Virtuell Egendom & The Commons
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Transcript of Virtuell Egendom & The Commons
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Virtuell Egendom & The Commons
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Egendom
"Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that
life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place." (Frédéric
Bastiat (1801-1850), The Law)
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EgendomEgendom
PrivatPrivat
terra nulliusterra
nullius
AllmänAllmän
Borttappat &
övergiven
Borttappat &
övergiven
Knippe av rättigheter (bundle of rights)
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16 KAP. HURU ALLMÄNNINGAR NYTTJAS MÅ
1 § Lands allmänning må de nyttja, som inom länet bygga och bo, och härads eller sockne allmänning de, som i häradet eller socknen äro. Där må de, som ej hava sådant på egna ägor, njuta mulbete, timmer, ved, gärdsel, löv, näver, torv, bast och annat, som där finnes, till egen nödtorft, men ej något därav till annan upplåta eller sälja. Vill man där hugga timmer, ved, gärdsel och stör; give det först vid tinget tillkänna, och pröve där rätten huru mycket han tarvar, sedan söke han lov där till av Konungens befallningshavande, som i 14 kap. sagt är. Nyttjar någon allmänning annorledes; böte som i 10 kap. 1 § stadgat är.
Byggningabalk (1736:0123)
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TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS
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Rättigheter genom lagNaturliga rättigheter Locke
ÄGANDE, EN RÄTTIGHET?
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LOCKE
“...every man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his”
“Whatsoever then he removes out of the State of Nature hath provided, and left it in, he has mixed his Labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property”
Människan äger sin kropp - därför äger hon frukten av sitt arbete
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LAGOM… LOCKE
As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates, and can use the
product of, so much is his property. He by his labor does, as it were, enclose it
from the common.
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IMMATERIALRÄTT
Easterbrook (1990) IP is ‘‘no less the fruit of one’s labor than is physical property.’’
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TVÅ FRÅGOR…
1. Är det samma typ av arbete?2. Vad blandas?
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1. DIFFERENT KIND OF LABOR
Becker (1977) points out that in Locke’s scheme, a property right is deserved as a just return for the laborer’s painful and strenuous work. Locke makes this point when he remarks that anyone who takes a laborer’s property desires ‘‘the benefit of another’s pains.’’
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2. MIXING WHAT?
Why isn’t mixing what I own a way of losing what I own rather than a way of gaining what I don’t? If I own a can of tomato juice and spill it into the sea… do I thereby come to own the sea or have I foolishly dissipated my tomato juice?” (Nozick 1974)
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INFORMATION COMMONS
A body of knowledge and information that is available to anyone to use without the need to ask
for or receive permission from another, providing any conditions placed on its use are respected.
Buchanan and Campbell (2005, p. 229)
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COMMONS
Tragedy (Hardin 1968)Överkonsumtion
Anti-Commons (Heller 1998) under-konsumtion eller underutnyttjande (för många med rätt att exkludera)
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PROBLEMET ÄR…?Rivalrous and excludable goods
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Mat, kläder, bildar Vatten, fiskerättigheter
satellit tv Luft, en utsikt
Excludable Non-excludable
Rivalrous
Non-rivalrous
En vara/tjänst är excludable när det är möjligt att förhindra de som inte betalar från att utnyttja varan/tjänsten.
En vara/tjänst är Rivalrous när någons användning förhindrar andras användning
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Att äga text• “Report says that you,
Fidentinus, recite my compositions in public as if they were your own. If you allow them to be called mine, I will send you my verses gratis; if you wish them to be called yours, pray buy them, that they may be mine no longer” Martialis (c:a 40-102) Epigrams (bk. I, ep. 29)
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WHEREAS PRINTERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND OTHER PERSONS, HAVE OF LATE FREQUENTLY TAKEN THE LIBERTY OF PRINTING, REPRINTING, AND PUBLISHING, OR CAUSING TO BE PRINTED, REPRINTED, AND PUBLISHED BOOKS, AND OTHER WRITINGS, WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE AUTHORS OR PROPRIETORS OF SUCH BOOKS AND WRITINGS, TO THEIR VERY GREAT DETRIMENT, AND TOO OFTEN TO THE RUIN OF THEM AND THEIR FAMILIES: FOR PREVENTING THEREFORE SUCH PRACTICES FOR THE FUTURE, AND FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEARNED MEN TO COMPOSE AND WRITE USEFUL BOOKS;
Statute of Anne 1710… Kulturens skapelsemyt…
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THE ARCHDEACON GAZED AT THE GIGANTIC EDIFICE FOR SOME TIME IN SILENCE, THEN EXTENDING HIS RIGHT HAND, WITH A SIGH, TOWARDS THE PRINTED BOOK WHICH LAY OPEN ON THE TABLE, AND HIS LEFT TOWARDS NOTRE-DAME, AND TURNING A SAD GLANCE FROM THE BOOK TO THE CHURCH,--"ALAS," HE SAID, "THIS WILL KILL THAT."
