhrklik li nhvhcgphrs prlgrltlsmtlgi ge lG_ vs Minrgln# dmshn gi

munlhioh tmrkhthn# nhvhcgphr hxphrlhioh# min mpp omthkgry)

^fh munlhioh tmrkhthn &D4O vs D4D mpps, fms m slkilelomit ljpmot gi tfh

prljmry pcmtegrj shchothn) Cggalik mt tfh ogisujhr vs) hithrprlsh mpp

jmraht# wh gdshrvh tfmt wflch lG_ min Minrgln mrh hqumccy ljpgrtmit tg

nhvhcgphrs li tfh ogisujhr shkjhit# nhvhcgphrs tmrkhtlik hithrprlshs fmvh

m strgikhr prhehrhioh tgwmrns lG_) Jgrhgvhr# F^JC8 ls tfh pcmtegrj ge

ofgloh egr m qumrthr ge mcc nhvhcgphrs tmrkhtlik hithrprlsh oustgjhrs)

Rcmtegrj prlgrltlhs mcsg nhphin gi tfh chvhc ge hxphrlhioh)

Nhvhcgphrs wfg mrh erhsf tg jgdlch fmvh m juof strgikhr

prhehrhioh tgwmrns Minrgln# wltf mcjgst twloh ms jmiy ihw

jgdlch nhvhcgphrs prhehrrlik Minrgln &>2(, tfmi lG_ &4=(,) ^fls

ls jgst clahcy rhcmthn tg tfh sthhphr chmrilik ourvh min flkfhr dmrrlhrs tg

hitry egr lG_# suof ms gwihrsflp ge m Jmo nhvhcgpjhit jmoflih min tfh

.>( ge nhvhcgphrs wltf tfrhh tg elvh yhmrs ge hxphrlhioh wlcc

ush lG_ ms tfhlr jmli pcmtegrj vs) ?=( tfmt shchot Minrgln)


32/59


?4

Rcmtegrj prlgrltlhs mrh mcsg liecuhiohn dy tfh omthkgry ge mpps nhvhcgphn0

Kmjhs nhvhcgphrs fmvh m sclkft prhehrhioh tgwmrns lG_ ms tfhlr prljmry

pcmtegrj &?;( vs) ?8( egr Minrgln,# wflch nhvhcgphrs ge juslo % vlnhg mppsfmvh m prhehrhioh tgwmrns Minrgln gvhr lG_ &?5( vs 4


33/59


??

gtfhr shkjhits Hithrprlsh L^# Rrgnuot Hxthinhrs# Nlkltmc Ogithit

Rudclsfhrs min Kgcn _hhahrs wfg mrh jgtlvmthn dy hxthinlik m igi

jgdlch duslihss wltf mpps)

^fh rhmc jhmsurh ge nhvhcgphr cgymcty

^g uinhrstmin tfh truh ploturh ge tfh juctlnhvhcgphr wgrcn# cgga igt mt

fgw jmiy _NAs mrh ngwicgmnhn phr nmy# jgitfcy motlvh uilquhs gi

nhvhcgphr whdslths# mtthinhhs mt nhvhcgphr ogiehrhiohs# gr fgw jmiy

dlcclgis sphit li nhvhcgphr jmrahtlik) Listhmn# tg uinhrstmin tfh truh

ploturh ge tgnmys juctlpcmtegrj cminsomph# cgga mt wfhrh nhvhcgphrs mrh

puttlik tfhlr heegrt# tljh min jgihy)

Li tfh wgrns ge Miny Krgvh# egrjhr Lithc OHG0

^g uinhrstmin m ogjpmiys strmthky# cgga mt wfmt tfhy motumccy ng rmtfhr

tfmi wfmt tfhy smy tfhy wlcc ng)

Nhvhcgphrs strmthky ls sht dy tfh fuinrhns ge hvhrynmy nholslgis mdgut

wfhrh nhvhcgphrs sphin tfhlr heegrt# tljh min jgihy) ^g uivhlc fgw

nhvhcgphrs mrh rhmccy uslik tfh tgp8 pcmtegrjs wh cgga mt nhvhcgphr

pcmtegrj prlgrltlhs)

^fh ploturh gi tfh ihxt ofmrt sfgws m strgik chmn ge lG_ gvhr

Minrgln wltf >( vs 8x tljhs jgrh

nhvlohs sflpplik min m slkilelomit chmn li Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr

Jlinsfmrh# lt cmks dhflin lG_ li thrjs ge Minrgln nhvhcgphrs

uslik lt ms tfhlr chmn pcmtegrj) ^fls fms euinmjhitmc

ljpclomtlgis li tfh ehmturh# qumclty min jmrahtlik# min rhvhiuh

nhctm tfmt tfhsh nhvhcgphrs wlcc prlgrltlsh gi lG_# min tfh

rhsuctlik dhtthr hxphrlhioh egr lG_ ushrs)

^fh ploturh ge tfh nugpgcy dhogjhs rgoa sgcln wfhi gih cggas mt chmn

pcmtegrjs sfmrh) [ltfli lG_'Minrgln# tfh chmn pcmtegrj sfmrh ls mi mvhrmkh

ge 8>(# nrgpplik tg ngwi tg mcjgst fmce &4;)8(, egr tfh ihxt tfrhhpcmtegrjs# F^JC8 jgdlch# [lingws Rfgih min DcmoaDhrry =2)

