vishwakarma yojana 2013

VISHWAKARMA YOJNA

A Project Report

Submitted by

UDAY TEJANI (100070109030)

In fulfillment of the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidhyanagar

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

December-2013

BVM Engineering College

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Vishwakarma Yojana: Progress Report-I

Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat

Pag

e2

CERTIFICATE

Date:11/12/2013

This is to certificate that the dissertation entitled “VISHWAKARMA YOJNA ON

VILLAGE NAPAD VANTO” has been carried out by UDAY TEJANI

(100070109030), under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Engineering (7th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,

Ahmedabad during academic year 2013-2014

Guides:

Prof. G.K.SHARMA DR. B.R.PAREKH

Head of

Electrical Engineering Dpt.

BVM Engineering Collage



Pag

e3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly indented to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad for providing

us such opportunity to work under Vishwakarma Yojna to get real work experience and

applying our technical knowledge in the development of Villages.

We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Akshai Agrawal, Hon’ble Vice

Chancellor, Gujarat Technological University-Ahmedabad, for his encouragement and

support during project work.

We express our sincere thanks to all the members of Department of Technical

Education for appreciating and acknowledging our work. Especially thanks to

Registrar, Gujarat Technological University and team of Gujarat Technological

University for their unconditional support during the project work.

We express our sincere thanks to DDO, TDO, Sarpanch and staff members of NAPAD

VANTO village for providing us with requisite data whenever we approached them.

Especially our thanks are to all villagers and stake holders for their support during

Survey.

An act of gratitude is expressed to our guide Prof.G.K.SHARMA, Nodal Officer, BVM

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KHEDA for their invaluable guidance, constant inspiration

and his actively involvement in my dissertation work. We therefore, take this

opportunity for expressing our deep gratitude and sincere thanks to them without

whose help and cooperation, it might not been possible for us to produce this project

work in the present form..



Pag

e4

ABSTRACT:

Today world is growing rapidly and the living standards of society are improving

due to development in each and every field. Due to evolution of new technologies

world has become small. Anand is among the most developed city of Gujarat .

Napad vanto is one of village of Anand district. It is essential that development

must be indicated at village level for growth of the state and nation.

The preliminary survey was carried out and data has been collected to assure

the problem of the village. It is observed that the village is facing the problem and

basic amenities like children's play ground , hospital , general market for agricultural

product along with lake of important facility like solid waste disposal and drainage

facility.

The efforts are made to suggest the remedies to tackle the problem and house

hold solution at preliminary level. It is also intended to carry out detailed survey for the

betterment of the village at large scale.



Pag

e5

INDEX:

CHAPTER NO. DISCRIPTION

PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 General 7

1.2 Need of study 8

1.3 Study area 8

1.4 Objective of study 10

1.5 Scope of study 10

1.6 Methodology 11

1.7 Chapterization 13

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 Various definitions 14

2.2 Government norms 15

2.3 Approach 16

3. SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNINING 22

3.1 Introduction 22

3.2 Component required for solar street

light

22

3.3 Types of Solar street light 23

3.4 Table shown dimensions of road 23

3.5 final required no. of solar street light 26

4. ESTIMATION AND COASTING 27

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 Type 1 S.S.L. Costing 27

4.3 Type 2 S.S.L. Costing 28

4.4 Total Estimated cost of S.S.L. 28

4.5 Design Life 28



Pag

e6

4.6 Installation Cost 29

4.7 Maintenance 30

5. AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL 31

5.1 Introduction 31

5.2 Basic Concepts & Overviews 32

5.3 Components Used 33

5.4 Explanation of Components 34

5.5 Working 36

5.6 Advantages 37

6 SOLAR CROP DRYER 39

6.1 Introduction 39

6.2 Solar wall for agricultural application 45



Pag

e7

LIST OF FIGURES:

FIG NO. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

1.1 Village map 8

1.2 Methodology 11

2.1 Rural development component and

objective

15

4.1 Light bill of Sarpanchoffice 27

5.1 Street light condition 31

5.2 Circuit diagram 33

5.3 IC 555 Diagram 35

6.1 Solar crop dryer 39

6.2 Construction of solar crop dryer 41

6.3 Trogh dryer 42

6.4 Tunnel dryer 42

6.5 Belt dryer 43

6.6 Solar wall system 44

6.7 Agricultural application of solar dryer 45

6.8 Agricultural application of solar dryer 46

LIST OF TABLES:

TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES PAGE NO.

