Viral Vaccine Types Viruses are inactivated with chemicals such as formaldehyde. Inactivated...
-
Upload
francis-lang -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
5
Transcript of Viral Vaccine Types Viruses are inactivated with chemicals such as formaldehyde. Inactivated...
Viral Vaccine Types
Viruses are inactivated with chemicals such as formaldehyde. Inactivated (killed) vaccines cannot cause an infection, but they still can stimulate a protective immune response.
Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Split Vaccine
Subunit Vaccines
• Use of a related virus from another animal - the earliest example was the use of cowpox to prevent smallpox.
• Administration of pathogenic or partially attenuated virus by an unnatural route - the virulence of the virus is often reduced when administered by an unnatural route. This principle is used in the immunization of military recruits against adult respiratory distress syndrome using enteric- coated live adenovirus types 4 & 7.
• Passages of the virus in an “unnatural host” or host cell - The major vaccines used in man and animals have all been derived this way.
Attenuated Virus Vaccines
The pathogenic virus is isolated from a patient and grown in
human cultured cells
The cultured virus is used to infect monkey cells
The virus acquires many mutations that allow it to grow
well in monkey cells
The virus no longer grows well in human cells (it is attenuated) and
can be used as a vaccine
Attenuation can be achieved more rapidly and reliably with recombinant DNA techniques
Isolate pathogenic virus
Isolate virulence gene
Mutate virulence gene
Delete virulence gene
Receptor-binding protein
Virulence
Core proteins
Resulting virus is viable, immunogenic but avirulent. It can be used as a vaccine.
Experimental Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Recombinant Vector Vaccines
Problems in viral vaccine development
• Different types of virus may cause similar diseases – (common cold)
• Antigenic drift and shift (Influenza)• Large animal reservoirs • Integration of viral DNA • Transmission from cell to cell • Recombination and mutation of the vaccine
virus in an attenuated vaccine
Greatest triumph is the eradication of smallpox from the planet, with no naturally-occurring
cases having been found since 1977
(only if there is a lack of animal reservoir for virus)
Large-scale vaccination campaigns can be successful
Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Pourrut X, et al.. Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature 2005;438:575-576.