[Vineeth C S] Stirling Engine a Beginners Guide(BookZa.org)

7/22/2019 [Vineeth C S] Stirling Engine a Beginners Guide(BookZa.org)

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VINEETH C S


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STRILING ENGINES:

A BEGINNERS GUIDE

VINEETH C S


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C R:

C R

. A

.@..
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Dedicated to my parents,

S. Chandran &

Dr. Suja

- Tread where there is no path

and leave a trail.


6/108

FOREWORD

I have great pleasure to write a forward to the very fundamental book on Stirling

Engines - A Beginners Guide, authored by Vineeth C S who completed his final

year project under my guidance as a part of his B Tech degree course in

Mechanical Engineering at College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram. During

initial phase of our discussion about the project work, I asked him to learn more

about Stirling Engines which can be a source of Mechanical work output, derived

from solar energy. The committed effort by Vineeth C S turns out to be the book

on Stirling Engines - A Beginners Guide. I am personally proud of his venture

because, to the best of my knowledge, Mr. Vineeth C S is the first Engineering

college student in Kerala state who authored a book on a technical subject and the

author deserves high level of appreciation for an outcome of this effort. I am

certain that this book would provide a wealth of information to the students who

desire to deepen their understanding about Stirling Engines. I hope that Mr.

Vineeth C S, who is going to join at the Indian Institute of Science, Banglaore, for

his higher studies, will continue his endeavor and the technical community will be

benefited from similar kind of outcome. I wish him all success.

Happy reading to all

Dr. G VenugopalAssociate Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Engineering

Thiruvananthapuram


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PREFACE

D , I B.T

, I S E. E , ,

. R

. W

, I

.

T . T

. S

,

. F A R

.

I D. G V, A. P M

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. I R R M,

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I . I

. I

, I

(A ).

I I ,

, , I

. P

.

VINEETH C S
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 12. HISTORY 3

2.1. ROBERT STIRLING 32.2. PROFESSOR IVO KOLIN .. 52.3. PROFESSOR JAMES SENFT 6

3. THE STIRLING CYCLE 74. THE BASIC STIRLING ENGINE 105. PARTS OF A STIRLING ENGINE 13

5.1. HEAT EXCHANGERS . 135.2. PISTON .. 135.3. DISPLACER .. 145.4. FLYWHEEL 155.5. REGENERATOR . 16

6. TYPES OF STIRLING ENGINES 176.1. ALPHA STIRLING ENGINE .. 19

6.1.1. ROSS YOKE DRIVE FOR ALPHA STIRLING ENGINES .. 256.2. DOUBLE ACTING TYPE STIRLING ENGINE .. 266.3. BETA STIRLING ENGINE .. 30

6.3.1. RHOMBIC DRIVE FOR BETA STIRLING ENGINES .. 376.4. GAMMA STIRLING ENGINE .. 386.5. LOW TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL STIRLING ENGINES . 446.6. RINGBOM STIRLING ENGINES . 466.7. FREE PISTON STIRLING ENGINES .. 50

6.7.1. FLUIDYNE ENGINE . 556.7.2. FLUIDYNE PUMP . 576.7.3. FREE PISTON ALTERNATOR STIRLING ENGINE . 58

6.8. MULTIPHASE STIRLING ENGINE 596.9. ROTARY STIRLING ENGINE 61


12/108

7. STIRLING CYROCOOLERS 627.1. REVERSED STIRLING CYCLE ... 637.2. DUPLEX STIRLING CYCLE . 65

8. PERFORMANCE OF STIRLING ENGINES 668.1. STRENGTHS . 668.2. WEAKNESS .. 678.3. PRESSURIZATION .. 688.4. THE WORKING FLUID . 708.5. PRESSURE VARIATIONS INSIDE CYLINDERS 718.6. TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS OF CYLINDERS 728.7. BEALE NUMBER 738.8. WEST NUMBER . 73

9. APPLICATION OF STIRLING ENGINES 759.1. SOLAR BASED POWER GENERATION . 759.2. SOLAR THERMAL PUMPING SYSTEM . 769.3. STIRLING ENGINES IN AUTOMOBILES 779.4. CHIP COOLING 789.5. TOP USES OF STIRLING ENGINE IN HISTORY 79

10. HOW TO MAKE A STIRLING ENGINE MODEL 8010.1.TEST TUBE STIRLING ENGINE .. 8010.2.TWO CAN STIRLING ENGINE . 84

11. HOW DO I MAKE A REAL STIRLING ENGINE? 9312. SUGGESTED FURTHER REFFERENCE 95


13/108

1

INTRODUCTION

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. U

( ),

. T

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CARNOT EFFICIENCY. T C

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. T

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.

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"S E" G. W


15/108

3

HISTORY

T S 1807, S G

C (1773 1857) E

. T

. B

.

