Viruses Viral Structure Growing (Cultivating) Prokaryote Types Eukaryote Types Obligate...

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Viruses Viral Structure Growing (Cultivating) Prokaryote Types Eukaryote Types Obligate Intracellular Parasites: • Require living host cell in order to replicate. • Genome of a single type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA; ss or ds) • They have no mechanism for NA replication and translation. • Must invade and take over host cell’s functions & resources. • Has a protein coat and other specialized structures for attachment to and transferring viral nucleic acid into to the host.

Transcript of Viruses Viral Structure Growing (Cultivating) Prokaryote Types Eukaryote Types Obligate...

Page 1: Viruses Viral Structure Growing (Cultivating) Prokaryote Types Eukaryote Types Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Require living host cell in order to replicate.

Viruses

Viral Structure

Growing (Cultivating)

Prokaryote Types

Eukaryote Types

Obligate Intracellular Parasites:• Require living host cell in order to replicate.

• Genome of a single type of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA; ss or ds)

• They have no mechanism for NA replication and translation.

• Must invade and take over host cell’s functions & resources.

• Has a protein coat and other specialized structures for attachment to and transferring viral nucleic acid into to the host.

Page 2: Viruses Viral Structure Growing (Cultivating) Prokaryote Types Eukaryote Types Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Require living host cell in order to replicate.

Scale?

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Naked Virus Structure

Polyhedral Helical

Protein coat (capsid) is made of capsomere proteins, who slight mutation may result in new strains of that virus. Capsid protects the nucleic acid genome within. Capsomere protein binds virus to specific sites on the host cell surface.

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T-Even Phage

Type of bacteriophage (virus of a bacterium). Tail fibers and pins attach virus to specific sites on the host cell surface.

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Enveloped Viruses

Only some eukaryotic virus types are enveloped. Envelope is plasma membrane from the host cell with viral proteins (e.g. spikes) added into the membrane prior to “budding” out from host cell.

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Growing (Cultivating) VirusesBacteriophage: grow on bacterial “lawns”; will form plaques (clearing zone; this week in lab).

Eukaryotic Viruses: grow in tissue culture; plaques form or infected (transformed) cells may look abnormal and clump.

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Eukaryotic viruses can

also be mass- grown in

embryonated chicken eggs.

* If you have an egg allergy, be careful of

vaccines for enveloped viruses that are

manufactured this way.

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Bacteriophage Lytic Life Cycle

Phage lysozyme is involved.

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• Viral DNA circularizes then replicates by the:

• “Rolling Circle Mechanism” – Nick single strand.– Extend at 3’-OH.– Displace parent strand.– Synthesize complement for

displaced strand to get dsDNA.

• Long concatemer gets cut into individual phage genomes. This cutting step is what also cuts up the bacterial chromosome.

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Release involves phage enzymes, endolysin and holin, to form holes in the host cell membrane and cell wall.

With many copies of phage genomes, phage genes are expressed to make (biosynthesize) large numbers of phage proteins that then assemble (mature) into new phage particles.

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Time Scale of Lytic CycleEclipse Period (= can’t see intact phage particles in cell)

Virulent phage only have a lytic life cycle.

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Lysogenic Life Cycle Temperate Phage have both lytic and lysogenic cycles.

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• Upon penetration of host, a temperate phage immediately expresses a repressor protein.

• Most often repressor is produced fast and blocks transcription of lytic genes.

• Integrase (viral enzyme) is expressed; facilitates integration at att sites (i.e. lysogeny begins).

• Repressor will also block transcription of other invading phage; bacterium with prophage is “protected”.

• Under host cell stress, repressor protein degrades; excisionase and other lytic cycle proteins become expressed.

Control of lytic versus lysogenic:

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Eukaryotic Viruses

Taxonomy characters:

• nucleic acid type;

• enveloped or naked;

• capsid shape;

• assembly site in host (nucleus or cytoplasm)

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Attachment and Penetration:1) Attachment phase is conceptually similar to phage.

2) Penetration can be very different from bacteriophage:- direct penetration by naked virus (like for bacteriophage)- fusion of enveloped virus with host membrane; capsid enters host cell.- endocytosis of enveloped virus; followed by fusion of viral envelope with

endosome membrane; capsid enters host cell.

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Enveloped virus fusing with endosome membrane for release of capsid.

NOTE: in both mechanisms the nucleic acid is “uncoated”, i.e. capsid disassembles.

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DNA virus Papovavirus

(warts)

Transcription & replication in nucleus; capsid assembly in nucleus!

Release by exocytosis

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RNA Virus TypesPolio; common cold

(RdRp)

In the cytoplasm.

In the cytoplasm; except influenza

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RNA viruses= respiratory enteric orphan viruses

In the cytoplasm.

In the cytoplasm.

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Retrovirus (+RNA)

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Infection Types and Outcomes• Acute versus Persistent Infections:

– Chronic (replicates at low levels & constant yet mild symptoms)– Latent (stops reproduction after initial infection; goes dormant until

induced to activate replication again)– Slow (vary slow replication and spread; years before symptoms)

• Cell damage and cytocidal effects (death):– Inhibit host macromolecule synthesis– Lysosome malfunction (host cell self digests)– Plasma membrane disruptions (nutrient transport and communication)– Direct viral protein toxicity– Protein aggregation (inclusion bodies)– Host cell changes to a malignant cell (cancer)

• Tumors form by neoplasia and anaplasa; may spread by metastasis.• Virus may carry oncogenes (genes for various cancer causing proteins).• Viral promotors may also insert and turn on expression of host oncogenes

or turn off expression of tumor suppression genes.