1.1 Norms of garden 9

2.1 Rural development program 16

3.1 Table shown data of road width & length 23

3.2 Table shown total no. of S.S.L. required 24



Pag

e8

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL :

Around 70% of the State's population is living in rural areas. People in

rural areas should have the same quality of life as is enjoyed by people living in

sub urban and urban areas. On account of poverty, unemployment, poor and

inadequate infrastructural facility has caused migration of the rural people to urban.

Hence, created slum in these region consequently social and economic tension

has resulted in urban areas. Hence, rural Development which is concerned with

economic growth and social justice, improvement in the living standard of the rural

people by providing adequate and quality social services and minimum basic

needs becomes essential.

The present strategy of rural development mainly focuses on provision of

basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative program of wage

and self-employment. For economic improvement of local people The above goals

will be achieved by various program being implemented creating partnership with

communities, non-governmental organizations, community based organizations,

institutions.

The Government's policy and program have laid emphasis on poverty,

generation of employment and income opportunities and provision of infrastructure

and basic facilities to meet the needs of rural poor.

As a measure to strengthen the grass root level democracy, the

Government is constantly endeavoring to empower Panchayat Raj Institutions in

terms of functions, powers and finance.



Pag

e9

1.2 NEED OF STUDY:

The basic need of rural development program is to alleviate poverty and

unemployment through

Creation of basic social and economic infrastructure

provision of training to rural unemployed youth

providing employment to marginal Farmers/Labourers

By this Vishwakarma yojna project government want technical solution of

the problem of villages at the engineering point of view. In this project the common

problem of village are solved by the engineering students.

1.3 STUDY AREA:

Figure1 General Information:



Pag

e10

Table number 1

Literacy Rate 75%

Sex Ratio 952 Females per 1000 Males

Population Density 653 persons per sq. Km

Population 14260 (As per 2011 Census)

District Headquarter Anand

Area 845 ha

Average Rainfall 500-1000 mm

Temperature 15 ° Centigrade (Minimum)

45 ° Centigrade (Maximum)

Geographical Location: 22*29’00.51’’ North (Latitude)

72*59’25.45’’ East (Longitude)

Current scenario :

The village Napad vanto is situated in Anand district. The population of

village is 14260 as per 2011. In village bus station is available but there is no

facility of railway station. The nearest railway station is 13 km far in anand. In

village there is availability of bituminous roads. There is also availability of Banking

systems and co-operative sectors like Doodhmandli, Seva Sahkari, co-operative

society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi, primary,

secondary to higher secondary without science field. There is no availability of

sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid waste management and general

public toilet facility. Gen. Market, is not available in village and they require General

Market immediately. Play garden is available but in not good condition. Community

hall infrastructure is in progress. There is also no availability of non-conventional

sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the important village of

this taluka as per population, so it requires development as soon as possible.

There is availability of 2 overhead tank with 100000 ltr capacity each. There is also

availability of Ro water system for drinking water. There is also availability of gram

panchayat with adequate facility



Pag

e11

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

Rural development aims at improving rural people’s livelihoods in an

equitable and sustainable manner, both socially and environmentally, through better

access to assets (natural, physical, human, technological and social capital), and

services, and control over productive capital (in its financial or economic and political

forms) that enable them to improve their livelihoods on a sustainable and equitable

basis.

Main objectives are,

To suggest the suitable technical solution of problem.

To suggest improvement of basic facility like solid waste management, drainage

facility etc. and amenities like garden , community hall etc.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY:

The study may lead to improvise the scope of region in various

front.

Improve living standard of rural people by helping them develop their skill and

subsequently by assisting them in implementing income generating activities in

close coordination and cooperation with national and international

organizations.