ROBERT STIRLING:

O S 27, 1816, 26, C S R

S E, S. T

(

),

S E

. T F(3).T

, S E. T

D R M

.

T ,

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J,

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1827 1840.


16/108

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Fig (1): Model of a Stirling Engine made by Robert Stirling Fig (2): Robert Stirling

Fig (3): Drawings made by Robert Stirling for his patent in 1816*

* .


17/108

5

PROFESSOR IVO KOLIN

Fig (4): Professor Ivo Kolin

E 1983, P I K U Z, C,

S

. T 100C,

. T

,

20C.

T

. T

,

. A '',

. A

, . D 1980', P K

,

.


18/108

6

PROFFESOR JAMES R SENFT

Fig (5): Professor James R Senft

D 1980' 1990' P S U

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I 1992 P S

NASA. T , N92,

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. P S S E,

S


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7

THE STIRLING CYCLE

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S . T ( )

C .

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P 23: I .

T , T. T

.

P 34: I .


20/108

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T

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, .

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(T)

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41 23. T

. T .

H 100% C

.


21/108

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M P:

C

P 34> H :

P 41 > H : P 12> H :

P 23>H :

( 100% )

S < 1, T.

H :

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12, :

( =

)

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W =1 C

.

=1 = 1


22/108

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THE BASIC STIRLING ENGINE

L S

S . I ,

. N

.

P 12: I C

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T

. H

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P 12: I :


23/108

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T

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100%

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P 23 I

() A () A

T . T

. T . W

.

P 34 I


24/108

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T

. T

.

PRINCIPLES INVOLVED

T

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,

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13

PARTS OF A STIRLING ENGINE

1. HEAT EXCHANGERS:O S

.H . T

. A

,

.

T S

. A S

S

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F(8): A A S

2. PISTON:A

,

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. T S


26/108

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. I

,

.

F(9) A A E . N .

3. DISPLACER:A

. T

. S ,

, . G

.


27/108

15

F(10): A B S . N

.

4. FLYWHEEL:T , (

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,

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.

T

. T

,

. S S

.

F(11): A B S .


28/108

16

5. REGENERATORT S . I

. F

, ..

. B

. W

, . T

. S

.

F(12): R M S E.

R

. E ,

. A

,

.


29/108

17

TYPES OF STIRLING ENGINES

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( )

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30/108

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T B S

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() G S :T G S

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() R S :T G S

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31/108

19

ALPHA STIRLING ENGINE

T A S S

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90

.

T

,

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. I

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C S

A . T

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32/108

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WORKING:

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S

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O D

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S

/. F A S

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1. T :

A , ,

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( ) T

D C (TDC). T

. T

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33/108

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N S ,

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(

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A

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T 90

. A . T

( ). T

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TDC B D C (BDC). A


34/108

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.

A S , 34 (I

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I . P

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T ,

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35/108

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W 41 (C V )

S . T C

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BDC IDC. T

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36/108

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25

ROSS YOKE DRIVE FOR ALPHA STIRLING ENGINES

F(14): A A S R Y *.

T R , S A

R O, S E . E

A ,

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T S . M

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26

DOUBLE ACTING TYPE STIRLING ENGINE

T S A S

, . T ,

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A . S W S

S .

F(15): A D S .

T

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. A

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39/108

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T

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S .

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40/108

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A

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42/108

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BETA STIRLING ENGINE

A B S S

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R S B S . T

,

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43/108

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F(21): A B S .( )

WORKING:

T B S A S

. T

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A ,

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CRANK POSITION WITH RESPECT TO STROKE

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F(22): P B

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S B ,

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A , ( ,

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A ,

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46/108

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) . (S

90

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ODC.


47/108

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A S

B A .

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F ,

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. T

34 S .

3. T .


48/108

36

A , IDC,

ODC. T 90 ( 180

). T ,

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37

RHOMBIC DRIVE FOR BETA STIRLING ENGINES

F(25): S B S R D.

T R ,

, .

T B S . I R M P

, H, B S

1960.

A , , . T

. H

,

. D

, .

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50/108

38

GAMMA STIRLING ENGINE

A G S S ,

. T

.U

() A B S .

E (

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. T

, A S

. I

S

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G

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S

,

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.


51/108

39

F(26) A G S

F(27) A CAD S


52/108

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S

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(

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F(28): A G S .( )

N . A

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53/108

41

1. T :

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( FIG28). T TDC

. T

,

C S (P 23).

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54/108

42

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34 S .

A

. T

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N

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.

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55/108

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56/108

44

LOW TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL STIRLING ENGINE

A S

,

C. I 1980, P I K J S

. D. S'

. T

C T S E. I

, ..

2 6.

F(29): A S .


57/108

45

T G S

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.

T . T

, 1W

.

