Causes and Consequences of Youth Involvement in Electoral Violence
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A CITIES UNITED REPORT By Arnold Chandler, Forward Change Consulting Safe, healthy and hopeful Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Transcript of Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black …...II III IV V Introduction I Violence...
A CITIES UNITED REPORT
By Arnold Chandler,
Forward Change Consulting Safe, healthy and hopeful
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for
Black Males in America:
A Call to Action
Violence Victimization Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Explaining and Predicting Violence Perpetration Among Young Black Males in America
Interventions for Reducing Violence and its
Consequences for Young Black Males in America
About this Report Series
About Cities United
Message from the Executive Director
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Table of Contents
Introduction
Violence Trends and Patterns for Black Males in the U.S.
The Costs and Consequences of
Violence and Victimization
References
The Vicious Cycle of Violence: Neighborhood
Violence is a Central Contributor to the Cycle of Urban Disadvantage
I
II
III
IV
V
Introduction
I
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
A note about this report
Violence Trends and Patterns for
Black Males in the U.S.
II
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Section Overview
Defining “Community Violence”
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Victimization
Witnessing Violence
Hearing about violence
Rates of fatal offending and victimization show stark disparities for young black males, although gaps have
narrowed significantly since rates peaked in the early 1990s
The Varied Meanings of “Violence Exposure”
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
SOURCE: Cooper and Smith (2011)3
SOURCE: Cooper and Smith (2011)4
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
31.4
4.5
91.1
11.7
38.4
5
Black Males Ages 14-17
White Males Ages 14-17
Black Males Ages 18-24
White Males Ages 18-24
Black Males Ages 25+
White Males Ages 25+
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
175.8
20.4
37.8
5.5
Black Males Ages 14-17
White Males Ages 14-17
Black Males Ages 18-24
White Males Ages 18-24
Black Males Ages 25+
White Males Ages 25+
64.8
8
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
SOURCE: Fox and Zawitz (2008)6 and Cooper and Smith (2011)7
400
350
300
250
150
100
50
0
200
19
76
1
97
7
19
78
1
97
9
19
80
1
98
1
19
82
1
98
3
19
84
1
98
5
19
86
1
98
7
19
88
1
98
9
19
90
1
99
1
19
92
1
99
3
19
94
1
99
5
19
96
1
99
7
19
98
1
99
9
20
00
2
00
1
20
02
2
00
3
20
04
2
00
5
20
08
Black Male Offending Rate (18-24) Black Male Offending Rate (14-17)
Black Male Offending Rate (25+)
52.8
60.7 64.8
37.8
175.8
253.1
362.5
130.1
71.5
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
SOURCE: Fox and Zawitz (2008)8 and Cooper and Smith (2011)9
SOURCE: FBI Supplementary Homicide Reports 1980-201310
200
180
160
140
100
80
60
0
120
40
20
19
76
1
97
7
19
78
1
97
9
19
80
1
98
1
19
82
1
98
3
19
84
1
98
5
19
86
1
98
7
19
88
1
98
9
19
90
1
99
1
19
92
1
99
3
19
94
1
99
5
19
96
1
99
7
19
98
1
99
9
20
00
2
00
1
20
02
2
00
3
20
04
2
00
5
20
08
Black Male Offending Rate (18-24) Black Male Offending Rate (14-17)
Black Male Offending Rate (25+)
183.5
91.1
38.4
31.4
76.4 68.0
64.6
18.4
68.3
90%
80%
70%
50%
40%
30%
0%
60%
20%
10%
100%
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
76% 73%
87% 91% 90% 91% 91% 92%
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Black males are significantly more likely than other males to be non-fatally violently victimized and the likelihood is most
pronounced for young black males
SOURCE: Adapted from Lauritsen and Heimer (2010)13
1973
19
74
1975
19
76
1977
19
78
1979
19
80
1981
19
82
1983
19
84
1985
19
86
1987
19
88
1989
19
90
1991
19
92
1993
19
94
1995
19
96
1997
19
98
1999
20
00
2001
20
02
2003
20
04
2005
5000
4000
3000
0
2000
1000
6000
Latino Non-Latino Black Non-Latino White
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
SOURCE: White and Lauritsen (2012)15 and Truman and Planty (2012)16
2,500
2,000
1,500
-
1,000
500
3,000
1,170
580
2,540
1,240 1,130
670
White Black Hispanic
Youth (ages 12-17) Total Pop. (ages 12 and over)
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Rates of fatal and nonfatal violent victimization are far higher for
young black males living in neighborhoods of high disadvantage
When violently victimized, black males are substantially more
likely to be assaulted with a firearm or other weapon
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Black youth are substantially more likely to witness serious violence compared to their white counterparts, and household
income does not appear to buffer against the risk of exposure
Risk of violent victimization among black males is highly
concentrated and transmitted through high-risk social networks
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
The Costs and Consequences of Violence
and Victimization
III
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Section Overview
Economic Costs of Violent Crime
Violent Crime Economic Cost
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Aggression and Violence: Violence Begets Violence
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Exposure and Educational Outcomes
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Exposure and Mental and Behavioral Health
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
The Vicious Cycle of Violence: Neighborhood Violence is a
Central Contributor to the
Cycle of Urban Disadvantage
IV
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
References
V
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Violence Trends, Patterns and Consequences for Black Males in America: A Call to Action
Safe, healthy and hopeful