Improve the physical infrastructural facilities, social infrastructural facilities such

as public latrine blocks and garden

Develop the tourism business, sectors like doodhmandli, seva Sahkari, co-

operative society, etc. There is availability of education systems like anganwadi,

primary, secondary to higher secondary and also availability of vocational

courses. There is no availability of sewage systems, storm water drainage, solid

waste management and general public toilet facility. The Community Hall,



Pag

e12

Garden, Gen. Market, Play Ground are not available in village and they require

General Market immediately. There is also no availability of non-conventional

sources. The village is not so developed at now and it is the main village of this

taluka, so it requires development as soon as possible.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

The hierarchy for the study is shown as per the flow chart below:

Fig1.2 Methodology

Study Objective

Literature Review

Govt. &

Local

Offices

Data Collection

Subjective Data

Field Survey

Analysis of Data

Proposals

Findings

Local scale proposals Village level proposals

Proposals

Phase 2

Phase 1



Pag

e13

1.7 CHAPTERIZATION:

1. Introduction:-

2. Literature review:-

3.Study area profile:-

4.Data collection:-

5.Data analysis:-

6.Planning proposal:-

7.Conclusion and future scope of study:-



Pag

e14

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 VARIOUS DEFINITIONS:

URBAN AREA: An urban area is characterized by higher population density and in

comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities or towns, but the term

is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages.

For the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area is as follows:

1. All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town

area committee, etc.

2. All other places which satisfy the following criteria:

1. A minimum population of 5,000,

2. At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in non-

agricultural pursuits; and

3. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

RURAL AREA: Rural areas are also known as 'Countryside' or a 'village' in India. It

has a very low density of population. In rural area people practice agriculture for their

livelihood. Town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature.

The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines ‘rural’ as follows:

An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer,

Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board,

A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied

activities.



Pag

e15

It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of India’s population.

Rural India contributes a big chunk to India’s GDP by way of agriculture, self-

employment, services, construction etc.

RURBANISATION: Rurbanisation generally refers to the process of improving the

quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and less

populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centered on the exploitation of

land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. The need for rural

communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more

focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for

agricultural or resource based businesses. Education, entrepreneurship, physical

infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural

regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced

economic development strategies.

URBAN DEVOLOPMENT: Urban development (urban, city, and town planning) is a

technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land and design

of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the

orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research

and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy

recommendations, implementation and management.

2.2 GOVERNMENT NORMS:

In some cases, "town" is an alternate name for "city" or "village" (especially a

larger village). Sometimes, the word "town" is short for "township". In general,

today towns can be differentiated from townships, villages on the basis of their

economic character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their

living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public service rather



Pag

e16

than primary industry such as agriculture or related activities.

The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban

development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have further

complicated the definition of towns, creating communities urban in their

economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other characteristics of urban

localities.

It is apparent that the small and medium towns would have to play a critical role

in future urbanization policy of the State. In order to play this role, the towns

need to be economically viable units. The basic question here is not only of

economic regeneration, as in case of cities, but one of economic generation.

There has been a major shift in structural economy of rural areas which were

pushing rural people to the nearby urban centers. In the light of the above, role

of small and medium towns assume a critical position in equitable distribution

of the rural population. Throughout the state, these small and medium towns

have developed mainly as administrative centers. They were not equipped to

provide a strong economic role. With a view to reduce the migration of

population from rural areas to major urban areas; to generate employment by

creating resource generating ventures in the Small and Medium Towns of the

State and also to provide sufficient infrastructure facilities in these towns so

that their hinters land is served better Financing.

2.3 APPROACH:

EMPHASIZING ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-

The concept of sustainability in development planning emerged

preliminary as a result of global concern for environmental and

ecological protection and natural resources conversation, over



Pag

e17

exploitation of which has played havoc in highly urbanized and

industrialized regions generally, and urban and metropolitan nodes of

concentrated economic activities particularly both in developed and

developing countries.

In as developing country like India, there exist a vast differential level

both in respect of physical infrastructural and social-economic

development between the urban metropolitan and rural areas leading

to highly indicators of quality of life, infrastructure availability,

economic activities and employment opportunities as also income

levels.

Unlike the Urban area the concept of sustainability in the rural context

would therefore need to lay strong emphasis on economic

sustainability and development on sustain basis rather than on purely

environment connotation of sustainability as relevant to large urban

concentration. This is imperative in rural development planning, in

order to achieve not only diversification of rural economy but also

enable balanced and integrated regional development.

