Virtual Tour into Deep Space

All Rights Reserved to Benjamin Gal-Or, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2007, 2008

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The Worldwide Acclaimed

Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy

Benjamin Gal-Or, Vol. 4, Scribd, July 2008

Free, Core Curriculum Course (CCC), 207 pages

What Did van Gogh Imagine When He Painted This Picture?Apparently he did not think that the field of gravitation has generated all.

Yet, his painting convey the ‘reality’ that all living and non-living systems are embedded in a 'field of brush strokes’, which, by themselves, in their very shape, direction and rhythm,

convey the presence of flux, structure, cosmos and universal field of force, which penetrates all things

and is at one with land, life, sky and the stars.

The telescope at one end of his beat,And at the other end the microscope,

Two instruments of equal hope …Robert Frost

If you can look into the seeds of time,And say which grain will grow and which will not,

Speak then to me …William Shakespeare


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Evokes a person heart! Has generated a large number of responses from around the world, some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-

Orians”. Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country should recommend this book with all their intellectual

power. Chinese Academy of Sciences

A Master Piece. Any good library must have a copy of thisClassical work. The well-known author bases his philosophyon a very sound knowledge of present-day scientific theories.

Indian Journal of Physics

This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read.Outstanding Books List

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, Nature, Philosophy of

This is a great book, and an exciting book; readable,worth reading and enlightening. Sir Karl Popper

We are all Gal-Orians. Foundations of Physics (Editor)

Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work !Sir A. Cottrell, Cambridge University Chancellor

Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds. Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.

Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.New Scientist

Gal-Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind, a

longing for the run-away horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.” M. Wickman, Order Amidst Chaos:

Enlightenment Aesthetics after Post-Modernity

I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophyand classical humanism than that of Gal-Or’s book. Hah-Arretz Daily

The works of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-Winner) Prigogine provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not

really tell us how irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-Or is superior). Gal-Or assigns priority

instead to general relativity and to gravity which drives the emergence of chemistry, life, and intelligence. Philosophy of Science,

Foundations of Social Progress

<----- <----- CONTINUES ON PAGE 29 -----> ----->


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One must always look beyond earth5.3, the solar system5.1; 5.3, our galaxy5.4 and our local group of galaxies5.5, while comprehending about the dark-cold,expanding-‘voids’-Space-14.4 that wraps all superclusters of galaxies4.13

(Diagram below) and assessing its everlasting control on everyday life, and its origin (p.20; p.89).

The “Kingdom of Darkness” [‘voids’ in Figs. 1.1 & 1.2, p.4] illuminates some dark corners of science, and is more important, and interesting, as demonstrated by this book, than all the shining sources combined.

Our universe contains billions of gravity-structured galaxies (e.g., upper picture), each (e.g., right), containing billions of gravity-structured stars. Only Space-1 expands(Diagram & Figs. 1.1; 1.2, p.4). Without its expansion no process in the cosmos, including life, is possible (p.9-13, 89). Gravity and Space-1-Expansion generate all chemistry4.1, plant and animal behavior (Chapter 6), black holes4.3, time, biological time, brain-mind perceptions (p.12), orientation, written languages, socio-biological concepts [Chapters 5 & 6], gravity-natural-selection and key concepts in the ‘exact & life sciences’ and the ‘humanities’ (Chapters 1 to 8).

DIAGRAM: Space-1-Expansion is the UNSATURABLE SINK for all energy pouring into it from all shining sources (p.4). It is composed of adiabatic envelopes4.15 (a), (b), (c) that wrap all clusters and superclusters of galaxies4.13; 5.5

[Fig. 1.2 below]. Gravity and Space-1-Expansion generate all structures4.12, chemistry4.1;4.2, time-asymmetries3.4, written languages and brain-mind perceptions (Parts A to D). This worldwide acclaimed

Space 1

Non-expanding Space 3 wraps our galaxy 3

Space 2wrapsclusters


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outlook (p.2) opens new intellectual horizons by crossing frozen disciplines and re-assessing afresh key concepts in the ‘exact & life sciences’ and the ‘humanities’.

Fig. 1.1: Space-1 Genesis. Expansion of the previously opaque universe (Chapter 1, p.40) forms the shown expanding, cold ‘voids’ [SPACE-1, (Blue)] and hotter matter emitters of radiation in Spaces 3 & 2 (p.3). Space-1 was formed below 3000K (starting at around 300,000 years post Genesis). Photons, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos3.2 then escaped from the newly-formed aggregations of nuclei, and were irreversibly absorbed in the newly-formed, unsaturable sink: SPACE-1 [Fig. 1.2 below]. About 2 billion years post Genesis, these gravity-induced, proto-massive-entities, were already condensed and heated for nuclear fusion4.2 to start. This NASA picture shows that, on a large scale, the early universe was isotropic and homogeneous in terms of distribution of cold ‘voids’, hot matter-structures-emitters and their maximum temperatures4.1. There had been no net energy flow across adiabatic envelopes 4.15 in Space-1. [Cf. Fig. 1.2 below]

Fig. 1.2: The largest portrait of the universe [NASA]. The ‘voids’ that compose Space-1 (dark-cold spaces observed in between shining filaments or clouds of superclusters), have increased in size (Cf. Fig. 1.1) These ‘voids’ are interconnected in Space-1.Uniform maximum temperatures, isotropic & homogenous distribution of ‘voids’ & galaxies are preserved (CF. Fig. 1.1). No net flow of energy from one adiabatic ‘envelope’ 4.15 to another exists. These ‘envelopes’ wrap all superclusters. Studying one is similar to the difficult study of the whole universe. As a student, in 1958, I discovered the origin of irreversibility & time-asymmetries3.4 by examining just one such envelope (Appendix IV, p. 163). Above 1028K, at black-hole’s4.3 gravitational-energy


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density, all fields-forces-interactions in nature3.1-3.3 are unified with ‘gravitation’3.3 --the sole origin of all structures since Genesis. [p.6; Table I & Assertion 1.1, p. 47]

SYNOPSIS I________________________________________

More than ever before the recent discoveries in astronomy and space research have forced us to re-assess many of our fundamental concepts in most branches of science and philosophy. Nevertheless, the Einsteinian relativistic gravity3.3 and quantum physics3.2 remain two different physico-philosophical world outlooks that are in constant conflict with each other3.5.

The fundamental dispute splits physics into at least two unbridgeable systems of thought, each involving far-reaching implications in general science, philosophy and education.

The disputed differences are between Einsteinian gravity physics3.3, 3.5

and quantum physics3.2; 3.5. These may be referred to as Type I Disputes.

Type II disputes is mainly amongst proponents of string theories4.6 to

4.11, the ‘cosmological constant’2.1 to 2.5; 4.5; 4.16, ‘dark matter’2.1 to 2.5; 4.17,

Faust: 'Tis writ: 'in the beginning was the Word!'I pause, to wonder what is here inferred?

The Word I cannot set supremely high,A new translation I will try.

I read, if by the spirit I am taught,This sense: 'In the beginning was the Thought'.

This opening I need to weigh again,Or sense may suffer from a hasty pen.

Does Thought create, and work, and rule the hour?'Twere best: 'In the beginning was the Power!'

Yet, while the pen is urged with willing fingers,A sense of doubt and hesitancy lingers.The spirit come to guide me in my need,I write, 'In the beginning was the Deed!'

Johann Wolfgang von GoetheFaust I. Transl. Philip Wayne (Penguin Classics, London)


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‘pre-creation physics’, ‘pre-creation universes’ and the origin of irreversibility and time asymmetries in nature3.4; 3.5.

The Central Theme

The Central Theme of both this course and world outlook include two Branches: In the ‘Exact & Life Sciences’ & in the ‘Humanities’.