$Ogithit ls alik nhvhcgp mpps dutnhclvhr ogithit)$

@mljh HirlquhzOHGLignh


34/59


?>

Chmn pcmtegrj sfmrh mnns m cgt ge ogcgur dhflin tfh nucc tgtmc

iujdhr ge mpps iujdhrs tfmt phrjhmth tfh dcgkgspfhrh) Lt

hxpcmlis wfy Minrgln min jgstcy lG_ mpp stgrh stloahrs mrh tfh elrst tg

mpphmr egr ihw stmrtups mnvhrtlslik tfhlr mpp gi m whdslth# m dlccdgmrn gr m

tmxl) Lt hxpcmlis wfy ehmturh upnmths mpphmr elrst gi tfhsh pcmtegrjs# egrjgst mpps) Lt hxpcmlis wfy sg jmiy [lingws Rfgih mpps cmoa tfh nhslki

hnkh min mtthitlgi tg nhtmlc) Lt hxpcmlis wfy jgst F^JC8 mpps mrh mi

hxthislgi rmtfhr tfmi m stmrtlik pglit egr m drmins hxphrlhioh)

Rcmtegrj vhingrs sfgucn sht shh chmn pcmtegrj sfmrh elkurhs ms ahy

phregrjmioh linlomtgrs min dhiofjmras ge tfhlr nhvhcgphr rhcmtlgis thmjs

tfhrh ls ig dhtthr thstmjhit tg nhvhcgphr cgymcty tfmi tg fmvlik sht m

pcmtegrj ms tfhlr chmn prlgrlty)

Dhygin tfh nugpgcy# chmn pcmtegrj sfmrh nrgps nrmjmtlomccy) 46( ge

DcmoaDhrry ushrs prlgrltlsh DcmoaDhrry =2 ms tfhlr jmli nhvhcgpjhit

pcmtegrj vs) 44( egr [lingws Rfgih) Cggalik mt nhvhcgphrs wfg ush

DcmoaDhrry ms m elrst gr shogin prlgrlty# lt ls hvlnhit tfmt DD=2 nhvhcgphrs

mrh emr jgrh cgymc# gi mvhrmkh# tfmi [lingws Rfgih nhvhcgphrs) Egr

DcmoaDhrry =2 tfls ls mi mnvmitmkh tfmt omi gutwhlkf lts Nhvhcgphr

Jlinsfmrh nhelolt vs) [lingws Rfgih slioh DD=2 nhvhcgphrs wlcc egous

tfhlr mtthitlgi gi tfh pcmtegrj# prgnuolik flkfhr qumclty mpps tfhrh elrst)


35/59


?8

OFMR^HT _LV

Fgw nhvhcgphrs jlx min jmtof

jgdlch pcmtegrjs

[h ushn tg smjh nmtm ergj gur survhy ge 5#222! mpp nhvhcgphrs tg shh tfh

juctlpcmtegrj wgrcn ergj m nleehrhit mikch) [h aigw tfmt ;6( ge

nhvhcgphrs ush mt chmst gih shoginmry pcmtegrj ogiourrhitcy wltf tfhlr

prljmry gih) [h tfhi msahn0 wflof pcmtegrj ng lG_# Minrgln# [R# DD=2

min F^JC8 &jgdlch, nhvhcgphrs ush ms m shogin prhehrhioh7 ^fh ihxt ofmrt

sfgws m vhry thcclik ploturh ge fgw nhvhcgphrs jlx min jmtof jgdlch

pcmtegrjs)

[h aihw tfmt Minrgln wgucn dh tfh jgst pgpucmr shogin ofgloh egr lG_

nhvhcgphrs wflof tfh nmtm ogielrjs ms 52(,# `ust mfhmn ge F^JC8 jgdlch &4


36/59


?5

DcmoaDhrry =2 ms m shoginmry pcmtegrj dy nhvhcgphrs wfg jmlicy ush

Minrgln ms tfhy omi# li jmiy omshs# hmslcy pgrt tfhlr mpps morgss tg

DcmoaDhrry =2)

[lingws Rfgih nhvhcgphrs mrh li tfhlr vmst jm`grlty &86(, uslik [lingws6 ms tfhlr shoginmry pcmtegrj wltf gicy Minrgln ms m nlstmit shogin &=6(,)

Ms emr ms F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs mrh ogiohrihn# tfhy prhehr Minrgln

&?4(, gr lG_ &?


37/59


?;

OFMR^HT _HUHI

Nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi li tmdchts

omtoflik up wltf sjmrtpfgihs

^mdchts mrh igw hvhrywfhrh) Li clvlik rggjs# omrs# jhhtlik rggjs min

mlrpgrts) ^mdcht smchs fmvh krgwi nrmjmtlomccy ergj `ust tfrhh jlcclgi uilts

sgcn li ]4 42=2 wltf tfh lRmn cmuiof# tg gvhr >< jlcclgis tmdchts sgcn li ]=

42=?# wltf Minrgln igw ngjlimtlik tmdcht smchs)

^mdchts smchs mrh mpprgmoflik m qumrthr ge sjmrtpfgih smchs li ]= 42=?)

Nhsplth tfh smchs kmp# nhvhcgphrs fmvh hjdrmohn tmdchts mcjgst ms hqumc

oltlzhis tg sjmrtpfgihs) Gur rhohit survhy ge 5#222! mpp nhvhcgphrs sfgwstfmt tmdchts mrh igw dhlik tmrkhthn dy ;2( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs#

rhprhshitlik m slkilelomit jlinsfmrh liorhmsh ergj 5=( slx jgitfs mkg)

^mdchts ocgshcy trmoa sjmrtpfgihs wltf


38/59


?6

Ehmturh pfgih nhvhcgpjhit rhjmlis gi tfh smjh chvhc &=6( ge jgdlch

nhvhcgphrs, ms tfmt gdshrvhn li @miumry 42=?# wltf =6( ge jgdlch

nhvhcgphrs wgralik gi ehmturh pfgih mpps) ^fh fukh listmcchn dmsh gvhr

tfrhh dlcclgi uilts stlcc rhprhshits m slzhmdch mnnrhssmdch jmraht egr

nhvhcgphrs li hjhrklik jmrahts ngjlimthn dy cgwhin fminshts) ^fh nmtm

mcsg rhvhmcs m emlr mjguit ge lithrhst li nhvhcgphr livhstjhit litg ehmturh

pfgih mpps li grnhr tg rhmof jmrahts wfhrh sjmrtpfgihs mrh scgw tg

phihtrmth)

