VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

The Charter of the The Charter of the Virginia Company:Virginia Company:

§ The Virginia The Virginia Company paid Company paid stock holders a stock holders a percentage and percentage and the King who gave the King who gave them the right sail them the right sail received a received a percentage as percentage as well.well.

§ Colonists felt that, Colonists felt that, even in the even in the Americas, they Americas, they had the rights of had the rights of Englishmen!Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish ColonizationEnglish Colonization

Late 1606 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 ships VA Co. sends out 3 ships

Spring 1607 Spring 1607 land at mouth of Chesapeake land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.Bay.

§ Attacked by Indians and move on.Attacked by Indians and move on.

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists [all men] about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverland at Jamestown, along banks of James River

§ Easily defended, but swarming Easily defended, but swarming withwithdisease-causing mosquitoes.disease-causing mosquitoes.

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental Geographic/environmental problems??problems??

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement MapMap

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement MapMap

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementJamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel, 1611Jamestown Chapel, 1611Jamestown Chapel, 1611Jamestown Chapel, 1611

1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the voyage to 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.the New World.

1609 1609 another ship from England lost its another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.Bermuda.

Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!

““Gentlemen” colonists would not Gentlemen” colonists would not workworkthemselves.themselves.

§ Colonists lacked hunting and fishing Colonists lacked hunting and fishing skills! skills! They needed me!They needed me!

Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.instead of hunting or farming.

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving

Pocahontas “saves” Captain Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithJohn Smith

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:

1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

§ Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

§ The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

§ Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the control other Indian tribes in the region.region.

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods

Relations between Indians & settlers grew Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.worse.

§ General mistrust because of different cultures General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.& languages.

§ English raided Indian food supplies during the English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War First Anglo-Powhatan War

§ De La Warr had orders to make war on the De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.Indians.

Ø Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between peace between Powhatans and the English.Powhatans and the English.

§ 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.between Indians and settlers.

§ 1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].killing 347 [including John Rolfe].

§ Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.war” against the Native Americans.

Ø Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War Second Anglo-Powhatan War

§ Last effort of natives to defeat English.Last effort of natives to defeat English.

§ Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646

§ Removed the Powhatans from their original Removed the Powhatans from their original land.land.

§ Formally separated Indian and English Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!settlement areas!

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710

Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?

Indentured Indentured ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Headright System:Headright System:

§ Each Virginian got 50 acres for Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage each person whose passage they paid.they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

§ 5-7 years.5-7 years.

§ Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]

§ Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

§ 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!indentured contracts!

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

§ Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

§ Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

§ Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

§ Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”

Why was Why was 16191619 a a pivotal year for the pivotal year for the

Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a a pivotal year for the pivotal year for the

Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses established The House of Burgesses established in in 16191619 & began to assume the role & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in Englandof the House of Commons in England

§ Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.

A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor

§ Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

§ Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

§ High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

§ He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco.

§ He distrusted the House of Burgesses He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of the he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.bankrupt VA Company.

§ Thus, VA became a royal colony, under Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!the king’s direct control!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

§ Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps slaves, perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.perhaps indentured servants.

§ Slavery not that important until the end of the 17Slavery not that important until the end of the 17 cc..

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

WHY this large increase in black popul.??WHY this large increase in black popul.??

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

As the number of slaves increased, white As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.racial threat.

§ Slavery transformed from economic to Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.economic and racial institution.

§ Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between slave differences between slave and servant were unclear.and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.white indentured servants.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

§ Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

§ In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

§ Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.the Chesapeake area.

§ Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians in a Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor rebellion against Governor BerkeleyBerkeley

§ Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations Berkeley’s close relations with Indians.with Indians.

Ø Berkeley monopolized Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the the fur trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Ø Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernorGovernorWilliam William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

§ Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”“Fault Line”

It exposed resentments between inland It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations.against gentry on coastal plantations.

§ Socio-economic class differences/clashes Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history.continue throughout American history.

Upper class planters searched for laborers less Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel likely to rebel

These laborers were: BLACK SLAVES!!These laborers were: BLACK SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Critical Thinking Questions

• Why was Bacon’s Rebellion significant in regards to government?

• List two historical events from the past 200 years that are similar to Bacon’s Rebellion. Give specific examples as to why you chose these events.

Read page 48 in textbook to help answer the questions!!!

Possible Answers

• It showed frontier settlers were frustrated w/ a government concerned only about the interests of a small group of wealthy planters.

• Poor colonists were unwilling to tolerate such a government

• 1) Any strike that took place in America for more money, better working hours, and safer working conditions.

• 2) Politicians who do favors for special interests groups because money was donated to their campaign efforts.

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to Georgegranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.

A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.

A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.

§ Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop.main crop.

His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.feudal relationship.

§ Huge tracts of landHuge tracts of landgranted to his Catholic relatives.granted to his Catholic relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of Maryland

St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

Currency in Early MarylandCurrency in Early MarylandCurrency in Early MarylandCurrency in Early Maryland

Colonists only willing to come to MD if they Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land.received land.

Colonists who did come received modest farms Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.dispersed around the Chesapeake area.

§ Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.Protestant small farmers.

§ Conflict between barons and farmers led to Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 1717cc..

In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.imported.

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Protestants.

§ High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649

§ Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD.

§ Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.

§ Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

§ In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649

...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any ...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...chattels of every such offender and offenders...

and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."