The ‘Exact & Life Sciences’ Branch focuses first on failures to unify the fundamental forces-fields-interactions in nature3.1-3.5, while claiming that the key reasons for these failures are:

(i) Attempts to unify fields-forces-interactions by false mixing of symmetric with asymmetric mathematics [Assertion S.1], instead of first unifying time asymmetries around verified general relativistic cosmology and Space-1-Expansion.3.4, 3.5, 4.15

(ii) Above 1028K, at black-hole’s4.3 gravitational-energy density, all fields-forces-interactions in nature3.1-3.3 are united within gravitation3.3 --the sole origin of all structures. [Table I, Chapter 1, p. 40; Assertion 1.1, p.47, Chapters 3 to 8; Footnotes 3.4, 3.5, 4.15, 4.6-4.12 and Volume I]

Assertion S.1

At gravitational-energy density of a massive black-hole4.3, but as a massive ‘white hole’, and above 1028K, all fields-forces-interactionsin nature3.1-3.3 are unified in what has evolved to be recognized by us 13.7 billion years later as general relativistic gravitation3.3 -- the sole origin of all time asymmetries3.4 and structures; the starting theory of any attempt to unify physics. [Table I, Chapter 1, p. 40; Assertion 1.1, p.47, Chapters

3 to 8; Footnotes 3.4, 3.5, 4.15, 4.6-4.12 and Volume I]

Irrespective of any mathematical funambulism performed in a proof, or a theory, symmetry is always conserved in the equations.

If one starts with symmetric equations, the result can never be asymmetric. Space and time in fundamental physics are

symmetric3.4. So are the laws of fundamental physics, except the 2nd

Law of thermodynamics. Similarly, asymmetry is conserved.Asymmetry can neither result from symmetry, nor vice versa.

(Yet, a Nobel Prize was awarded to I. Prigogine for presenting such a false ‘proof’ in violation of the laws of mathematics. Starting from Ritz wrongly attacking Einstein [1], all subsequent ‘Authorities’ have similarly failed3.4; 3.5; 4.6 'to 4.11. Endless publications in statistical & quantum

mechanics rely on false mathematical ‘proofs’ and wrong verbal, pre-mathematical definitions[Chapter 4] that fabricate ‘proven’ origins of time-asymmetry and irreversibility in nature.)

See also Assertion S.3


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Beyond the issue of unifying fundamental physics [Chapter 3], this branch deals with astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology [Chapter 4], gravity-induced orientation, balancing, socio-biology, biological clocks and some medical treatments. [Chapter 6; This Synopsis] as well as with the limitations of applied mathematics, mathematically-based definitions, statements, theories and computer ‘proofs’ [Chapter 8].

The ‘Humanities’Branch deals with the origins of linguistics [Chapter 6],

world history [Appendix V] and a new world outlook ranging from Abrahamic religions [Appendix VI] to a fresh look on faith [Chapter 10, p.119];

from the origin of literature to a fresh view on socio-biology [Chapters 6,

p.89 & 10]; from the origin of animal and human physiological structures to education. Nevertheless, this branch begins with gravity-induced physico-philosophical issues that are presented in the opening pages, this Synopsis and the Introduction (p.32). It then proceeds in Chapters 6[p.89] & 10 [p.119], Appendix V (p.168) and Appendix VI (p.181). Beyond these one may consult Volumes I & II. [Cf. Table of Contents, p.20]

Recent Discoveries

Recent astronomical discoveries combined with advances in gravitational socio-biology [Chapter 6, p.89 and Refs. 9, 50], have generated a revolution in our understanding of the most critical roles gravity has played from the early cosmos to the origin of life, language and brain-mind perception of the world and everyday life.

The new discoveries have triggered a fresh world outlook that illuminates some dark corners of science and causes us to re-assess almost everything that we have so far taken for granted, including the apparent conflict between Genesis via astrophysics, astronomy and modern physics, and Genesis via the Bible. [Chapter 1, p.40; Appendix VI, p.181]

In fact, the new discoveries in the remote external world, including those made in bio-satellites and the Hubble Space Telescope, have generated a revolution in our understanding of our external vis-à-vis internal world; a scientific revolution without parallel in the whole recorded history of mankind; a fresh look at nature, which opens up new horizons and generates new needs to reexamine all previous cosmological, biological, behavioral and philosophical convictions. [Assertions S.2 and S.3]


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Assertion S.2

Expanding Space-1 [Diagram, p.3] is composed of expanding ‘voids’ [Fig. 1.2,

p.4] and adiabatic envelopes 4.15 that are interconnected. Chapters 1 to 8

explain and illustrate how all time asymmetries3.4 and irreversibilities in nature are originated and caused by Space-1-Expansion -- the universal,

unsaturable sink4.4.

This new world outlook [Ref. 13; 1958-

1972] not only helps to unify physics [Assertion S.3], but extends beyond it into the domains of socio-biology, history the realities of the arts and religions,

including the asserted kind of DUALITY between science and

religion as different manifestations of one and the same reality.[chapter 10]

At the very core of this ‘external-to-internal’ revolution, we find gravity physics, gravitational-biology, gravity-perception, gravity-induced languages, gravity-induced socio-biology, geo-biological clocks and a new, gravity-induced, essence of natural selection in the living and non-living worlds [Chapters 2 to 8]. While Einstein's general relativity3.3, 3.5 remains the cornerstone of modern cosmology and astrophysics; the indispensable theory for understanding most of the new discoveries in astronomy, it is Newtonian gravity (that is included as an approximation in General relativity) that affects much of our everyday life. [Chapter 6]

Gravity, combined with updated observations in all fields of science, will guide us in structuring this book; starting from the very large cosmological structures and proceeding to the much smaller subatomic systems in which quantum physics still fails to explain the origin of time asymmetries and irreversibility in nature.

Can The Foundations of Science Be DeducedFrom Relativistic Cosmology?

Although some of the greatest scientists (from Newton to Einstein) studied cosmology and made substantial contributions to it - until recently it had a rejecting speculative image. Indeed, most scientists used to reject its importance, using such arguments as:

Why rely on anything based on information that had originated in remote, personally inaccessible regions of space and time? Should not we first


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Assertion S.3

All attempts to unify the fundamental forces-fields-

interactions in physics3.1 to 3.5

have, so far, failed3.5, 4.6 to 4.11.Trying to unify fields-forces by false

mixing of symmetric with asymmetric mathematics, instead of first unifying time asymmetries3.4

around verified (p.84) general relativistic cosmological asymmetry:

Space-1-Expansion.3.4, 3.5, 4.15, is asserted to be the major source of failures to unify quantum physics

with gravitation.[Assertion S.1]

complete our local physics before we use strange astronomical data to reexamine the very foundations of science?

To begin with it should be stressed that such geocentric, or rather anthropocentric conceptions, are as common today as they had been in the times of Copernicus (who had dethroned the Earth and paid with his life for that), Shapley (who dethroned the Sun, but was not killed), and Baada (who dethroned our Milky Way, and nobody cared anymore). And they make cosmology and astrophysics difficult intellectual subjects, even to intellectually mature persons.

Indeed, astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology - unlike local physics, chemistry, and biology, are observational rather than experimentalsciences, since they deal with objects at such great distances as to be beyond the reach of direct, man-made experimentation.

Moreover, until recently these observations have been too scarce, and the ratio of speculation to fact too high, for cosmology, astronomy and astrophysics to qualify as "hard sciences."

Recent discoveries in space, however, have transformed the situation by yielding solid new data and drastically circumscribing both speculations and physico-philosophical outlooks and models.

This transformation is due largely to NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, new infrared, radio and X-ray techniques, including the use of gravitational lens to study the ‘dark-age’ epoch of our cosmos when it was 200,000 to 500,000 years old.

The new discoveries of supernovae4.1, quasars4.14 and black holes4.3 in the centers of galaxies4.5, and before, in 1964, the background black-body radiation4.12, have stimulated new interest in astrophysics, general


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relativity, relativistic cosmology, remote planetary systems, the formation of stars, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters of galaxies4.13.

Indeed, of late, we have witnessed a new revival of astronomy, general relativistic cosmology and astrophysics, a renaissance sustained by an almost daily inflow of verified empirical information on the dynamic universe around us.

To deny today the central role of astronomy, cosmology and astrophysics in modern science is to deny the very methodology of science, and to reject a large portion of its empirical evidence. Most important, gravitation3.3 is the most universal, all embracing, field-force-interaction in nature. Unlike quantum physics 3.2, it is scale-free, namely, it is not confined, or limited to any scale, as quantum physics is3.2; 3.5.

Gravity Vs. Heart FailureAnd The Biology of Our Musculoskeletal System

The evolution and everyday functioning of our skeleton -- bones, legs, hips, joints, cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles [64], has been "in response" to the force and direction of gravity.