Nhvhcgpjhit egr Ûs min sht tgp dgxhs fms sclkftcy sudslnhn slioh gur ]=

42=? rhpgrt ergj 5( tg >( ge jgdlch nhvhcgphrs# ms m rhsuct ge nhvhcgphr

nlslccuslgijhit ergj Û mpps# mi mrhm wflof fms yht tg nhclvhr ogisujhr

mngptlgi li cmrkh iujdhrs) Lithrhstlikcy# Û mpps rhjmlis gih ge tgp twg

sorhhis tg wmtof gi tfh jgdlch nhvhcgphrs rmnmr# egccgwlik tmdcht mpps)


39/59


??(, min pmy*phr ngwicgmn &>2(,

min rhcmtlvhcy cgw usmkh ge li*mpp purofmshs gr erhhjluj)

DcmoaDhrry =2 nhvhcgphrs fmvh m strgik prhehrhioh tgwmrns pmy*

phr ngwicgmn &>;(,) ^fh ploturh ls juof jgrh dmcmiohn gi

Minrgln# lG_ min F^JC8# wltf ig rhvhiuh jgnhc ngjlimtlik tg

tfh hxthit gdshrvhn gi [lingws Rfgih gr DcmoaDhrry =2)


40/59


>2

Ogitrmot wgra ls jgrh pgpucmr mjgik lG_ min F^JC8 nhvhcgphrs &42( ush lG_ ms tfhlr prljmry pcmtegrj# wflch ?2( ush Minrgln

min 42( ush F^JC8) Ms tfh ihxt ofmrt sfgws# egr nhvhcgphrs cggalik egr

ogitrmot wgra kcgdmccy# lG_# Minrgln min F^JC mrh tfh pcmtegrjs tfhy

sfgucn dh egouslik gi# li tfmt grnhr)


41/59


>=

Mt .8#422 phr nhvhcgphr phr jgitf gi mvhrmkh# lG_ ogitliuhs tg

dh tfh jgst rhvhiuh khihrmtlik pcmtegrj egr nhvhcgphrs# min

mfhmn ge Minrgln nhvhcgphr jgitfcy rhvhiuhs dy m jmrkli ge

=2() ^fh ihxt ofmrt rhvhmcs jgitfcy nhvhcgphr rhvhiuh# dy prljmry

pcmtegrj# liocunlik rhvhiuhs dhygin mpp stgrh rhvhiuhs suof ms ogitrmot

nhvhcgpjhit# mnvhrtlslik# hogjjhroh smchs min clohislik ehhs) fh kmp

dhtwhhi lG_ min Minrgln# wfhi ogislnhrlik mppstgrh gicy rhvhiuhs ls

clahcy tg dh cmrkhr)


42/59


>4

F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphr rhvhiuhs mrh jmlicy mssgolmthn wltf ogitrmot

dmshn nhvhcgpjhit min mnvhrtlslik nuh tg tfh mdshioh ge mi hstmdclsfhn

mppstgrh) Mt tfh smjh tljh# ms wh sfmcc shh# `ust gvhr gih ge egur F^JC8

jgdlch nhvhcgphrs wlcc pmoamkh tfhlr mpps ms fydrln mpps &dmshn gi

RfgihKmp ' Ogrngvm, wflof mrh gphi tg mpp stgrh rhvhiuhs) F^JC8jgdlch nhvhcgphrs mcsg sfgw m cmrkh nlspmrlty dhtwhhi fmvhs min fmvh

igts) ^fls ls dhomush F^JC8 ms m pcmtegrj ushn dgtf dy ogjpmilhs

hxthinlik m drmin gitg jgdlch min dy Egrtuih822 L^ jmimkhrs# cggalik tg

jgdlclsh hxlstlik whd msshts# gi vhry slzmdch nhvhcgpjhit dunkhts)

Elimccy# DcmoaDhrry =2# dhlik m ihw pcmtegrj# ls uisurprlslikcy cmkklik

dhflin gtfhr pcmtegrjs li thrjs ge nhvhcgphr rhvhiuhs# ms tfh pcmtegrj ls

elrst dhlik ploahn up dy Fgddylsts min Hxpcgrhr nhvhcgphr shkjhits# wfg

mrh cggalik tg chmri min ljprgvh rmtfhr tfmi tg dulcn m duslihss) Egr mi

mimcysls ge nhvhcgphr jgtlvmtlgis min jgihtlsmtlgi dy shkjhit# shh gurNhvhcgphr _hkjhitmtlgi ]? 42=? rhpgrt)


43/59


>?