F(30): D S H H . A M MM7 S

A S .

T MM7 , ,

4. T

S 0.5, 1990.


58/108

46

RINGBOM STIRLING ENGINES

R S G S

. T

. T BDC; . T

T

, .

F(31): A R S .

T R S (

). T


59/108

47

. I

.

W:

L R S ,

. S

R G S ,

( )

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F(32): A R .

T ,

. A

. S


60/108

48

, .

B

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(

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, . N

.


61/108

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N 34 S

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4. C .A ,

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. T 12 S

, .


62/108

50

FREE PISTON STRILING ENGINES

F P S

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,

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, .

F(33): A S , .

W.T B S

, 1960. S

S . M

,

.


63/108

51

F(34): S S . N

. S: WIKIPEDIA


64/108

52

WORKING:

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S . L S ,

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,

. D R ;

R .

1. T :

A ,

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V

.

2. E :


65/108

53

A , ( S )

,

. T ,

. A TDC.

3. T :


66/108

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O ,

. T

. T

BDC

.

4. C :

T . T

,

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BDC . D

.


67/108

55

FLUIDYNE ENGINE

T A G S .

T L P S E. T

G . T F

. M

. V

. B

. I

.

F(35): A F .


68/108

56

T S

, . A

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,

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T F

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.. . T

.

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69/108

57

FLUIDYNE PUMP

W F , F .

U F

F . W , . N

, .

E ,

. A

F .

F(37): A F

I F

F . T

F . T ,

. S

.


70/108


71/108

59

MULTIPHASE STIRLING ENGINE

T M S S

S .

T UC B A DM P S R. S.

F(39): T M S B

T B

S , 12.7 . I

$5 ,

$1 .


72/108

60

DESCRIPTION:

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S 120 .

T ..

. T

.

T .

T O

. E

, ,

.

F(40): D F(40): D

T

. T . T

,

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(6 ) .


73/108

61

ROTARY STIRLING ENGINE

T S S

. T W

, .

F(41): D R L D S

(2005)

A

S . A ,

. A

S Q (

) .


74/108

62

STIRLING CRYOCOOLERS

W C

. S S

S . E S 1916, 1834,

J H S . T S P 1950

.

F(42): R S . P 4W 60K

120 W .

T S D S

. T ,

, . T

. R

V C R

S .


75/108

63

REVERSED STIRLING CYCLE

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S . F

.

F(43) T S .

P 12: I :

T .

T, . T

V

.

P 23: I :

T . A ,

,

. T .

T V

.


76/108

64

P 34: I :

T

, .

T, . T V .

P 41: I :

T , , . T

, . T

. T

V .

WORKING:

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. T S

. M /

. I , S C

.

T (

S ). A ,

. D ,

. A

( S

). T

. T

.


77/108

65

DUPLEX STIRLING ENGINE

T D S S

..

.

F(44) A D S .

B D S S (

) S ( ). T S

. I

. T

.


78/108

66

PERFORMANCE OF STIRLING ENGINES

STRENGTHS:

1. S .

2. T . T

.

3. I ( ), S

. R

, .

4. A ,

IC .

5. T . T S

.

6. T . T

. T

.

7. T , IC . H /

.

8. I IC , S .

9. T . W

10.E .


79/108

67

WEAKNESS:

1. S , .

T IC S

.

2. A S . I S

. T ,

S , S

.

M . T

S

.

3. T S . A IC

(

). B S

. T

,

.4. S S . U IC

, S

. F 25 ,

5 107 /,

.

5. S ( ). T

. M S .

6. I S . U . T

.


80/108

68

PRESSURIZATION

I R S J S

S . P

S . B , , . M

,

.

E:

T S

.

7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.

F(45):E / E S .

I

. T


81/108

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. (R

).

P:

P S

.

17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.

25.F(46): P / E .

A ,

.

H .

A S .

H ,

.


82/108

70

THE WORKING FLUID

T ,

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.

H S

, . M

S H . I

,

.

H ,

, . H

. M

.

T

. M S

. O , S

. T S

. S N

.

I A O,

S , ,

S .


83/108

71

PRESSURE VARIATIONS INSIDE CYLINDERS

T

S . L

A S .

F(47): P

T 0

. I

( P. 90). A (180),

. F

(P.),

180

.

T B G S ,

. H

. T

. A

R S .


84/108

72

TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS OF CYLINDERS

I S

. W

.

F(48): T

A

, ( ) . T

. A

,

. D ,

. T

. A

.

T

. T

. F

.


85/108

73

BEALE NUMBER

T B N

S . I S .

F , B N 0.11 0.15,

.

M,

W,

T B

T W

A P.

S

F H

WEST NUMBER

T W

S S . I

B . I W 0.25

W 0.35.

M


86/108

74

I ,

W,

T W

T K

T K

B ,

.