Heart Failure vs. Gravity, say, in swollen legs, or flooded lungs cases involves the use of the gravity vector in medical treatments [64]. Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-induced disorders in human biological systems, perception, health and longevity has been largely overlooked by health providers and bio-medical researchers, partly because the key role of gravity as the universal generator of all bio-structures, physiological forms, locations, disorders, orientation and organization has not yet been well appreciated. [9, 50, Volume I]

Gravity-Induced Socio-Biology & Brain-Mind Perception

Gravity penetrates all space and all physical and biological structures. It affects all cells in our body-brain, as well as plant growth and animal and human orientation and behavior in everyday life [Assertion S.1; Parts A &

B]. It also controls all ecological systems, while affecting the origin, growth and performance of cells in living organisms.


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We are the ashes of dead stars, the remnants of a supernovae4.1 that had exploded when the universe has already passed more than half of its present age. Except hydrogen and helium, all chemical elements in the cosmos, and in our body, had been originated inside supernovae. The sin of these exploding massive stars was to convert, by nuclear fusion4.2, their light chemical elements, (hydrogen and helium) to heavier ones [oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.], more quickly than do smaller stars, like our sun. It is always gravitation that plays the central role in the "selection" of the structures to be produced: First in controlling the cosmic expansion of inter-superclusters Space-14.4, then in forcing chemical evolution through a succession of specific reactions in which evolution means the development of complex elements from simple ones, i.e., of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, silicon, etc. out of the hydrogen and helium in the stars4.1. [Hydrogen and helium make up about 99% of all observable matter in the universe. Hence, we and the planets in the solar system5.1, constitute just a little dirty stain in the vast ‘clean’ universe.]

Gravity is the only 'suitable' force that can build all the elements in the chemical periodic table by successively adding, in the hot interiors of active stars, small increments of mass and electric charge in selected combinations that are controlled by its force4.2. Thus, the building blocks of life had been originated by gravitation, and the entire evolution of life has since been controlled by it. [p.89]

Following such cosmological expansion and massive stars explosions4.1, the newly formed chemical elements cool and may combine to form molecules in deep-cold space, which is not entirely ‘empty’. In fact, the first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system already contained some simple molecules, including some based on carbon. Again it was gravity that stratified all chemical compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according to their specific gravity. Indeed, the geological strata of layers of rocks composed of one material, e.g., shale or limestone, lying between rock beds of other materials, have been structured by the "selective force of gravity”. Life is strongly affected and shaped by gravity. Some specific organelles and nuclei in biological cells are "heavier" than the rest of the cell, and serve as prime gravity-orientators. Such gravity orientators-pointers also allow plants to grow "vertically upward". Thus, gravity controls the direction of growth in roots, leaves, branches, etc. It also affects the movement of animals [50] in the sense


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of giving a common reference for orientation, 'balancing', ‘coordination’ 'walking', and space perception. The response of living organisms to gravity may be initiated by changes in the distribution of pressure on sensitive locations, exerted either by the entire cell content, or by particles (statoliths) heavier or lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm. Gravity perception may also be caused by movements, or reorientation of such particles. Acceleration, by gravity, causes stresses to be set-up in cell membranes, or in the organ as a whole, which, in turn, generates a response vis-à-vis the gravity vector.

The Origin of Life and of Primitive Learning

Since all plants and animals have evolved under the influence of gravity, their form and structural development are strongly shaped by this pointed force. In turn, they have "learned" to exploit it and even to cope with it - learned in the evolutionary as well as in the ontogenetic sense of the development of the organism.

The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception" ("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bio-accelerometers", "gravity-induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject.

But what we already know justifies the central role we expect gravity to play in life origin, control, orientation and adaptive processes. For instance, we know that if a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.) Indirect, gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may also occur when an organism orients itself by a gradient of density differences, or hydrostatic pressure.

The connection between gravitation and the origin of life, on one hand, and between gravitation and form, adaptive structure, growth rate, growth direction, adaptive behavior, navigation, and adaptive space perception, on the other, must therefore be studied. Indeed, a considerable empirical evidence has been accumulated so far on these


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subjects [50, Volume I] by biophysicists, biologists, plant physiologists, botanists, zoologists and neuro-physiologists.

The Origin of Life, Biological Clocks and Innate Perception

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Even “innate patterns" are frequently associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravity, i.e., as "upward-downward" ordering of biological systems in reaction to gravity. Consequently, gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of ordering, reproduction and simple orientation movements. Animals low on the evolutionary scale have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.

Arrows of Time

It takes us some measurable time 'to read' a word, a sentence, a page, or a book, and even more so to 'comprehend' its meaning. I term this elapsing time, and its pointed direction, the 'Linguistic Arrow of Time'and maintain further that each word and each sentence, generates an irreversible 'Structural Space-Time Arrow' in our mind and/or a 'Space-Aggregated-Asymmetric-Picture' which points from the written-typed, form-configuration, or 'beginning', to their 'end' at the ‘right’ for Greek, Latin and English, etc., at the’ left’ for Hebrew and Arabic and ‘down’ for Chinese. Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence is, therefore, an aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry on a page-space or on a computer display. Each generates an aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it is irreversibly recorded and associated with meaning introduced by education – the force that always controls the fate of nations, religions and civilizations. [Chapter 6, p.89 ]

Gravity-Induced Space-Time Perception

Our perception of time, space, symmetry, asymmetry and direction are similarly controlled by various gravity detectors (Chapter 5, p.89). These include displacement of cell parts, or of portions of multicellular structures, and intercellular structures. Much experimental evidence


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collected in spacecraft proves that there is a loss of orientability in growing seeds under weightlessness ['zero gravity']. Animals are no exception. Each of us is 'conscious' of the common "up-down" surroundings, and about "weight" and acceleration [Ref. 51].

We are born with innate gravity-sensors. Gravity-sensors also tell trees how to grow vertically up, even on steep mountainsides. All these are normal external experiences directly controlled by gravity. More specific examples range from inertial changes of the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water. The earth's gravitational field produces an elastic deformationthat is readily observed through its asymmetric effect on the evolving crystal structure [Volume I]. These elastic forces play an important part in crystallized virus systems. Hence, the gravitational force provides not only a reference axis, but also a useful biological function that excludes foreign particles, such as antibodies, from a crystal. [Volume I].

Gravity-Induced Biosphere and Life

The gravity-induced life envelope of earth, comprising a very thin layer (surface and lower atmosphere), was created by the "selective force of gravity". It is therefore gravitational selection that puts carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and lightning at one and the same layer for the generation of the first DNA and the beginning of biological evolution. And it is gravitational selection that protected the early products of this evolution from damaging external radiation by supplying the upper protective layer of ozone. [Volume I] Biological detectors of sound modulation have much to do with sensors for earth gravity; both are special kinds of bio-accelerometers. In other words, gravity, bio-accelerometers and the various ways organisms are affected by vibration are interrelated. [Volume I].

Our Brain-Mind Perception

As one reads this sentence, a corresponding aggregated asymmetry is generated inside his or her brain-mind. To conform with innate [Kantian-like] and external experiences, and to communicate with our society, we introduce 'grammar' - that which keeps universal 'space-time-order-of actions': What happened first, later, and in a 'universal-future-tense order-of-things'. What is past for one person must be valid, fixed and confirmed by all else. In short; each word and each sentence,


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is equipped with an 'arrow of time' that 'forces order in our speech and life' and always points 'from past to future', and never in reverse.

To Conclude: Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.

Synopsis II

How To Use This Book________________________________________________________

There is hardly any good reason to select a level prior to reading the first pages, Synopsis I and the 9 Assertions in the Introduction (p. 32).

Level I. This multiple level is composed of a few sub-levels that can be adapted to local cultural-educational needs according to the guidelines presented in the Introduction and Appendix I: Homework and Grading, especially if used in ‘Adult-Education’, or even in a ‘High-School-CCCC’ [Cultural, Core Curriculum Course]. Readers may range from high-school pupils to adults interested in updating and advancing their education by self-help [Assertion IN.3].

Level II: The ‘Undergraduate Level’ is suitable for a two-semester course that includes the use of Volumes I and II [See Table of Contents, p.20).Comprehending the footnotes is recommended.The autodidactive methodology [Assertion IN.3] should be used when there is no qualified CCC-Coordinator.