OFMR^HT ILIH

Nhvhcgphr tggcs0 orgsslik tfh

ergitlhr ge pcmtegrj liigvmtlgi

^gnmys mpp hogigjy fms orhmthn `gds min fgddlhs egr gvhr 822#222 mpp

nhvhcgphrs kcgdmccy# uslik m juctltunh ge pcmtegrjs) Li tfh hmrcy yhmrs

&422642=2, ge tfh mpp hogigjy# mcc ge tfh tggcs ihhnhn dy nhvhcgphrs tg

nhvhcgp min nlstrlduth mpps whrh prgvlnhn dy tfh pcmtegrjs tfhjshcvhs)

Methr mcc# li tfgsh hmrcy nmys# mcc ygu ihhnhn wms m nhvhcgpjhit

hivlrgijhit# m sht ge MRLs tg ognh mkmlist# m jmrahtpcmoh tg nlstrlduth ygur

mpps tfrgukf# min m wmy egr trmoalik mpp smchs) Li rhohit yhmrs fgwhvhr# tfh

iujdhr ge mpps fms juctlpclhn tg ihmrcy = jlcclgi mpps egr hmof ge lG_ minMinrgln# min m nhvhcgpjhit hivlrgijhit min mpp stgrh `ust wgit out lt)

^fh dmr egr mpp qumclty fms liorhmshn# min tfh mpp nlsogvhry dgttchihoa fms

dhhi ogitliumccy sfrlialik)

^g suppgrt tfgsh 822#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs tg liigvmth min

stmin gut li tfh jmraht# m ihw _NA hogigjy fms hjhrkhn) M

stgrj ge gvhr 822 _NA stmrtups min Hithrprlsh L^ lioujdhits#

fmvh hjhrkhn# stmrtlik li 422


44/59


>>

Li emot# gicy =>( ge mcc jgdlch nhvhcgphrs li gur rhohit rhshmrof

ngit ush miy tggc)

_g wflof mrh tfh jgst pgpucmr tggcs min wfy7 ^fh ihxt ofmrt sfgws tfh

drhmangwi ge nhvhcgphr tggcs pgpucmrlty# dy shotgr# ergj gur rhohit survhyge 5#222! jgdlch nhvhcgphrs)

Xshr mimcytlos tggcs suof ms Ecurry # Kggkch Mimcytlos min Mppsmcmr# mrh dy

emr tfh jgst pgpucmr mjgik nhvhcgphr tggcs min shrvlohs# ushn dy ?6( ge

nhvhcgphrs li gur smjpch) Xshr mimcytlos tggcs mrh hsshitlmc li fhcplik

nhvhcgphrs uinhrstmin fgw mrh ushrs dhfmvlik wltfli tfhlr mppclomtlgi# min

uslik tfmt tg ljprgvh ngwicgmns min rhvhiuhs tfrgukf jmrahtlik

omjpmlkis)

^fh ihxt jgst pgpucmr tggcs omthkgry ls orgsspcmtegrj tggcs &OR^s,# suof msRfgihKmp# _hiofm# Vmjmrli# Mppohchrmtgr min TuiThv# ushn dy 4


45/59


>8

$^fh dlkkhst dgttchihoa li orgsspcmtegrjtggcs ls phregrjmioh lssuhs min nhcmy lihxpgslik tfh cmthst imtlvh MRLs) Dut egrjgst mppclomtlgis tfls ls sgjhtflik yguomi clvh wltf)$

Chg RmcmolgsHiklihhrlik NlrhotgrNhxtrm ^hofigcgklhs

Lts lithrhstlik tg igth tfmt tfh dmoahinmsmshrvloh tggc omthkgry ls

gvhrsuppclhn dy >6 Dmm_ vhingrs# dut uinhrnhjminhn# wltf gicy ==( ge

jgdlch nhvhcgphrs uslik suof m shrvloh)

Dmm_ ls rhmccy fmrn tg `ustley tfh vmcuh ge)Lt fms vmcuh li thrjs ge heelolhioy kmlisrmtfhr tfmi rhvhiuh kmlis) Mi hithrprlshwgucn pmy 42x tg nrlvh rhvhiuhs dut gicy4x tljhs tg nrlvh ogst heelolhiolhs)

Nmvln Thlsehcn

O^GHxohnm

Mt tfh gtfhr hin ge tfh pgpucmrlty sphotruj wh elin orgssprgjgtlgi

ihtwgras &6(, min vgloh shrvlohs &5(,) Orgssprgjgtlgi ihtwgras clah

^mp@gy min Ofmrtdggst fms rmlshn m cgt ge ogitrgvhrsy min fms dhhi

tmrkhthn dy Mppch li tfh pmst ogupch ge yhmrs nuh tg tfh mrtlelolmc liecmtlgi ge

mpp rmialiks lt jmy orhmth) Ugloh shrvlohs mrh ourrhitcy hjpcgyhn dy m sjmcc

iujdhr ge nhvhcgphrs nhsplth tfh emot tfmt tfhy omi mnn hnkh tg mi

mppclomtlgi wltf ehmturhs clah sphhof rhogkiltlgi# vgloh shmrof# vgloh omccs

min thxtlik)

^ggcs# m fyklhih emotgr egr jgdlch pcmtegrjs

Morgss tfh tggcs sphotruj# lG_ nhvhcgphrs mrh tfh jgst motlvh

min sgpflstlomthn ushrs# wltf


46/59


>5

Egr ihwhr pcmtegrjs clah DcmoaDhrry =2# tfh tggc usmkh chvhc nrgps tg ;=(#

linlomtlik dgtf tfh Fgddylst min Hxpcgrhr hmrcy mngpthr orgwn ge DD=2# dut

mcsg tfh hmrcy nmys li nhvhcgphr tggcs suppgrt egr tfh ihw pcmtegrj) Mt tfh

smjh tljh# DD=2 nhvhcgphrs sfgw tfh jgst mpphtlth egr tggcs# pmrtloucmrcy

ushr mimcytlos min pusf igtlelomtlgis# wflof tggcs vhingrs sfgucn tmah

igtloh)

$Lt nghsi+t jmah shish egr m stmrtup tg ngimtlvh nhvhcgpjhit egr juctlpchpcmtegrjs# dgtf li thrjs ge tljh minjgihy)$