As above, rural areas and settlement development should not be

viewed just incidental to the program for urban industrial growth for

developing economy but as an essential program for providing

economic development and infrastructures inputs for diversifying

,traditionally farm based economy as a imperative for employment

generation and upgrading the overall quality of life



Pag

e18

COMPONENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT:-

components

Objective

Fig2.3 Rural development Component and objective



Pag

e19

NEED FOR HOLISTIC APPROCH:-

In view of close interdependence and complimentary of rural and

urban areas of production, distribution and consumption of goods and

services, intensity of which increases with relative proximity and

physical and function linkage , it is neither logic nor pragmatic to view

rural area development in isolation from their urban counterparts.

Planning for rural areas should essentially be viewed as Planning for

economic development through diversification of the resources base

external input wherever necessary and providing physical, social and

economic infrastructure. This call for a strong regional planning

approach directed at integrating economic development at area

wherein both rural and counterpart urban development flow from an

overall All-Wide development framework and policies

This emphasizes the need to establish a comprehensive process

framework for area planning taking district as a universally

recognized. A real unit wherein development plans and program

could be effectively operationalzed.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA:-

Tabel 2 RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Plan Period Programmers Year of

Introduction

I FYP. Community development Programmers, national

extension services

1952

1953

II FYP. Khadi and village industries Programmed, Co-

operative movement.

1957

1958



Pag

e20

Intensive Agricultural district Programmers 1960

III FYP. Intensive agricultural areas Programmers, High

yielding variety Programmed.

1962

1966

Annual Plan,

1966

Farmer’s tanning and education Programmed 1966

Annual Plan,

1967

Rural Works Programmers 1967

Annual Plan,

1969

Rural Man Power Programmers 1969

IV FYP. Drought prone Areas Programmed,

Crash Scheme For Rural Employment,

Small Farmers Development agency,

Tribal Area Development Programmed

Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programmed,

Minimum Needs Programmed,

Command Area Development Programmed

1969

1970

1971

1972

1972

1972

1974

V FYP. Hill Area Development Programmed,

Food for Work Programmed,

Desert Development Programmed

1975

1977

1977

VI FYP. Trains Rural Youth for Self Employment,

Integrated Rural Development Programmed,

National Rural Employment Programmed,

Prime Minister New Twenty Point Programmed,

Development of Woman and Children in Rural

Areas.

1979

1980

1980

1980

1983

VII FYP. Earlier Programmed have been continued with

increased outlays and sharper focus LAND

REFORMS

1985

Annual plan

1992

Jawaharlal Rojagar Yojna 1990



Pag

e21

VIII FYP. Indira Awash Yojna,

Million Wells Scheme,

Employment Assurance Scheme

1992

1992

1993

IX FYP. Basic Minimum Services Programmed 1997



Pag

e22

CHAPTER-3 SOLAR STREET LIGHT DESIGNING:

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

In village total 132 numbers of solar street light used.

Only 25 percentage of them in working condition and 75 persentage is in off

condition.

So that solve this problem we can using solar street light.

3.2 Component require for solar street light:

1) LED lamp

2) Solar plate

3) Battery

4) Pole and cables

3.3 We can use two types of solar street light:

1) Type 1 S.S.L(11W LED Light)

2) Type 2 S.S.L(20W LED Light)

3.4 Table shown dimensions of the road:

Sr

No Road

Length

Of

Road (M)

Type of road Width of road

(M)