Level III. The Central Theme (p. 6) crosses frozen disciplines in both the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’. For graduate students this level is suitable for a two-semester course that includes selective parts of Volumes I and II, the footnotes andthe Appendices provided here. It is in Volume I where one finds mathematically-based theories, refutations of false ‘proofs’, critique of various ‘established’ theories, derivations of Einstein’s Field Equations [general relativity], quantum-statistical thermodynamics, Quantum Chromo-Dynamic [QCD], higher levels of philosophy and re-assessment of the nature of time, time arrows, linguistics and current studies of brain-mind aggregations-perceptions. Volume II: Critique of Western Thought, provides six Lectures, mainly in the domain of the ‘humanities’. The autodidactive methodology[self-help] is best used when there is no qualified CCC-Coordinator, or when this book is used by faculty, independent scientists, people of the arts, theists, or dropouts, for themselves.


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The Origin of the Deepest Crisis in Education

This broad subject is introduced in the Introduction and in its 9 Assertions. It traces past educational cultures in order to formulate

the aims, scope and foundations of this unified CCC.

Pedagogical Features

In writing this Volume IV, I continue the effort to simplify and update Volumes I & II and make them more suitable for a wider circle of readers,

researchers, faculty and students. For that purpose I include new pedagogical features that help support the integration of this CCC

with the new world outlook presented here.

The 1958 Discovery

In 1958, by adopting the Einsteinian minority position as a student, I asserted that proponents of quantum statistical and probabilistic

thermodynamics smuggle into their thermodynamic theories the result that they wish to prove, without declaring the contraband3.4. Similar charges are

aimed today against proponents of string theories4.6 to 4.11.[Appendix IV],

The Time Paradox

To rise to the status of a scientific theory, a candidate must be supported by verifiable observations. Yet, in the actual world, there is a clash

between theoretical, time-symmetric fundamental physics, and time-asymmetries observed in nature.3.4

The ‘exact sciences’ can be reduced to physics, and fundamental physics, at high energies, to just three fundamental forces-fields: The electroweak

3.1, the strong 3.2 and the gravitational 3.3.Over the last 100 years or so many have tried to develop ‘final’ proofs that

would bridge these conflicting worlds of science. All in vain. Theorists select only prediction while ignoring the time-symmetric retrodiction, final

conditions, etc.Fig. 1.2 shows the expanding, cold ‘voids’ between shining superclusters of

galaxies [Space-1, Diagram]. Uniform maximum temperatures, isotropic andhomogenous distribution of voids/galaxies (on large scales) are preserved

(Cf. Fig. 1.1). There is no net flow of energy from one adiabatic ‘envelope’4.15 to another. Such

adiabatic configurations wrap superclusters of galaxies.

In 1958 I discovered the origin of irreversibility and time-asymmetries3.4 in nature by examining just one such envelope -- but around a cluster, not

superclusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.2], which have been confirmed later –as explained in this book and in Volume I.


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Being a student, and, later, an un-experienced professor, none wanted to listen to my central theme and non-conventional,

general relativistic world outlook.

Most refrained to do that because it was based on general relativity and cosmology, both far beyond their knowledge.

That situation has changed in 1969 during the International Conference on Classical and Relativistic Thermodynamics[Pittsburgh, Ref. 13] that I had organized with the participation of some

Nobel-Prize winners.

Worldwide acclaims started slowly after my Science and Nature papers in 1972 and the awarded Gold Medal from The New York Academy of

sciences.[Ref. 13]. For more information see Appendix IV.

Full worldwide acceptance has been delayed until the 80’s, with the publication of Volume I, and its subsequent editions.

(About Einstein's opposition to probabilistic quantum outlook of the world) Many of us regard this as a tragedy, both for him, as he gropes his way in loneliness, and for us, who miss our leader. Max Born

You sadist. You make people think.

Ezra Pound

People are born ignorant, not stupid;It is education that makes them stupid.

Ancient Dictum published by Bertrand Russell

Man to the Universe: I Exist ! The Universe to Man: “So what ?”


18

Putting a Frame AroundDoes Not Make it a Unified Theory

[From Am. Sci., Sigma Xi]

Do most professors take closest to their heart the moneybox?

Priority in Parts A & B is assigned to relativistic gravity physics3.3 as applied to cosmology and to determinism over indeterminism. It is an unpopular thesis in which Einstein had been practically left alone.

To begin with, I visit his world outlook and use it to assess some new developments such as gravitational lens, new supernovae4.1 and string theories 4.6 – 4.11.

String theories are popular but are not science. They cannot

even pass Popper’s principle for being part of it. They cannot be verified by experiment and thus cannot even rise to the scientific status of being wrong [51, 53]. They justify Einstein’s claim: Quantum theory is not a complete theory.

Eventually realizing that Einstein has been right, armies of theoretical physicists work hard since his death to bridge quantum theories with general


19

Quantum Physicists Attack Symmetry Breaking Discovered in

Quantum Kaonic Systems [CPT Breaking]

relativity by inventing various kinds, types and brands of unverifiable string theories4.6 – 4.11. All in vain.

The essence of Space-1-expansion[Diagram; Figs. 1.1; 1.2],and of relativistic gravity cosmology, are not easy to grasp. I shall therefore assume the position of a tourist guide of a Virtual Deep-Space Tour [Chapter 7] aimed at discovering the ORIGIN and CAUSE of radiation-energy gradients around stars, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters of galaxies4.13; gradients4.13 that generate all irreversible processes in nature, including those that lead to life. The key mission during the Tour is to search for ‘adiabatic envelopes’4.15 that wrap filaments or clouds of clusters or super-clusters of galaxies. These clusters and superclusters are like islands of non-expanding, gravity-bounded aggregations, in expanding, unsaturable sink. It is to this sink that all ‘solar-wind-type’ of radiation-energy in the universe is irreversibly pouring in. Local quasars4.14 and black holes4.3 form additional, local sinks. Their ancestors, the massive gravitational aggregations4.1; 4.2; 4.5; 4.14, also had come into being by Space-1-Expansion. [Diagram p.3; Figs. 1.1; 1.2, p.3]. The universal sink is composed of a large number of interconnected ‘voids’ and adiabatic cells4.15

[Diagram, sites (a), (b),

(c,] each imaginary adiabatic envelope ‘encages’ a super-cluster or superclusters of galaxies by no-net-flow of energy across its isotropic and homogeneous, large-scale, geometrical boundaries. [Fig. 1.2, p.4, p.3]

During the tour I must cross frozen disciplines and bring home the evidence about the MASTER ARROW OF TIME [Volume I].

Back to earth I re-assess how gravity and Space-1-Expansion-Inducedgradients (Diagram, p.3) cause not only all irreversible processes and time-asymmetries, but how they control ‘Gravity Selection’ and orientation that, in turn, control plant and animal behavior, languages and key concepts in the ‘exact sciences’ and the ‘humanities’ 1.1


20

CONTENTS OF THE FOUR VOLUMES

VOLUME I

Worldwide Acclaims ……………………………………...……… iiSIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….……………..…. xxSIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….………..... xxi Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..……... xxii

Introduction …………..………………………..…………………. 2 1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified Concepts in Physics and Philosophy …………………...….… 2

1.1.1 The problem of ordering ……………………...….… 31.1.2 How did it all start? ………………………………... 5 1.1.3 The first seven stages …………………………….... 7

Assertion 001

A ‘precise definition’ is often slippery, distorted or misleading. Contrary to intent, it may cause a large error. (Chapter 8, p.106). Nonetheless, we usually assume that we know exactly what we are defining, or talking about, until

someone starts wondering, if at all: What is its complete meaning?Our scientific-educational practice often begins a lesson, or a theory, by

defining a symbol, axiom, or an object – the act that a priori erects a ‘fence’ around each: Anything outside that fence is, a priori, lost.