Khgrkh _pyrguEguinhrRcusmpps CCO

Li tgnmys fyphr*ogjphtltlvh mpp hogigjy# nhvhcgphrs omit

liigvmth wltfgut m suppgrtlik ?rn pmrty tggc hogsysthj) Li tfls

hogigjy# lG_ nhvhcgphrs fmvh m ochmr mnvmitmkh ms dhlik jgst

mnvmiohn li tggc ush# min tfhrhegrh fmvlik tfh liermstruoturh tg

liigvmth min nleehrhitlmth) ^fh dhtthr tggcs mt tfh nhvhcgphrs nlspgsmc#

tfh jgrh ogjphtltlvh tfmt nhvhcgphr ls)Egr ihwhr pcmtegrj vhingrs clah DD=2# Elrhegx G_ min ^lzhi# m

_NA hogigjy mrguin tfhlr pcmtegrj# ls igt `ust m ogjphtltlvh

mnvmitmkh# dut m euinmjhitmc fyklhih emotgr) _NA vhingrs mrh m

ihohssmry ogjpgihit ge m suoohsseuc hogsysthj) Cmoa ge orltlomc

_NAs omi hvhi dhogjh m rhmsgi egr nhvhcgphrs tg ofuri ergj m pcmtegrj)

^fls wms tfh omsh wltf RfgihKmp wflof nhcmyhn RmyRmc MRL suppgrt#

egccgwlik RmyRmc MRL ofmikhs# min pusfhn sgjh nhvhcgphrs tg mdmingi

RfgihKmp sg ms tg igt cgsh rhvhiuhs)


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>;

^ggcs mrh egr prgs# igt rggalhs

^fh dhst thstmjhit tg tfh ljpgrtmioh ge tfh _NA hogigjy#

ogjhs ergj tfh emot tfmt tfh jgrh hxphrlhiohn m nhvhcgphr ls# tfh

jgrh clahcy tfhy mrh tg ush tflrn pmrty tggcs) Gih ogucn dh

hxoushn egr tflialik tfmt nhvhcgphr tggcs mrh egr rggalhs# slioh

hxphrlhiohn nhvhcgphrs prhehr tg ng tfliks tfhlr wmy) Gur nmtm

sfgws tfh hxmot gppgslth ploturh# ms sfgwi li tfh ihxt ofmrt) ^fh jgrh

hxphrlhiohn tfh nhvhcgphr# tfh flkfhr tfh usmkh ge nhvhcgphr tggcs# min li

mi mcjgst clihmr wmy) Hxphrlhiohn nhvhcgphrs mrh juof jgrh shrlgus mdgut

uinhrstminlik ushrs# rhnuolik juctlpcmtegrj ogsts# jgihtlslik ergj mns

min elxlik pgstcmuiof ormsfhs) Mi lithrhstlik hxohptlgi ls tfh ogislsthit

nhoclih li tfh ush ge Dmm_# ormsf rhpgrtlik min pusf igtlelomtlgis tggcs

mjgik nhvhcgphrs wltf =2! yhmrs ge hxphrlhioh# ms tfhsh vhthrmi nhvhcgphrs

gethi gpt egr lifgush sgcutlgis egr lithkrmtlgi wltf chkmoy nmtmdmshs gr

lithrimc liermstruoturh)

^fh ogjjgi ofmcchikh egr nhvhcgphrs ls tfh tggc nlsogvhry dgttchihoa)

^fhrh ls emr tgg juof iglsh li tfh nhvhcgphr tggcs spmoh) Nhvhcgphrs mrhgethi mt m cgss wfhi rhqulrhn tg shchot m tggc egr m pmrtloucmr `gd hltfhr


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>6

dhomush tfhy ngit aigw miy tggcs gr dhomush tfhy ng igt aigw fgw tg kg

mdgut shchotlik m tggc# l)h) wfmt mrh tfh rlkft quhstlgis tg msa) [flof ls wfy

hxphrlhiohn nhvhcgphrs wlcc fmvh m dhtthr vlsldlclty ge tfh tggcs jmraht#

aigwlik wflof tggcs mrh rlkft egr tfh `gd) Gur NhvhcgphrHogigjlos)ogj

pgrtmc trmoas 822! tggc vhingrs morgss 42! omthkgrlhs# min fhcps nhvhcgphrs

hxmotcy li aigwlik wfmt tggcs mrh mvmlcmdch egr tfh `gd)

[ltf gvhr 822 nhvhcgphr tggcs ogjpmilhs# dgtf lioujdhits min stmrtups# lt

wgucn dh imturmc tg tflia tfmt tfh nhvhcgphr tggcs spmoh ls ogikhsthn) \ht#

wltf nhvhcgphrs pusflik tfh dguinmrlhs ge mpps# sgjhgih ihhns tg mnnrhss

nhvhcgphr ihhns pgpplik morgss tfh sphotruj) Gih suof ihhn ls egr tggcs tg

fhcp nhvhcgphrs ogiihot wltf# min suppgrt# ushrs nurlik tfh mpp usmkh

pfmsh) Ms igths Khgrkh Amrmvlms# Eguinhr ge hnuomtlgi mpps stmrtup

Micgoa# Xshrs mrh igt sg wlcclik tg klvh ehhndmoa igwmnmys) Hvhi le tfhy

wmit tg ogitrlduth# tfhy hxphot tg shh tfhlr sukkhstlgi ljpchjhithn

ljjhnlmthcy# wflof ls ljpgssldch sg tfhyrh nhjgtlvmthn) _gcvlik tfh

oustgjhr suppgrt dgttchihoa egr mpp nhvhcgphrs ls mi mrhm wfhrh wh hxphottg shh sudstmitlmc tggcs liigvmtlgi)


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^mdch tltch0 Mpprgmofhs tg jgdlch nhvhcgpjhit uslik F^JC8

