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Viral Infection Detection
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Viral Infection DetectionClinical examinations & findings
Antibody detection
Electron Microscopic: SEM & TEM
Molecular assays: PCR
Detection of viral receptors
Example: Hemagglutination & Hemagglutination inhibition
Culture
Plaque formation (PFU, Pock)
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The Culture of Viruses
1. laboratory animals
2. Embryonated eggs
3. Cell lines (Tissue cultures)
Primary cell culture
Diploid cell lines
Continuous cell lines
Cytopatic effects (CPEs)
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Cytopatic effects (CPEs):
Cell lyses (degeneration) Aggregation Malignant transformation Giant cells Cell rounding Viral gene expression Loss of attachment (to culture dish) Cell-Cell fusion (Syncytial cells) Inclusion body: Negri body
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Rabies Negri bodies
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Syncytial cells by Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-infected primary rabbit kidney cellsCPE: rounding and detachment of cells
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Adenovirus beta galactosidase
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Viral genetics
Virus - Virus interactions
Viral cancers
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Different interactions between two different viruses in a cell
Recombination (based on Crossing over)
- between HSV1 & HSV2
Reassortment
- between Influenza viruses
Complementation
- Rescue of a lethal mutant with a defined genetic sequence of other virus
Transcapsidation
- Pseudoviruses
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Cell transformationChanges in cellular growth, cellular morphology, antigenic compounds.
Oncogenic viruses can be carcinogen (causing malignant tumors) and make cells to transform.
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Tumor viruses
Why some viruses are considered the causative of tumors?- Biological criteria for causal association of viruses with
tumors:
The presence of virus in tumor tissues
The presence of virus before disease onset
Viral persistence
The location of virus at appropriate sites
Prevention of the disease by prevention of viral infection
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Human Oncogenic virusesHuman Oncogenic RNA viruses Retroviruses: HTLV-1 & HTLV-2, HIV: Kaposi’s sarcoma
Human Oncogenic DNA viruses Human Hepatitis B virus: Hepatocellular carcinoma Herpesviruses: Epstein-Barr virus: Burkitt’s Lymphoma/
Epstein-Barr virus: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Herpesviruses: Herpes Simplex virus Type 2: Cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia Herpesviruses: Human Cytomegalovirus: Cervical tumors/ Human Papillomaviruses: types 18, 16, 33: Cervical cancer
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Viral and hast genes involved in cancers
Virus:
Promoter genes (viral oncogenes= v-onc )
Host:
Tumor Repressor Genes
Oncogenes (cellular oncogenes= c-onc)
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Tumor Repressor Genes (Anti-oncogenes)
They are normally oncogene regulators.
If repressed (e.i. by a virus promoter)
Activating the relevant oncogene Causing oncogene products Cell transformation
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Cellular Oncogenes(c-onc genes)
Normally inactivated.
If disregulated or mutated, then causes transformation in the cell by oncogene products.
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Example:
Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene is one of these tumor repressor genes which regulates the pass of the cells to S stage of the cell cycle. Mutation of Rb gene by some viral promotors transforms the cell.
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Growth factors
Signaling proteins
DNA binding proteins and other regulatory proteins
Cellular receptors
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