There is no fence outside the cosmos. [S. Hawking and his club (Appendix III, p.160), have claimed that they had invented ‘The Theory of Everything’. Indeed, it accepts no fence for there is no one below their smallest ‘thing’ (10-35 meter) or outside the biggest one: the Cosmos. Nevertheless, they had to retract from that claim. Moreover, their ‘string theories’4.6-4.11 are not scientific [51, 53]. Their smallest scale is more than 15 orders of magnitude below any verification scale of any current --and expected -- experimental technique in science (10-19 meter).Hence, it is better to begin this course and worldoutlook with key verified facts about the cosmos, and we already possess them. [Cf. Figs. 1.1, 1.2,

p.4, and Table I, p.40], We can then work back and forth between these reliable facts and general relativistic cosmology, instead of with

microphysics and then proceeding up the scale to explain the overall cosmic facts, for, unlike the strong force3.2 in quantum physics,

gravitation3.3 penetrates all, is scale-free and constitutes the greatest macro builder in the universe. Moreover, according to the great Greek

philosopher Plato: Everything is connected with everything else.Therefore, any reliable definition must begin with 'the whole universe', or

fail. [Chapter 4, p.70].Mathematically-based theories that predict a new entity that is verified by

independent experimentation, or astronomical observations, is an essential part of verifiable science. Otherewise it is neither complete nor

in verified science. (Chapter 8, p.106]


21

1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era …………………….. 11 2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark . 11

2.2 The Withdrawal of Philosophy From Physics (and ofPhysics From Philosophy) …………………………….…...… 13

2.3 The Greatest Ambition of Physics ……………………..…...... 162.3.1 Unification of initial-boundary conditions first?

Unification of fields second? …………………...….... 162.3.2 Should unification begin with differential equations? …………………..…….…...… 17

2.4 The Great Physico-Philosophical Gains FromThe Discovery of the Cosmic Background Radiation ……….. 19

2.5 The Expanding Universe ………………………….…….…... 222.6 The 1977 “Aether Drift” Discovery ……………..………....…. 232.7 Verification of Physical Laws by Astronomy and

Astrophysics ……………………………………….……….… 243.1 Some Tentative Assertions …...……………………..…...….. 263.2 The Skeptic’s Outlook .……………………...………..…...….. 69

PART I: Preliminary Concepts

1. From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures To Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics ……...….. 74

1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure ……………….…… 801.1.1 A fallacy associated with current theories ……..…. 80 1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures ………….. 81

1.2 Stellar Structures and the Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram …. 881.3 Supernovae, Gravitational Collapse,

Neutron Stars, Pulsars ……………………………………. 921.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………... 1001.5 Black Holes …………………………………………….… 1061.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ….… 1131.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ………………… 1161.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………… 1301.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ……………. 1321.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space By Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………………….. 134

2. From “Conservation” in Classical Physics To Solitons in Particle Physics ………………………..…… 136

2.1 Aim and Scope …………………………………………... 138


22

2.2 Limitations of Theory …………………………………… 1402.3 The General Macroscopic Equation …………………….. 1422.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………... 1462.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.………… 1472.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ………………. 1492.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………. 1522.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy

Conservation Equation …………………………………… 1542.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….. 1562.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field ……………….. 1572.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 1592.12 Beyond Classical Physics:

Solitons, Antisolitons and Conservation …………………. 1602.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …… 163

3. From General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology To Gauge Theories ………………………….……………….. 166

3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………….... 1673.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ……….….. 1693.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation ………. 172

3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity andRelativistic Cosmology ………………...…………………… 181

3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the UniverseAnd “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….… 200

3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and thePrinciple Of Equivalence …………………………………… 204

3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………… 205

PART II: From Physics to Philosophical Crossroadsand Back

4. The Arrows of Time …………………………………..….…... 2144.1 Time and The Arrow of Time:

The Most Distorted Of All Ideas? ………………………….. 2154.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and The Unification of The Laws of Physics …………………… 2164.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ……………………………… 2174.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ……… 2194.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….. 2224.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………. 226


23

4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ………………………………………… 227

4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time …………. 2304.9 A Few Remarks …………………………………………….. 2324.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….… 2364.11 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” ………………………….……….. 2404.12 The Death of Scale-Based Physics ……………….………… 2424.13 The “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical

School and “Superspace” ………………………………….. 2434.14 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….……… 2464.15 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics … 2474.16 Fading Memory in Classical Physics ……………………….. 2474.17 Doubts As To The Universality of Entropy ………………… 2494.18 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…. 250

5. The Crisis In Quantum Physics ………………………….…… 254 5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……. 255

5.1.1 The effect of gravitation and the outside world on quantum physics …………………………..…. 258

5.1.2 The three main schools of thought ………………….… 2615.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………….. 2625.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics …………………………….…. 2655.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………….…. 2655.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time Asymmetries ……………………………………………….… 2675.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics

And Super-Symmetry ………………………………………... 2725.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics …….. 2725.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to

Quantum Chromodynamics …………………………... 2735.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles;

and vice versa …………………………………... 2735.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic and SU(3) symmetries ………………………..… 2745.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge

theories ……………………………………….... 2765.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom

in gauge theories ……………………………. 276-15.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry

principles …………………………………… 276-1


24

5.6.3 From Quantum Field Theories to Super-SymmetrySuper-Gravity …………………………………….… 276-3

5.6.3.1 On the limits of super-gravity‘unified field theories’ ………………………... 276-4

PART III: From Physics to Cosmological Crossroadsand Back

6. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy ……………………. 2776.1 Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ……… 277

6.1.1 Methodology …………………………………. 2776.1.2 Dialectical gravitism: Definition of the

first problems ………………………………… 2786.1.3 Gravitation as super-asymmetry …………….. 279

6.2 The Earliest and Most Universal Asymmetry: Observational Evidence …………………..………….. 279

6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …… 2826.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence ….. 2846.4 Can Intercluster Space Be Saturated With Radiation? . 2876.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry

From Gravitation Theories …………………………. 2906.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational

Cosmological Thermodynamics ……………………. 2936.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids …………. 2976.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ………………………… 2996.9 Connections With Classical and Continuum

Thermodynamics ……………………………………. 3016.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility

And the Master Asymmetry ……………………...….. 303

7. Cosmological Origin of Time and Evolution ……………… 3087.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept ………………….. 3097.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ………………………. 3107.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s

Laws of Motion …………………………………..…. 3147.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .…… 3167.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into

Un-Saturable Space ………………………………… 322 7.6 Stellar Evolution ……………………………………. 3247.7 Terrestrial Evolution ………………………………... 325 7.8 Some Open Questions ……………………………… 326

7.8.1 Microscopic T-Violation and the Master


25

Asymmetry: A possible Connection? ………..… 327

8. Black Holes and the Unification of Asymmetries ……… 3298.1 Introduction ……………………………………….. 3308.2 Observational Evidence …………………………… 3318.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………. 3328.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ……………… 3408.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………. 3418.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………... 3418.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………... 341

PART IV: Beyond Present Knowledge

9. Havahayism – The Science of The Whole …………..…… 3489.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers ……………….. 3499.2 An Example in Havahayism ……………………..…. 3509.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures and Memory ……………………………………..…. 3659.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…. 415

VOLUME II

Critique of Western Thought

Introduction ………………………………………………….... 420

10. A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind and Symmetry ………………………………………..… 437

11. The Philosophy of Time & Change: Some Historical Notions …………………….………… 455

12. Structuralism and the Divided American Thought: A Short Glossary of Terms …………………………….. 467

13. Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………. 483

14. Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing Quotations ………………………………………………. 495

15. Critique of Western Methodology …………………….. 530


26

VOLUME III

THE FIRST ONLINE DRAFT OF THE FREE CORE CURRICULUM COURSE


Dec. 15, 2007, MSN SCRIBD

1. Introduction ………………………………………..…………… 11

2. From Cosmology to the Foundations of Physics ………..…….. 29

3. Gravity-Induced Brain-Mind Perception Vs. Everyday Life …44

4. How Did It All Start? …………………………………………… 55

5. ‘Gravitational Selection’ Vs. 'Natural Selection' ……….……... 64

6. Condensed World History …………………………………...… 69

7. The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………………….….. 94

8. Beyond Present Knowledge …………………………………… 100

9. CCC Homework ……………………………………………….. 103

References and Further Reading …………………..………….. 122


27


Benjamin Gal-Or, Vol. IV [This Vol. 4]

Free, Core Curriculum Course (CCC), MSN SCRIBD, July 2008

Worldwide Acclaims [Part 1] ……………………..………..….....…… 2

Illustrated Preface ……………………………………………………… 3

Synopsis I ………………….……………………………………….….…. 5

Synopsis II: How to Use This Book ………………………….….... 15

ContentsVolume I ……………………………………………………..………………...…. 20Volume II ……..………………………………………………………………....… 25Volume III ………………….……………………………………………...…..….. 26Volume IV ……………………………………….………………………….….… 27