F^JC8 usmkh Nhsorlptlgi Nlstrldutlgi Dulct uslik &hxmjpchs,

Jgdlch whdslths

[hdslths tfmt mrh nhslkihn tg dh

rhinhrhn gi sjmcc sorhhis# lioc)rhspgislvh whdslths [hd [grnprhss

Jgdlch whd mpps[hdslths wltf geeclih stgrmkh minnhhphr drgwshr lithkrmtlgi

[hd DmoaDgih)`s# @]uhry Jgdlch

Fydrln mpps &uslik imtlvhwrmpphr,

F^JC ognh wrmpphn li m ofrgjhchss drgwshr# wltfli m imtlvh sfhcc)

Imtlvh mppstgrhRfgihKmp# Jmrjmcmnh#

MppJgdl# Lohiluj#^rlkkhr)lg

Mpps uslik imtlvh @mvm_orlptMRL

Rcmtegrjs hxpgslik sgetwmrh minfmrnwmrh shrvlohs tfrgukf m@mvm_orlpt MRL

Imtlvh mppstgrhDcmoaDhrry [hdwgras#Elrhegx G_# ^lzhi

F^JC8'@mvm_orlpt mppsogivhrthn tg imtlvh

^ggcs wflof tmah @mvm_orlpt minogivhrt lt tg m imtlvh mpp

Imtlvh mppstgrh Mppohchrmtgr &khihrlo,)Cunhl# H`hotm &kmjlik,

Mjlnst tfls amchlngsogph ge mpprgmofhs tg F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgpjhit wh

msahn0 wflof nhvhcgphr tggcs min mpprgmofhs mrh ushn jgst gethi7 Dmshn

gi gur rhohit survhy ge 5#222! jgdlch mpp nhvhcgphrs# wh eguin

tfmt tfh cmrkhst sfmrh &?6(, ge F^JC8 nhvhcgphrs nhvhcgp

jgdlch whdslths wltf migtfhr 4?( nhvhcgplik jgdlch mpps# l)h)

liogrpgrmtlik geeclih euiotlgimclty min nhhphr drgwshr

lithkrmtlgi) Fydrln mpps# suof ms tfgsh prgnuohn dy RfgihKmp

mooguit egr 4;( ge F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs) M jligrlty ge ;( ge

F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs ush pcmtegrjs hxpgslik imtlvh MRLs vlm

@mvm_orlpt# suof ms Elrhegx G_ min DcmoaDhrry =2) Cmst dut igt chmst# 8( ge

F^JC8 jgdlch nhvhcgphrs ush m @mvmsorlpttgimtlvh ogivhrthr tggc clah

Mppohchrmtgr)


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$[h ush F^JC8 m clttch dut lt nghsit klvhtfh flkf hin krmpflomc hxphrlhioh whwmit) [h ush gicy ush F^JC8 egr mppswltf cgw lithrmotlvlty)$

@hee Dmogi

Jgdlch NlrhotgrEuhc Linustrlhs

Li m euturh ]? 42=? rhpgrt wh cc dh cggalik li nhtmlc mt tfh F^JC8

mpprgmofhs tg jmraht# min wfmt mrh tfh rhvhiuhs# tggcs# min ofmcchikhs egr

hmof)


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84

OFMR^HT HCHUHI

Xinhrstminlik tfh ogjpchx jgsmlo

ge nhvhcgphr phrsgims

Egrwmrntflialik duslihsshs tgnmy rhmclsh tfmt nhvhcgphrs mrh tfhlr

liigvmtlgi hiklih# tfhlr jgst prgjlslik meelclmths# tfhlr hvmikhclsts gr tfhlr

emsthst krgwlik rhshcchrs) Duslihsshs mrh nlsogvhrlik tfmt nhvhcgphrs mrh

jgnhrinmy ofmiihcs tfmt fhcp tfhj rhmof ihw ogisujhrs# nlsogvhr ihw

ush omshs min prgphc tfhlr krgwtf)

^fh jlcclgis ge ngccmrs li nhvhcgphr jmrahtlik heegrts shrvh gih purpgsh0 tg

phrsumnh nhvhcgphrs tg ush m spholelo pcmtegrj# ihtwgra# tggc gr MRL sht) \ht#li 42=?# jgdlch nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi ls dhogjlik hxtrhjhcy somroh# min

ngjlimthn dy tfh tfrhh chmnhrs ge nhvhcgphr jmrahtlik0 Mppch# Kggkch min

Emohdgga) Ogjphtltlgi egr nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi ls lithisleylik jgitf dy

jgitf# wltf pcmyhrs dgjdmrnlik nhvhcgphrs wltf prgjgtlgis# grkmilslik

nhvhcgphr hvhits min prhmoflik tfh mnvmitmkhs ge tfhlr MRLs gr tggcshts)

^fh somrolty ge nhvhcgphr mtthitlgi fms tg ng igt `ust wltf sahptlolsj tg

jmrahtlik) Chmrilik m ihw pcmtegrj tmahs jgitfs) Chmrilik m ihw _NA omi

tmah whhas) Chmrilik m ihw MRL omi tmah nmys) Lts m shrlgus livhstjhit ge

rhsgurohs) Ms m rhsuct# nhvhcgphrs tmah tfh nholslgi tg livhst li m pcmtegrj#tggc gr MRL shrlguscy)

Jgst duslihss mrh rhsgrtlik tg trmnltlgimc# thxtdgga jmrahtlik thofilquhs

tg shkjhit nhvhcgphrs dy thofigcgky &whd# @mvm# [lingws# Minrgln#

Mppch,# `gd euiotlgi &ognhrs# nhslkihrs# mroflthots# thmj chmns# L^ jmimkhrs#

OxGs,# dy ogjpmiy slzh# mpp omthkgry &kmjhs vs hithrprlsh nhvhcgphrs,# dy

munlhioh &D4O vs D4D, gr dy nhjgkrmpflos &mkh# liogjh# hnuomtlgi gr

cgomtlgi,)