1 A B arterial 450 Bitumine road 7.5

2 C D (arterial) 113 Bitumine road 5.7

3 E F (arterial) 173 Bitumine road 5



Pag

e23

4 G H (arterial) 485 Bitumine road

5.5

5 I J (subarterial) 160

C.C Road

5.5

6 K L (subarterial) 113 C.C Road 3

7 M N (subarterial) 115 C.C Road 4.5

8 O P (subarterial) 158 C.C Road 3

9 Q R (subarterial) 30 C.C Road

4

10 S T (subarterial) 94 C.C Road 4.5

11 U V (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 6.5

12 W X (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 4.5

13 Y Z (subarterial) 95 C.C Road 4.5

14 AA AB (subarterial) 94 C.C Road 4.5

15 AC AD (subarterial) 58 C.C Road 6

16 AE AF (subarterial) 58 C.C Road 6

17 A B (arterial) 20 C.C Road 5

18 C D (arterial) 60 C.C Road 4.4

19 E F (arterial) 90 C.C Road

5.2

20 G H (arterial) 42 C.C Road 3.7

21 I J (subarterial) 42 C.C Road 3.7

22 K L (subarterial) 25 C.C Road 10

23 M N (subarterial) 50 C.C Road

4



Pag

e24

Sr

No Road

Length Of

Road (M)

Activities

Near

Road

Width

of road

(M)

Remarks No of

SSL

1 A B

(arterial) 450

Dena

bank,houses,ta

mple

7.5 More light 22

2 C D

(arterial) 113

Refaral

hospital,houses 5.7 More light 5

3 E F

(arterial) 173 Houses,tample 5 More light 9

4 G H

(arterial) 485

Gujarati

primary

school,houses,t

emple

5.5 More light 24

5

I J

(subarteri

al)

160

police

station,mamlen

der aczucuti

mezestri,jan

seva

kandre,houses

5.5 normal light 8

6

K L

(subarteri

al)

113 Houses 3 normal light 6



Pag

e25

7

M N

(subarteri

al)

115 Houses,tample 4.5 normal light 5

8

O P

(subarteri

al)

158 Houses 3 normal light 8

9

Q R

(subarteri

al)

30

gram

panchayat,wate

r tank,houses

4 normal light 1

10

S T

(subarteri

al)

94 Houses 4.5 normal light 4

11

U V

(subarteri

al)

95 houses 6.5 normal light 5

12

W X

(subarteri

al)


13

Y Z

(subarteri

al)

95 houses,temple 4.5 normal light 5

14

AA AB

(subarteri

al)


15

AC AD

(subarteri

al)

58 houses 6 normal light 3

16

AE AF

(subarteri

al)


17 A B

(arterial) 20 houses 5 normal light 1

18 C D 60 houses 4.4 normal light 3



Pag

e26

(arterial)

19 E F

(arterial) 90 houses 5.2 normal light 4

20 G H

(arterial) 42 houses 3.7 normal light 2

21

I J

(subarteri

al)


22

K L

(subarteri

al)


23

M N

(subarteri

al)


TOTAL:-132

TYPE-1:- 86

TYPE-2:- 46



Pag

e27

CHAPTER 4 ESTIMATION AND COSTING:

4.1 INTRODUCTION:

Govt / private In government building 24 hours electricity is

available. But in village 75% area get full electricity

but in other area less than 12 hours electricity is

available.

Road/ street light Available in working condition.

Electricity in government

buildings/ school/ Hospitals.

Full electricity is available in government building like

panchayat building , school, sub station.

Fig 4.1. Light bill of sarpanch Gram panchayat.

4.2TYPE 1 S.S.L.:

Power and type of Lamp: 11W LED LIGHT

Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 23,625/-

Total number of SSL required = 86

Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL

= Rs.86 x 23,625

= Rs. 23,31,750/-



Pag

e28

4.3 TYPE 2 S.S.L.:

Power and type of Lamp: 20W LED LIGHT

Cost of one solar street light set at current price is Appx. Rs. 33,600/-

Total number of SSL required = 46

Total Cost = Number of LED street lights x Cost of one set of SSL

Total Cost = Rs.46 x 33,600

= Rs. 15,45,600/-

4.4 TOTAL ESTIMATED COST OF S.S.L. PROJECT:

Cost for Type-1 SSL + cost for Type-2 SSL

= Rs. 23,31,750+15,45,600

= Rs.38,77,350 /-

4.5 DESIGN LIFE:

25year

4.6 INSTALLATION COST:

Appx. Rs. 38,77,350 /-

4.7 MAINTENANCE:

- Solar plate to be replaced after 25 year.

- LED lamp to be replaced after 10 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000 .

- Battery to be replaced after 8-9 year & its cost appx. Rs.4000-6000 .

- Pole need to be painted every three year to prevent corrosion.

Sr.

No.