Worldwide Acclaims [Part 2] ………………… …………..….….….. 29

INTRODUCTION

Notes to Readers, Students, Mentors and Professors ….… 32Knowledge Is One. Its Division is Human Weakness;The Crisis In Education; The Temples of knowledge; Assertions I.1 to I.9

PART A

From General Relativistic Cosmology to Unified Physics

1. How Did It All Start? General Relativistic Cosmology ……….… 40 The New Astrophysical Time; TABLE I, Figs. 1.1 & 1.2 of the Universe

2. How All Life Would End? ………………………………………… 55 Recent discovery: The expansion of Space-1 is accelerating to a cold death of all life

3. The Greatest Ambition of Physics …………………………….... 60Gravity, Electro-Weak, Quantum Physics; String Theories; Thermodynamics


28

PART B

From Cosmic Structures to Everyday Life and Back

4. Can The Foundations of Science Be Deduced From General Relativistic Cosmology? ……………………. 70

5. The 1958 Discovery of The Origin of Time-Asymmetries & Irreversibility ……………………………...………………………….. 81

PART C

Language, Brain-Mind Perception and Gravity

6. Test Your Mind; Bio-Sociology and Everyday life ……… 897. Virtual Deep-Space Expedition To Discover

A New World Outlook ………………………………………… 101

PART D

The Skeptic Outlook

8. Limitations of Mathematically-Based Theories ………... 1059. The Biggest Clash between Science and Religion ……… 11310. Dualities in Science, the Arts and Religions ……….……. 119

APPENDICES

I: Homework and Grading ……………………………………..... 123

II: List of Nobel-Prize Winners by Country ……….….….…...... 125

III: The Pipa Prize to Stephene Hawking ………………………. 160

IV: Personally-Encountered Instructive Lessons ……………... 163

V: Condensed World History TABLE II …………….………... 168

VI: The Origin of Writing, Time, Religion and Literature … 181

VI: Names & Codes of God in Abrahamic Religions …….….. 191

References ….…………………………………………………..….……. 201

Credits & About the Author ………………………………………… 207


29

Worldwide Acclaims CONTINUES FROM PAGE 2

"The Judeo-Christian Tradition” is in accord with Gal-Or’s conclusions states Weisskopf and quotes:

"Most astrophysicists, cosmologists and astronomers agree that the biblical account of cosmic evolution, in stressing `a beginning´ and the initial roles of `void,´ `light´ and a `structure-less´ state, may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science

ha already supplied us"V.F. Weisskopf, Scientific American

Gal-Or launchs a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope

that this would serve to focus attention on a most important subject. T. Gold, Cornell University

One noted scientist [B. Gal-Or], even affirms that the stress placed by Genesis, Chapter one, on ‘beginning’ and the initial roles of ‘void’, ‘light’

and a ‘structure-less’ state, “may be uncannily close to the verified evidence with which modern science has already supplied us.”

Christian Apologetics, Journal

A comprehensive explication of a large area of science which the reader may study in many subjects. Highly recommended to the philosopher of science. Contemporary Philosophy

An interesting and original book, easy to read, interesting and fascinating. Nouvo Cimento

This book has a wide-ranging scope. Dr. Gal-Or develops a philosophy of science which he calls Havahyism. Space Science Reviews

Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems

A book like this should be in all libraries and in the hands ofmany astronomers.

Cornelis De Jager, Laboratory for Space Research, Utrecht,The Netherlands, Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data Systems

Interesting to read, integrating much of scientific material.Deutsche Literaturzeitung

One of the best books on the totality of the sciences & the universe/ It was one of the favorite books of Sir Karl Popper. It looks at physics and

the universe as a totality of the mathematical philosophical understanding. It also combines the physical concept of time with human

psychological perception and brain understanding of languages.Robin (forumhub.com/expr/@202.54.92.222


30

Einstein's time-symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-Or’s “New Astronomical School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the

source of “Master Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical and biological phenomena!

Gal-Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of structures, irreversibility, time, geo-chemical and biological

evolution -- that the expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -- that microscopic physics, and thermodynamics

in particular, cannot be understood without reference to cosmology.

He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is

weakened “irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.

Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-cluster expanding space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.

Advancement of Physics, APEIRON

I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made pages of notes on it. I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great questions, and know that would be great to go on

with them!Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times

and all countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by your concern for where thought and language lie in the

scheme of things – and by so much more!

I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion is the origin of all asymmetry in time. What an ingenious phrase is your,

“smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two books – at the very least.

One is the exposition of your central thesis, with clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to testable

consequences.

I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such importance by mixing it in with the other great task. That is to give students

an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to. I give you my personal thanks for

putting the two books into a package that I personally have found most thought-provoking.

John A. WheelerInstitute for Advanced Studies, Princeton


31

Gal-Or's remarkable book [Parts A & B] sees and seizes the world whole. He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of

philosophical prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a failure to attend to the

philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.

His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to

cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics, astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially the philosophies of time and mind' and

critiques of western society, the intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.

One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay between symmetry and asymmetry. His primary interest is not in the

recent progress in the unification of forces in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of

thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.

The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination of the actual form of the universe, at all scales. The

combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to

and perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion. He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time

asymmetries.

The expansion provides, among other things, an for radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment UNSATURABLE SINK of

gradients in temperature and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.

He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and the related notions in information theory' and quantum

indeterminism, especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries. Taking an Einsteinian position on the

interpretation of quantum mechanics, he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic interpretation of quantum events.

The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas which Gal-Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be

sensibly described in a review. [This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the decline of academic institutions "as Gal-Or describes them", but that will be the loss of both the faculty and the

students.

AMERICAL JOURNAL OF PHYSICS


32

Introduction

Notes to Readers, Students, Mentors and Professors

I.1 The Road to Hell is Paved with Good Intentions

At the beginning of my first professorship position (at the Johns Hopkins University), I was so absorbed in polishing and re-polishing my first lecture that I completely forgot to go to the classroom and teach it.

About 30 minutes past the time, while I was still working hard in re-polishing the lecture, a shy student opened the door of my office to politely inform me that 5 minutes ago all students had left the classroom. The whole university laughed.

Years ago, I tried to simplify Volume I and adapt it for easier reading by all readers and by students outside the domains of physics and philosophy. Being a prisoner of the style, quest and mission of Volumes I, it was almost impossible to simplify and abridge the 300 mathematical equations and 520-pages. That draft was therefore abandoned and forgotten.

In December 2007, a shy student informed me that he could not understand the physico-mathematical themes presented in Volume I, and therefore signed-out of the CCC where it was used.

My immediate reaction was to publish, on December 15, 2007, the unfinished draft as a Free, Online Volume III. Six months later this revised version has become this online book. However, it has not yet been polished and re-polished. Anyway, all mistakes are mine.

* * *

Until around the mid-Thirties of the previous century, Core Cultural-Curriculum Courses (in Europe!) were made as ‘scientific’ as possible, and science propped up its foundations by turning to philosophy. This attitude was in part motivated by the desire to


33

Assertion IN.1

Knowledge is One.Its division, a human weakness;

its aim, a universal beauty;an aesthetic frame of mind;a longing for the run-away

horizons of truth and symmetry that we always try to reach.

Modern physics is a picture of reality; not the house-in-itself.

It is a man-painted picture of Knowledge awaiting

to be discoverd.

Assertion IN.2

The origin of our aspirations to advance interconnected thinking is

not known. What we know is that it is not

rooted in “well-fenced” traditions and “accepted” disciplinary

sciences.

Our educational mission is to bridge fragmented courses in modern curriculum courses,

with an all-embracing outlook, and adapt it to face the ever-growing needs of narrowing

specialism.

appropriate the sciences with the great ‘prestige’ of philosophers, and for the philosopher the fast-growing ‘status’ of science.

Hence, European professors vied with one another in presenting science based on high philosophical grounds, and philosophy as a ‘science among sciences’, or even as the ‘sum of the other sciences’.

A ‘PhD’ was then a bona fide Philosophy Doctor, a person of advanced core knowledge and eloquence outside his specialism.

Western education has since withdrawn from the game.