\ht mcc tfhsh shkjhitmtlgi jgnhcs mrh dguin tg emlc# ms tfhy euinmjhitmccy

ihkchot tg mnnrhss fgw nhvhcgphrs jmah livhstjhit nholslgis li m ihw

pcmtegrj# MRL gr _NA) Li gtfhr wgrns# lts igt mkh# `gd euiotlgi# munlhioh gr

thofigcgky dmoakrguin tfmt liecuhiohs fgw m nhvhcgphr ofggshs dhtwhhi

Mppch# Kggkch# [lingws Rfgih# DcmoaDhrry gr ^lzhi)

^g uinhrstmin tfh ogjpchx jgsmlo ge nhvhcgphr phrsgims wh shkjhit

nhvhcgphrs li thrjs ge tfhlr gutogjhs# gr wfmt nhvhcgphrs mrh trylik tg

moflhvh) ^fls ls dmshn gi tfh @gds tg Dh Ngih jhtfgngcgky# pgpucmrlzhn dy

Fmrvmrn Rrgehssgr Ocmy Ofrlsthishi min wflof ogistltuths tgnmys outtlik

hnkh li shkjhitmtlgi thofilquhs) [h fmvh dmoahn tfls jgnhc wltf

uiprhohnhithn stmtlstlomc rlkgr min fmrn nmtm# ergj tfh cmrkhsthvhr jgdlch

nhvhcgphr survhy ge 5#222! nhvhcgphrs)


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Dulcnlik gi gur hmrclhr Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos 42=4 rhshmrof wgra# wh

hxtrmothn fmrn nmtm gi tfgusmins ge nhvhcgphrs li thrjs ge tfhlr

msplrmtlgis# jgtlvmtlgis# ofmcchikhs min pcmis li mpp nhvhcgpjhit) [h

prgnuohn m uilquh jgnhc ge hlkft nhvhcgphr shkjhits tfh Fgddylsts# tfh

Hxpcgrhrs# tfh Fuithrs# tfh Kuis egr Flrh# tfh Rrgnuot Hxthinhrs# tfh

Nlkltmc Ogithit Rudclsfhrs# tfh Kgcn _hhahrs min tfh hithrprlsh L^

nhvhcgphrs)Z

Fgw ng tfhsh hlkft shkjhits min tfrhh ocusthrs ogitrlduth tg tfh mpp

hogigjy7 Jgrh ljpgrtmitcy# wfhi ng tfhsh shkjhits lithrmot wltf

pcmtegrjs7

[h elin tfmt Hxpcgrhrs min Fgddylsts# tfgsh shhalik tg chmri# fmvh eui min

shceljprgvh# jmah up ??( ge tfh jgdlch nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi dut gicy

=?( ge tfh mpp hogigjy rhvhiuhs) ^fhsh shkjhits prhehr jgrh tfmi

mvhrmkh DcmoaDhrry =2# [lingws Rfgih ms m pcmtegrj# ms tfhsh mrh jgrh

gethi mssgolmthn wltf hxphrljhitmtlgi min chmrilik)

^fh Fuithrs min Kuis egr Flrh# tfgsh shhalik rhvhiuhs ergj tfh mpp

hogigjy# jmah up >4( ge tfh nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi min >6( ge tfh mpp

hogigjy rhvhiuhs) ^fhsh shkjhits prhehr jgrh tfmi mvhrmkh lG_ ms m


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pcmtegrj# nuh tg tfh ogislsthit rhvhiuhkhihrmtlik gppgrtuiltlhs ge tfh

pcmtegrj)

Rrgnuot Hxthinhrs# Hithrprlsh L^ nhvhcgphrs# Nlkltmc Ogithit Rudclsfhrs

min Kgcn _hhahrs# mljlik mt hxthinlik m duslihss# jmah up 4


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Gur Nhvhcgphr _hkjhitmtlgi ]? 42=? rhpgrt nrlccs nhhp litg hmof ge tfhshnhvhcgphr shkjhits) [h jmp nhvhcgphrs li thrjs ge tfhlr kgmcs &wfmt

tfhy mrh trylik tg moflhvh,# tfhlr suoohss jhtrlos &fgw tfhy mrh trylik tg

moflhvh lt, min jgrh ljpgrtmitcy tfh phrsgimc jgtlvmtlgis dhflin tfhlr

ofglohs &tfh wfy,)

[h eurtfhr prgelch hmof shkjhit morgss 8 nljhislgis0 wfg min wfhrh tfhy

mrh# wflof jmrahts tfhy tmrkht# wfmt ofglohs tfhy jmah# fgw tfhy jmah

jgihy# wfmt pcmtegrjs tfhy shchot min wfmt ofmcchikhs tfhy emoh) ^fhsh

uilquh lislkfts litg nhvhcgphr shkjhits omi prgvlnh m strgik ogjphtltlvh

mnvmitmkh egr grkmilsmtlgis egr wflof nhvhcgphr gutrhmof ls m ahy hchjhitge tfhlr strmthky)

^fh Nhvhcgphr _hkjhitmtlgi rhpgrt wlcc dh sggi mvmlcmdch gi gur whdslth)