Name of

Company

Working temp.

range

Dimension

(L x W x H)

Apx.

Weight Capacity Life

1 Motoma -40 to 60 C 485x172x240mm 45kg 12V,150Ah 8 year

2 Matrix -20 to 55 C 350x166x179mm 21kg 12V,65Ah 5-7year



Pag

e29

Table.2.6

CONCLUSION:

As per problem observed in rural area preventive measures are

suggested. Implementation of improvement will reduce problem in area

and improve standard of living of village people. This can be resulted in

improving social and economic effect of rural area on economy of the

country and it may result in more efficient use of infrastructure. By caring

out the vishwakarma yojna project work, We came to know that if a

proper planning and guidance is provided youth can change the

complete scenario of village.

3 Leadhoo -30 to 50 C 485x172x241mm 45kg 12V,100Ah 9year



Pag

e30



Pag

e31

CHAPTER 5 AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL:

5.1 Introduction:

Figure 5.1 street light condition

• Sometime street light is remain on when the sun light is available due to many

energy loss.

• Sometime street light is remain off when the sun light is not available due to this

people do not get enough light.

• We require person for on-off the street light.

5.2 Basic Concept and overview:

This circuit uses popular timer I.C 555. It is connected as comparator with 6 pin

connected with positive rail, the output goes high(1) when the trigger pin2 is

lower than 1/3rd the level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes



Pag

e32

low(0) when it is above 1/3rd level. So small change in the voltage pin of pin -2

is enough to change the level of output (pin 3) from 1 to 0 and from 0 to 1.

The output has only two states high and low and cannot remain in any

intermediate state. Its is powered by a 9v battery for portable use.

The circuit is economical in power consumption. Pin 4,6 and 8 is connected to

the positive and pin 1 is grounded.

To detect the present of an object we have used LDR which is a special type of

resistance whose value depends upon the brightness of light which is falling on

it. It has a resistance of about 1M ohms when in total darkness; but a resistance

of only about 5 K ohms when illuminated. It responds to a large part of light

spectrum.

We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and a 50K variable

resistance connected in series.

We know that voltage is directly proportional to conductance, so more voltage

we get from this divider when LDR gets light and low voltage In darkness. This

divided voltage is given to Pin 2 of the I.C 555.

Variable resistance is so adjusted that it crosses potential of 1/3rd in britghtness

and falls below 1/3rd of the supply voltage in darkness. Sensitiveness can be

adjusted by this variable resistance.

As soon as LDR gets dark, the voltage of PIN 2 drops 1/3rd of the supply

voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED which is connected to the output gets

activated.



Pag

e33

Figure 5.2 circuit diagram

5.3 COMPONENTS USED:

1. 9V Battery with strip

2. Switch

3. LDR( Light Depending Resistance)

4. IC N.E 555 with base.

5. LED

6. Variable resistance of 50 kohms

7. PCB

8. IC 555



Pag

e34

5.4 Explanation of components

1. Battery: For 9v power supply we can use 6 pcs dry cell or 6F22 single piece

battery.

2. Switch: Any general purpose switch can be used as circuit breaker.

3. L.D.R : It is a special type of resistance whose value depends upon the

brightness of light which falls on it. It has a resistance of about 1 M ohm

when in total darkness, but a resistance of about 5K ohms when brightness

is applied. It responds to a large part of energy spectrum.

4. LED: A diode is a component that only allows electricity to flow one way. It

can be thought as a sort of one way street for electrons. Because of this

characteristic diode are used to transform of rectify Ac to Dc. Diode has two

connections: Anode and cathode. The cathode is the end on the schematic

with the point of the triangle pointing towards a line. In other words, the

triangle points towards that cathode. The anode of course is at the opposite

end. Current flows from the anode to the cathode. Light emitting diodes or

LEDS differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied, they emit

light. This light can be Red, Green, Yellow, Orange, Blue of infrared. LEDs

are used as indicator, transmitter etc. The Led never burns out like a regular

lamp. And requires many times less current./

5. Variable resistance: A resistance is one of the most common electronics

components. A resistance is a device that limits current. The current limiting

ability or resistance is measured in ohms. With variable resistors, you adjust

a resistance by adjusting a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper across the actual

resistance element. By changing the amount of resistance in between the

wiper connection and the connections to the resistor element, you can



Pag

e35

change the resistance. Resistors ar rated by their power handling capacity.