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)
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LAG OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT (1877)äganderätt till skrift: litterär äganderätt. Därmed menas rätt för en skrifts författare eller dennes rättsinnehafvare att, med andras uteslutande, låta genom tryck (äfven fotokemiskt) mångfaldiga sin skrift, ehvad den förut blifvit offentliggjord eller förefinnes endast i handskrift.
21
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Upphovsrätten bygger på en utilitaristisk balans…
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Det upphovsrättsliga systemet
Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk
UPPHOVSRÄTTEN
Ekonomisk rätt Ideell rätt
Exemplarframställning Tillgängliggörande
Spridningsrätt
Visningsrätt
Framföranderätt
Rätt tillnamnangivelse
Skydd för kränkandeändring
Skydd för kränkandeanvändning
Överföring till allmänheten
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Vad skyddas?
• Teater• Musik• Film• Databaser• Konstverk
• Byggnader• Brukskonst• Kartor• Fotografiska verk• Litteratur
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Skyddar formen men inte innehållet i ett verk
Formen måste uppnå ”verkshöjd” för att skyddas av upphovsrättslagen
Upphovsrätt kräver inga formaliteter
UTMÄRKANDE
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SKYDDSTID
70 år post mortem (dödsår + 71)Anonyma verk - 70 är efter publikationFotografier –
foto bilder: 50 år foto verk: 70 år
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ÄNTLIGEN OSCAR!
“entirely from his own mental conception, to which he gave visible form” ”useful, new, harmonious, characteristic, and graceful picture.”
Oscar Wilde nr 18 av Napoleon Sarony
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Minnets utveckling över5000 år…
Lagrings & kopieringskostnader går mot 0
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I havent written on here for a while but I've taken the time to write this as I think music piracy is having a dangerous effect on British music… You don't start out in music with the Ferraris. Instead you get a huge debt from your record company, which you spend years working your arse off to repay… I don't think what's out there is perfect. It's stupid that kids can't buy anything on the internet without credit, forcing them to steal Mum's credit card or download illegally. It's this kind of thing that the record company bosses, artists, broadband providers and government should be sitting down and discussing.
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ÖVERVAKNING & KONTROLL
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DIGITALISERING
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TRE OTROLIGT DÅLIGA IDÉER… …SOM FUNKADE!
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STALLMAN BEVISADE EMPIRISKT ATT EKONOMISK ERSÄTTNING INTE VAR EN FÖRUTSÄTTNING FÖR SKAPANDE…
Undantag?
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WALES BEVISADE ATT STALLMANS IDÉER KUNDE SKALAS UPP OCH SLÄPPA IN FLERA ICKE-SPECIALIST GRUPPERMen fortfarande klänger vi oss fast vid kulturens skapelsemyt
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LESSIG VILLE HJÄLPA SKAPARE ATT DELA MED SIG AV SITT MATERIAL UTAN ATT FÖRLORA KONTROLLENInget nytt men helt annorlunda!
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Creative Commons
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Licenssystem
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Alternativ
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ANVÄNDNING
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Flickr 28/01
• Bilder 38 487 456– 35 219 bilder (8 dagar
sedan)– Ca 26000 - 36000 per
dag
• 256 628 winter• 8 958 Gothenburg • 192 Gothenburg
winter
Frost tram tracks by Eva the Weaver cc by nc sa
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Foto: klang & Eva the Weaver
Blå staden
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2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
CC grundad!
1 mil. licenser
4.7 mil. CC licens verk!
20 mil.
HISTORIK
90 mill!
50 mill! 130 mill!
2007
2006 2008
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PATENTUppfinningNyhetIndustriell
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MOORE V. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
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VARUMÄRKERykte
KonsumentskyddInvesteringsskydd
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TACK!