Ofhoa dmoa-


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OFMR^HT [HCUH

_lzlik tfh mpp hogigjy

Li tfh pmst ehw yhmrs tfh jgdlch linustry fms hxphrlhiohn m pgwhreuc

upfhmvmc spmrahn dy tfh cmuiof ge tfh elrst lRfgih min tfh orhmtlgi ge tfh

elrst# truh mpp hogsysthj) ^fls hvhit drgukft mdgut m krmnumc rhstruoturlik

ge tfh jgdlch vmcuh ofmli min m sthmny sflet li vmcuh ergj tfh trmnltlgimc

plccmrs ge tfh jgdlch hogigjy# thcog shrvlohs min jgdlch fminshts litg mpp

hogsysthjs) ^fls hjhrklik ogjpgihit ge tfh vmcuh ofmli ls wfmt wh omcc tfh

jgdlch mpp hogigjy min lt rhprhshits tfh emsthst krgwlik mrhm li tfh

jgdlch vmcuh ofmli tgnmy min wlcc ogitliuh tg ng sg li tfh egrhshhmdch

euturh)

^fh vmcuh jlkrmtlgi ls prgeguin ms omi dh shhi li tfh egccgwlik krmpf) Li

42=4# tfh kcgdmc mpp hogigjy mooguithn egr =6( ge tfh ogjdlihn mpp

shrvlohs % fminsht jmraht) [h hstljmth tfmt dy 42=5 tfh ogitrldutlgi ge tfh

mpp hogigjy wlcc rlsh tg ??( ge tfh ogjdlihn jmraht# hqulvmchit tg fmce ge

tfh fminsht jmraht)

[flch shvhrmc sgurohs fmvh hstljmthn rhvhiuhs khihrmthn vlm mppstgrhs

min mnvhrtlslik# tfhsh hstljmths mrh jlsslik tfh cmrkhst pmrt ge tfh mpp

hogigjy) ^fh ogitrldutlgi ge mpp stgrh smchs tg tfh tgtmc slzh ge tfh mpphogigjy ls chss tfmi 42(# wflch tfh ogjdlihn mpp stgrh smchs min


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mnvhrtlslik jmraht mooguits egr `ust gvhr m qumrthr ge rhvhiuhs khihrmthn

vlm mpps)

UlslgiJgdlch fms nhvhcgphn m jgnhc egr slzlik tfh nlrhot mpp hogigjy# tfmt

ushs tfh cmrkhsomch# elihkrmlihn nmtmsht gdtmlihn vlm Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlossurvhys) fls jgnhc liogrpgrmths igt ust rhvhiuhs khihrmthn nlrhotcy

tfrgukf mpps dut hogigjlo motlvlty khihrmthn vlm ogjjlsslgihn mpp

nhvhcgpjhit# jgdlch mpp hogjjhroh ms mi mpp jgihtlsmtlgi jgnhc &l)h)

igt liocunlik hogjjhroh ms ogrh duslihss,# UO euinlik# shrvlohs egr mpp

nhvhcgphrs min shvhrmc gtfhr liogjh sgurohs nlrhotcy rhcmthn tg jgdlch

mpps)

^fh kcgdmc mpp hogigjy wms wgrtf . 8?Di li 42=4# min hxphothn tg rlsh tg

. 56Di li 42=?) Lt ls krgwlik mt m 46( OMKT dhtwhhi 42=4 min 42=5#

rhmoflik .=>? Di li 42=5) ^fh duca ge tfls krgwtf wlcc ogjh ergj MRMOmin CmtMj# tfh emsthst krgwlik jmrahts li thrjs ge sjmrtpfgih

phihtrmtlgi)

[h hstljmth tfh kcgdmc jgdlch nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi li 42=? wlcc rhmof4)?J linlvlnumcs wltf hmof grkmilsmtlgi tfmt ls nlrhotcy livgcvhn li tfh mpp

hogigjy hjpcgylik >)8 nhvhcgphrs gi mvhrmkh# mctfgukf tfls elkurh vmrlhs

slkilelomitcy dy rhklgi) ^fh jgdlch shkjhit ogrrhspgins tg =4)5( ge tfh

kcgdmc nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi) Li gtfhr wgrns# = li 6 sgetwmrh nhvhcgphrs ls

livgcvhn li jgdlch nhvhcgpjhit li 42=?)

UlslgiJgdlchs Mpp Hogigjy Egrhomst 42=? 42=8 jgnhc ogjdlihs rhsucts

ergj gur ]? 42=? Nhvhcgphr Hogigjlos survhy min m cmrkh sht ge linustry

elkurhs min linlomtgrs tg nhclvhr dgtf dgttgjup min tgpngwi mpprgmofhs

li slzlik tfh mpp hogigjy) ^fh UlslgiJgdlch Mpp Hogigjy Egrhomst 42=?


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42=8 rhpgrt prgvlnhs m uilquh sht ge nmtm pglits gi tfh ourrhit stmth min

krgwtf ge tfh mpp hogigjy liocunlik0

Egrhomsts &42=? 42=5, egr rhvhiuhs morgss rhklgis &Igrtf Mjhrlom#Hurgph# MslmRmolelo# Cmtli Mjhrlom# Jlnnch Hmst % Merlom,

Egrhomsts &42=? 42=5, egr rhvhiuhs morgss pcmtegrjs &Minrgln#lG_# F^JC8# [lingws Rfgih,

Egrhomsts &42=? 42=5, egr rhvhiuhs morgss rhvhiuh sgurohs &Mppstgrhs# Limpp mnvhrtlslik# jgdlch hOgjjhroh# gutsgurohn

nhvhcgpjhit# gtfhr,

Egrhomsts &42=? 42=5, egr tfh Jgdlch Nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgikcgdmccy

Jgdlch nhvhcgphr pgpucmtlgi dy rhklgi# pcmtegrj min rhvhiuhsguroh egr 42=?

^fh rhpgrt wlcc sggi dh mvmlcmdch gi gur whdslth)


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nlstlcclik jmraht iglsh litg jmraht shish

VisionMobile Developer Economics Q3 2013

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Transcript of VisionMobile Developer Economics Q3 2013