This is the amount of heat the resistance can take before it is destroyed.

6. PCB: With the help of a Printed Circuit Board, it is easy to assemble circuits

with neat and clean end products. PCB is made up of backlight with surface

pasted with copper track lay out. For each components leg, hole is made.

Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.

7. IC 555:

Figure 5.3 IC 555

PIN NAME PURPOSE

1 GND Ground, low level ( 0 V )

2 TRIG OUT rises and interval start, when this input

falls below ½ of ctrl voltage.



Pag

e36

5.5 Working :

When light falls on the LDR then its resistance decrease which

results in increase of the voltage at pin 2 of the IC 555

IC 555 has got comparator inbuilt,which compares between the input

voltage from pin2 and 1/3rd of the power supply voltage.

When input falls below 1/3rd then output is set high otherwise it is set

low.Since in brightness,input voltage rises so we obtain no positive

voltage at output of pin 3 to drive or LED,besides in poor light

condition we get output to energize.

3 OUT This output is given to approx. 1.7v below +Vcc

or GND.

4 RESET A timing interval may be reset by driving this

input to the ground. But the timing does not

begin again until RESET rises above appox.

0.7 V. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR

5 CTRL “control “ access to internal voltage driver( by

default 2/3Vcc

6 THR The internal ends when the voltage at THR is

greater than at CTRL.

7 DIS Open collector output may discharge a

capacitor between intervals .In phase with

output

8 Vcc POSitive supply voltage is usually between 3

and 15 volts.



Pag

e37

5.6 Advantages of automatic street light control

• Reduce the power loss.

• Quick operation.

• High performance.

• Reliability .

• Extra person not required.

• Circuit is very simple.

• Life of lamp is increase.



Pag

e38

CHAPTER 6 SOLAR CROP DRYER:

6.1Introduction

No matter what drying process is used, the basic principle is that water is drawn

from within the item to be dried, up to its surface and then removed from the

surface. How quickly this happens, and how much energy is required, depends

on three things:

1) The type of material being dried (how dense it is, how much moisture it

contains, etc.),

2) The volume, temperature and moisture content of the air passing over the

“wet” material, and

3) The initial and desired final moisture contents of the material.

Whether being used in conjunction with an existing system, or as the sole

source of heat, SolarWall solar panels can be easily configured to deliver

sufficient heat to correctly and efficiently complete the task at hand. Whether

batch type or continuous, solar air heating can be added to most existing dryer

system types



Pag

e39

Figure 6.1 solar crop dryer

1) How it works

i) Perforated metal cladding panels are affixed to a roof; in areas where snow

accumulation is a problem, the minimum slope should be 45° to allow the snow to

slide off. Equator facing slopes are the best, but other orientations are suitable, too.

Walls can also work well if the roof is not suitable.

ii) To get the most free heat possible from your solar roof panels, as much of the

roof should be covered as possible. Maximum efficiency and heat gains can be

realized by placing panels over every roof surface – even going around obstacles and

openings. If photovoltaics (PV) are being considered, the PV panels simply get placed

over the transpired solar collector panels.

iii) When SolarWall solar heating/solar drying panels are affixed to the roof (or wall),

a gap is left between the metal cladding and the roof surface. The metal panels are

heated by the sun’s rays shining on the dark metal cladding. Thanks to fans which

create negative pressure in the roof space/cavity, the heated air passes



Pag

e40

through the small perforations in the cladding and then travels to the nearest fan or

blower intake. The air flows in such as way as to help simplify balancing and ensures

that no solar heat is lost. Note: All driers have fans; SolarWall simply ties into that fan,

bringing air that has been warmed before it hits the burner.

2) How big a gap is needed between roof and cladding?

The ambient temperature and material being dried will dictate the heat gain needed

from the solar collector panels in any given application. How much the temperature

rises in the SolarWall panels depends on the volume of air per square foot (or meter)

moving through the panel. Individual needs can be worked out in advance by

SolarWall engineers so that the optimal amount of paneling is added, and the right

amount of space is left between the roof surface and the cladding. On average,

though, the gap is about 8” (20 cm).