Empty specialism has since gained the highest prestige, especially in the U.S.; no longer do professors need borrow it from philosophy, nor to teach Core Curriculum Courses [CCC].

Indeed, contemporary teachers and professors vie with one another in presenting fragmented, technical lectures devoid of interconnected content, for they can no longer hope to achieve popularity by injecting updated core knowledge into what has gradually become an ever narrower, disciplinary professionalism.

This turn of events has resulted in overvaluation of technical professionalism, empty academicism, absolutation of ever-narrower


34

disciplines, and the common inclination to reject bona fide core knowledge from the class. A pity. For these trends only push the young into cynicism, nihilism and feelings of emptiness in education and in society at large.

I.2 Interconnected Thinking, Teaching and Research

Although most academic teaching and research must be distributed amongst various departments of a university, there is an objective need to regenerate an old tradition that cannot be associated with any specialism, because the ideas with which it deals are common to all studies, or not involved in any. Accordingly, the selection of interconnected kernels of updated knowledge to be included in this book is based on an interconnected approach to what I consider a much needed, simplified CCC book for all.

The Current Crisis in Education is not subsiding. More than ever before it demands answers, re-assessments, a neo-philosophy and acts: How to teach mutual interactions instead of linear causality; structured complexity instead of summation of events; structured historical buildup of facts, instead of summation of isolated events.

Modern skepticism is usually the negation of a core, interconnected, educational methodology. Not so with Einstein's skepticism.

Assertion IN.3

The greatest challenge in aquiring updated, verified knowledge and the ability to be intellectually independent, is self-removal of externally-imposed disciplinary borders while working hard,

often alone, as an AUTODIDACT.


35

Assertion IN.4

Without a Guiding-Structuring Theme, or at least a Unified World Outlook for gaining an all-embracing, interconnected culture-

knowledge that crosses frozen disciplines, any CCC is nothing but a pity encyclopedia

displayed by a specialist nominated by “Organizers” as the“CCC-Coordinator”, who remains helpless in teaching the alluring beauty of mathematics, physics, the life sciences,

and comparative religions but fails to perceive their profound educational implications to all, as a whole.

To start with, Einstein advocated the total removal of borders between traditional disciplines.

The current academic crisis, especially in the U.S., may be moderated by using the Einsteinian methodology, at least as properly adapted CCC series provided in high-schools and, on structured higher levels, in undergraduate and graduate schools.

Such a methodology may lead to new, interconnected fertilization between the most promising kernels of fundamental knowledge, and, thus, to the potential to rejuvenate educational methodology by resorting to an old-new world-outlook and practice.

Assertion IN.5

Structuring an all-embracing CCC-Outlook is a matter entailing far more ambiguity than the technicalities of the application of

any disciplinary course and its “Academic Credit Regulations”.

Assertion IN.6

Students are often discouraged by their professors and mentors from asking fundamental, interdisciplinary questions in class,

as a result of which inconsistent, or outright incorrect premises, are given a better chance of perpetuating themselves.


36

Literary intellectuals at one pole –at the other scientists,

and as the most representative,the physical scientists.

Between the two a gulf of mutual incomprehension –

sometimes (particularly among the young) hostility and dislike, but

most of all lack of understanding.

C. P. Snow, The Two CultureCambridge University Press [33]

Assertion IN.7

Students flood colleges and universities with the hope

of finding there the grand outlook of a spacecraft.

Entering our temples of knowledge they settle for that of an eagle, but what they often find

is that of a specialist gopher.

I.3 Our Temples of Knowledge

Literary intellectuals, the ‘humanists’, people of the arts and most educators are currently ignorant of modern advances in the ‘exact sciences’, of their mathematical formulations, experimental, observational and verification methods. They are likely to resort to an a priori, or superficial answers to complex problems whose detailed implications are beyond them.

Similarly, faculty, ‘experts’ and professionals in the “exact sciences”, via their past, ever-narrowing, disciplinary education, are currently ignorant of the wide-span knowledge, literature, arts and history that are needed to share their thinking and aspirations with other thinking persons.

The resulting gap can hardly be bridged despite the fact that our globe is currently an interconnected village, internationally linked by what might be expected to bridge old gaps between cultures, languages, religions and educational disciplines.

Nevertheless, the facts are that deep divisions keep deepening and deserts of narrow specialism keep spreading more than ever before. A sad fact. A dark future.

I.4 From General Relativistic Cosmology to Re-Assessing

The Foundations of Science, or Vice Versa?


37

Assertion IN.9

Thanks to the subdivision of knowledge into fragmented

‘disciplines’ and ‘territories’, we often fail to perceive the

interconnectedness between ‘self-centered’, or conflicting outlooks,

to judge their collective importance and to estimate their inherent

structure, inner logic and ordering. In trying to overcome this lacuna, I begin this book with cosmology and

its distorted image among scientists and laypersons.[Assertion 001,

p.19]

Assertion IN.8

Large cosmological systems dominate smaller ones, not vice

versa. [Assertion 001, p.19] Vindicated by empirical data that span a broad

range of modern astronomy, astrophysics, physics, biophysics,

socio-biology, history and archeology, this assertion is

employed here to arrive at some new concepts in a fresh world outlook on science, philosophy

and beyond.

In selecting knowledge kernels to be included here, I am simultaneously faced with subjectivistic and objectivistic discourses; subjectivistic, because all thought is, to some extent, ordered by personal bias; objectivistic, because all rational empirical knowledge singles out regularity and order ranging from the objectivistic origins of anything in the world, to the subjectivistic perception of the individual ‘Here-Now’.

Nevertheless, the following issues may also need to be encountered:

Should this course be directed from ‘innate’, or ‘a priori ideas’ of subjective human knowledge, to ‘external’ objective concepts? Or vice versa?

Should a bona fide CCC begin by updated, key, verified facts and discoveries and their origins and vindications by modern empirical knowledge? or by unverifiable string theories4.6-2.11 that attempt to unify all fundamental forces-interactions in physics? 3.1-3.3

Einstein’s failed attempts to unify [deterministic] gravity physics3.3

with [non-deterministic] quantum physics3.2, have played a major role in structuring this book. Both drive the (unpopular) philosophy to rejuvenate and bring closer together interconnected educational methodologies in the ‘humanities’ and the ‘exact sciences’.


38

Conclusion: The guiding philosophy and practice of bona fide CCC-Series are too important to be left to the sole care of disciplinary experts.

I.5 Survival of a Civilization and Education

Both culture and civilization are precarious. Their survival depends on innovation and inner morality a splendid minority maintains with incalculable effects these have had upon all well being of academia, government and socio-economic of each country at all times. It is therefore pertinent to investigate how, where and when such rare developments occur or are subdued.

The origin of this problem is intimately linked to the non-interconnected moral roles played by some scientists, politicians, large companies lobbyists and law manipulators in our civilization today.

A contemporary lobbyist can only deal with problems by applying those disciplinary methods and non-interconnected moral codes that are familiar to him or her through the non-philosophical (and sometimes anti-intellectual) methods of current education.

The resulting vicious cycle opens unbridgeable gaps between the ‘professionals’, and, gradually, isolates each. It is this separatism that causes declining standards, empty government and the current crisis in education.

Most students today participate in fragmented courses of disciplinary professionalism that leave them with a feeling of inner cultural emptiness in academia. In fact, what they find in the temples of knowledge is bureaucracy, inertia, nihilism, careerism, populism and irresponsibility of the faculty to provide them with what would make them bona fide cultured persons.

Wondering about their lost dream in the temples of knowledge, some promising students ask:

Has the Time for Cultured Mentors in Academia Passed?

An ambitious student, who commences his/her studies in the firm belief that much of the fundamental-core knowledge of our


39

civilization is comprehended by at least most faculty, is extremelyperplexed to discover, sooner or later, that the professors are uncertain about the fundamental, interconnected meanings of what they teach in class.

Other, who seek explanations about the world at large in which they live or about the worlds at small that compose the world at large, realize that it entails sub-terrainian links between an undeclared philosophy of fragmented education as adhered to nowadays by most.

That mundane philosophy of education is bound to confront intellectually starving students. Sensing that, the intellectually-starving students often give up, or blame themselves unnecessarily for their inability to grasp what their mentors dismiss as trivial.

