Violence in the Violence in the Name of the Name of the

FaithFaithReligious TerrorismReligious Terrorism

Understanding Jihad as a Primary MotiveUnderstanding Jihad as a Primary Motive

Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right.what is right.

Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam.

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of ZionThe Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a Secondary Motiveas a Secondary Motive

Forgery written by Czarist secret police around Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895.1895.

Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.

Judeo-Christian AntiquityJudeo-Christian Antiquity

Bible references to violence in the name of the Bible references to violence in the name of the faith.faith.

Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies.

Christian CrusadesChristian Crusades

A series of Western Christian military campaigns.A series of Western Christian military campaigns. Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.

The AssassinsThe Assassins

Founded in 11Founded in 11thth-century Persia to purify the -century Persia to purify the faith.faith.

Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings.

A Secret Cult of MurderA Secret Cult of Murder

Thuggee cult in 13Thuggee cult in 13thth to 19 to 19thth century India. century India. Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.

Modern Arab Islamist ExtremismModern Arab Islamist Extremism

A progression from secular phases of Arab A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism.nationalism.

Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural differences.differences.

Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in UgandaCase: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda

Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force.Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force. Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.

National Case: IranNational Case: Iran

Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force.Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force. Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian

Islamists.Islamists.

Regional Case: Pakistan and IndiaRegional Case: Pakistan and India

Hindu-Muslim conflict.Hindu-Muslim conflict. Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence

(ISI).(ISI). Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple

massacre.massacre.

Religious Zealotry in the Middle EastReligious Zealotry in the Middle East

Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.Christianity.

Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites.sites.

The International The International MujahideenMujahideen

Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith.Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith. Case: The Afghan Arabs.Case: The Afghan Arabs.

Al Qaeda’s Religious FoundationAl Qaeda’s Religious Foundation

A movement and loose network.A movement and loose network. Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview.Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview. Belief that Islamist armed resistance is Belief that Islamist armed resistance is

required.required.

The Algerian The Algerian JihadisJihadis

Civil war in Algeria during 1990s.Civil war in Algeria during 1990s. Violent Islamist uprising.Violent Islamist uprising.

Cult Case: Aum ShinrikyoCult Case: Aum Shinrikyo

Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara.Asahara.

At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 worldwide.worldwide.

March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack.attack. 5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.