3) Mounting the panels

It is best to mount the SolarWall panels on the roof, either with twin solar roofs or with

a single roof mount (depicted in the typical connection details).



Pag

e41

Figure 6.2 construction of solar crop dryer

4) When a commercial dryer or heater is also being used

On sunny days, the increase in air temperature ranges from 20ºC to 30ºC (36ºF to

54ºF); in some cases though, even more heat gain may be needed and a dryer is

needed with the SolarWall panels acting as pre-heaters. When SolarWall panels are

being used in conjunction with a dryer (new or existing), it’s essential that there be a

means of modulating the flame so that…

a) the burner can be turned down (or off) when the panels are producing enough

solar heat, or

b) the burner can be turned up to top up the solar heat when it’s cloudy or very cold

outside.

The SolarWall system works equally well with trough driers, tunnel driers, belt driers

and drum driers.

Trough Dryer: Is typically used for crops such as tea, nuts, and cocoa beans



Pag

e42

Figure 6.3 trough dryer

• Tunnel Dryer: Is most often used for drying products such as fruit and fish which

have a higher initial moisture content.

Figure 6.4 Tunnel dryer



Pag

e43

• Belt or Drum Dryer: Used for coffee, seeds, etc.

Figure 6.5 belt dryer

5) To recap

• Perforated, dark, metal cladding is placed on as much roof surface as possible.

Air is warmed by the sun, and is drawn in through the holes. This pre-heated air

is drawn into ducting and, if necessary, has its temperature boosted by a

supplementary burner, before being used for crop or process drying. Yes, it is as

simple as it sounds.



Pag

e44

6.2 Solar Wall for Agricultural Applications

Agricultural and agri-food operators consume tremendous quantities of energy

which represent a sizable proportion of their total input costs. Rising energy

prices has been putting downward pressure on agricultural incomes, which is

why solar energy represents a tremendous opportunity for the agricultural

sector. SolarWall systems can be used for both animal barns and

for agricultural crop drying.

Figure 6.6 solar wall system

Solar Wall systems have been used on hundreds of agricultural and animal

buildings for poultry ventilation, hog ventilation, and other forms of livestock

ventilation. Animal barns not only need to maintain a very warm indoor air

temperature (up to 85 F is common), but they also require continual ventilation

air. This typically produces enormous heating bills, especially considering that

many farms and nurseries use propane to heat the incoming air. (And

maintaining proper ventilation is crucial in the production process because

clean air is so essential to the health of the animals.)

http://solarwall.com/en/products/solarwall-process-drying.php



Pag

e45

The Solar Wall technology is easily integrated into conventional livestock

ventilation systems and pre-heats the incoming air by as much as 50°F (27°C)

in these applications. Solar Wall systems will accommodate up to 1.25 cfm per

square foot of barn floor. (Minimum ventilation)

In poultry ventilation, Solar Wall system can be designed to handle the

minimum ventilation requirements for the winter, spring and fall months, as well

as the first two weeks in summer for the brooding period. For poultry, the typical

indoor temperatures begin at around 90°F (32°C) for the brooding period and

are gradually decreased to around 70°F (22°C) as the chickens becomes

bigger. This means that chicken barns (as well as other forms of livestock) can

require heat for up to 10 months of the year. In these applications, Solar Wall

systems have been credited with decreasing the use of traditional fuel by up to

30%. This substantial – and ongoing - reduction in operating costs improves

profitability, and illustrates why this solar ventilation technology is widely used

in the chicken and hog communities.

As well, chicken producers have reported additional benefits of solar poultry

ventilation in terms of decreased bird mortality due to improved indoor air

quality. As well, cold drafts on chicken are eliminated because the metal Solar

Wal system provides an additional baffle that stops incoming cold wind.

Figure 6.7 solar wall system for agricultural purpose



Pag

e46

The SolarWall system is also helpful for eliminating humidity and for drying

nurseries after thorough cleanings.

figure 6.8 Operation of the Solar Wall® system during the heating season



Pag

e47



Pag

e48

vishwakarma yojana 2013

Documents

Transcript of vishwakarma yojana 2013