A splendid minority of bright students dare to continue, by themselves, the interminable search, which calls for questioning, re-examination, screening, and at times radical rejection of ‘accepted’, or ‘established doctrines’ that fail to justify themselves through their own logic, consistency, universality and testability.

Int.1 Footnotes presented in this volume are often interconnected. They have been included to detail or illuminate some specific subjects, disputes and issues that are related the Central Theme. But no footnote can be considered as “Introduction to”, “Review of”, or “History of” the “Disciplinary Domain” it deals with, or refers to.

Without resorting to any mathematical equation, a few footnotes dealing with specific subjects stand about ‘midway’ between mathematically-formulated concepts provided in Volume I, and the abridged-simplified ones adopted here. Reference to them is marked as: […] 1.1, 1.2, …, 2.1, 2.2, …, or as […]AII.1; AII.2, …, namely, located in Chapters 1, 2, … etc., or in Appendix II, etc., respectively.

Int.2References are minimized for reasons elaborated below. The few provided at book-end are

marked as […][1, 2, …] or Ref. 11, etc.. Selection of what to read and what to study, and in what order, depends on the reader’s interests, background and on a qualified CCC-coordinator, if there is one.

Adding extensive bibliography may be confusing or misleading; there is always a temptation to be “in” regarding what has recently attracted popular attention. There are also the ‘name droppers’, the ones who wish to impress others, or put them down, if they have not heard about their last peer-circle annual meeting, or what the ‘name dropper’ had picked up in a party, committee, a club, or the media.

No science is immune to the infection of politicsand the corruption of power.

Jacob Bronowski


40

7_______________________________________

A Virtual Deep-Space Expedition To

Discover A New World Outlook

The next time that you see your mail-delivery person, inform him or her that your correct zip code is 27,000 light-years5.6 away from the Galactic Center4.5 of your ‘Spiral Galaxy County’5.4 at Space-3 (Diagram). Then hand him or her the Diagram to allocate you during your deep-space expedition.

Fig. 7.1: The map for your mail-delivery person to find you during the deep-space expedition. You start from Space-3 (contains our galaxy5.4), proceed to Space-2 (contains the Local Group of galaxies5.5) and finally enter Space-1(between Clusters and Superclusters of galaxies4.13). Your 1st Mission: Discover the hidden adiabatic envelopes4.14 that portions of Space-1 form around each cluster or super-clusters of galaxies.

All of us in the ‘Solar System Community’5.1 have acquired a ‘good-sit-in-the-middle of the Milky-Way5.4 Rotating Theater-of-Nature’5.1.


41

Our Milky Way galaxy is contained in Space-3, Cluster II (Fig. 7.1). It is a ‘member’ of our local group of galaxies5.5. Cluster I is a nearby supercluster of galaxies that includes Virgo, Hercules and Coma.4.13

To plan such a deep-space trip you would be provided with FIG. 7.1. Please use it if you want to know what you are trying to accomplish beyond a mere travel to Space-1, the Kingdom of Darkness.

What would you be looking for in the Kingdom of Darkness?

Einstein’s field equations of gravity physics (general relativity)3.3 accept no static solutions when applied to cosmology. Accordingly, the cosmos cannot stay still (static, non-expanding or contracting) and thus attain thermal equilibrium (uniform temperature) all over cosmic curved space-time. In fact it is expanding, as predicted by general relativity without the artificial addition of the cosmological constant.

Your 1st Mission: Discover the hidden adiabatic envelopes4.15 that Space-1 wraps around each cluster or super-cluster of galaxies. Bone Voyage!

During the first leg of your trip you watch how the ‘solar wind’5.3

clashes with opposing similar winds that spread out from nearby stars to form a gigantic shock wave5.1 that you may have to cross about half way to the nearest star, which is 4 light-years5.5 away. If you survived many such shock-wave crossings (generated by other stars in our galaxy on your way out of it), you are heading to the edge of our galaxy. You better go in the short way out, in the direction of its narrow side, namely, perpendicular to our Milky-Way ‘almost flat disk of stars’, far away from the dangerous Galactic Center4.5.

During your deep-space trip, you must be careful not to fall on any cool brown dwarf, like DEN0255-4700, which is in our ‘neighborhood’ --just 16.2 light-years away5.6. It is hard to detect, for it is about 100 million times fainter than the sun. You may also encounter one-way traps as black holes4.3, or quasars4.14, from which you can never return home, live or dead. Then, if you can imagine a thought-traveling experiment in which you travel at the speed of light – a speed that is attained only by light in vacuum, but never by spacecraft or humans --you would reach the side-edge of our galaxy5.4 after about 500 years as cxounted on earth, give or take a decade. Nevertheless, there is a reward associated with your dangerous tour: Special relativistic effects


42

would freeze your biological age, so you would arrive there as young as you had left earth. And the same conclusion would apply if you had survided this trip and come back to earth alive, just to discover that your entire generation had passed away long time ago.)

Back to your trip: You next proceed further and deeper into space, until you escape from the domain of (non-expanding) SPACE-3 and enter into the domain of (non-expanding) Space-2, the intra-cluster space of our local group5.5.

Space-3 contains many additional stellar-wind-like5.1 flows heading in different directions, as well as numerous other interstellar shock waves. In case that you try to travel outside our local group, after you have escaped intact from Space-3, and are heading to the other Space-2 domains, be careful to avoid any dangerous colliding galaxies, as the two ones shown above. Spaces 1, 2 and 3 (Fig. 7.1) are all permeated with the non-dangerous, 2.7K isotropic BLACK BODY RADIATION4.12.

One can install sails on your virtual spacecraft -- somewhat like those on a sailing boat, then orienting them to catch the pressure of impacting stellar winds. That may save fuel. But you cannot use them and do not need them for your virtual spacecraft is speeding at the speed of light, the speed of these winds, and you cannot travel faster then the speed of light5.6.

The lowest density of radiation energy in the entire universe is to be found where your instruments would read no net radiation energy flow in any direction, namely, on the curved space-time adiabatic surface4.15 that is located between our local group of galaxies and the neighboring super-clusters of galaxies (Fig. 1.2). Points on these


43

surfaces are marked as (a), (b) and (c) in Fig. 7.1. Please map a single, self-closed adiabatic surface as the major goal of your deep-space mission. There is no need to map more than one. Each supercluster that you observe on your way contains from 10 to thousands of galaxies, while each galaxy contains from 10,000,000 to 1,000,000,000,000 stars, usually orbiting a common center of gravity, like the Milkyway5.4. In addition to some different types of stars and unusual gravitationally bounded cosmic mediums, as well as a tenuous interstellar medium, most galaxies contain a large number of multiple-star systems, e.g., star-clusters and nebulae.

Most galaxies that you observe during your trip are several thousands to several hundred thousands light-years5.6 in diameter, and are usually separated from one another by distances of millions light-years.

Non-expanding Space-3 is the space that wraps each galaxy, namely, it is also the space between the stars (interstellar space). It consists of various ‘solar-wind-like flows5.3;, relatively dilute amounts of matter particles, typically 90% hydrogen and about 10% helium, and some ‘heavier’ atoms and molecules, as well as dust clouds, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, light, X-rays and other types of electromegnetic radiation3.1.

During the last 13.699 billion years or so, Space-1 expansion means, inter alia:

A uniform (isotropic and homogenous) increase in distances between at least the super-clusters of galaxies.

Space-1 being the background against which linear motions and rotations of gravity-bounded objects are measured and counted5.2.

Space-1-Expansion is neither a theory nor a model, as some wrongly assume. It is a well-verified fact.

The expansion of any adiabatic envelope4.15 is the same as those of all other. The maximum and minimal temperatures inside each is the same4.1. Hence, the study of a single one, like the one in the middle of Fig. 7.1, represents the entire expanding universe.

These conclusions constitute the 1st cornerstone of the world outlook that you are supposted to discover there.


44

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Credits

Most photographs are acknowledged as due to the general courtesy of NASA’s FREE-TO-THE PUBLIC service, as this volume IV is. Some pictures were taken by the author. Most figures, diagrams and caricatures are taken from the unabridged VOLUMES I and II [Ref. 13]. The List of Nobel Prize Winners by Country has been provided


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free by Nobel-Prize Selection Committees and has been reproduced by Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia.

Some sections of this book have not yet been completed.

These are intended to be

published in due time on this site.

Virtual Tour into Deep Space

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