.

N

. A

S B

W N. O

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S .

D. K H, S ,

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75

APPLICATION OF STIRLING ENGINES

SOLAR BASED POWER GENERATION

S E . T

. M

S , . T

.

F(49): S

I 30 S

76000 W

. T ,

. I S N ,

. T

..

; . A S C E

,

.


88/108

76

SOLAR THERMAL PUMPING SYSTEM:

T S . A

S

. T .

F(50): SUNPULSETM: A S .

BSR S T, S

. T S

. H

S .

T 3 2

100. I 0.5 1

H 100 , 1000

1 2 .


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STIRLING ENGINES IN AUTOMOBILES

T S

1980 . I 1970

GM F S I C . A

,

. F S ,

. M

20 !. T

1980 . C

S

.

C () ()

F (51) ) 1979 AMC S S .

)T P40 S .

S . S

. A

S . S

. U

,

S

.


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CHIP COOLING

M MSI (T)

S . T S

S .

() ()

F(52): ) MSI S

) S S .

T . F

. M

, S

. T S

( ). T,

,

S .

I S

70% .


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TOP USES OF STIRLING ENGINES IN HISTORY

Cordless hair dryers

Heats homes in The Netherlands with 50-75 hp engine.

Provides basic power in Bangladesh and African villages by burning rice huskson the hot side of the engine (Lockwood engine).

Powers oceanographic exploration submarine for Jacques Costeau, the Saga, so

his team can quietly sneak up on the fishes and the whales.

Power the quietest military submarines in the worlda 1300 hp Stirling engine

drives subs in the Swedish and Danish fleets.

Powers remote scientific research stations in Antarctica, providing power to run

the experiments, the telescope, and send back data to scientists in warmer

locations. Powers a new generation powerless processor cooling fan.Provides power to homes and industries in Las Vegas, Nevada. The heat source

is a series of solar collectors.

A car: the AMC Spirit was powered by a Stirling engine in the 1970s.

Fans: from the 1880s to 1930s, fans were often powered by Stirling engines.

Radios: In the 1930s, an engineer from Philips Electronics in The Netherlands

found a Stirling fan at a flea market. Buying it, he adapted the engine to run a

radio. Unfortunately, the transistor was invented soon after, making the moreexpensive Stirling radio obsolete.

As a veritable replacement for any steam engine, the Stirling engine is much

saferwhich is why the Reverend Robert Stirling invented it in 1816!

Refrigerators and freezers: Sun Power of Athens, Ohio developed Stirling-

powered refrigeration units in the 1980s but they did not enter the market.

Stirling cycle coolers generate liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen in labs all

around the world. Its a moderately priced way to do so!

A yacht: Philips Electronics developed a 90 hp Stirling use for marine use. Domestic water pumps were powered by Stirling engines from 1870s to

1920s. Developments such as the SUNPULSE TM and ongoing researches in

Fluidyne engine promises better water pumps.

Sewing machines were powered by Stirling engines from 1870s to 1920s.


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HOW TO MAKE A STIRLING ENGINE MODEL

T

S . A S

. A . H S

.

TEST TUBE STIRLING ENGINE :

(COURTESY: ...)

P R:

(1) T 1, (2) S 1, (3) M 5, (4) R 1, (5) R 1, (6) R 1, (7) W 8, (8) B

1, (9) F 2, (10) R 1, (11) R 1, (12)

A 1

S 1: P , .

S 2: S


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. S .

S 3:H . W

, .

T

. I , . I

,

.

S 4: A .

S 5: P


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82

.

S 6: S .

S 7: S

.

S 8: I .


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S 8: P . A T .

L .

Y

( ),

. A Y S E E

.

A .

.

1.://...///.

2. ://..////

3.://..//A

E

.(P XY).
http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/english/mk_can.htmhttp://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/english/mk_can.htmhttp://sites.google.com/site/reukpower/can-stirling/make-a-coke-can-stirling-enginehttp://sites.google.com/site/reukpower/can-stirling/make-a-coke-can-stirling-enginehttp://sites.google.com/site/reukpower/can-stirling/make-a-coke-can-stirling-enginehttp://www.instructables.com/id/An-easy-to-build-Stirling-Engine-fanhttp://www.instructables.com/id/An-easy-to-build-Stirling-Engine-fanhttp://www.instructables.com/id/An-easy-to-build-Stirling-Engine-fanhttp://sites.google.com/site/reukpower/can-stirling/make-a-coke-can-stirling-enginehttp://sites.google.com/site/reukpower/can-stirling/make-a-coke-can-stirling-enginehttp://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/english/mk_can.htm


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TWO CAN STIRLING ENGINE:

.( 8492).


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HOW DO I MAKE A REAL STIRLING ENGINE?

F , S . F

,

, RPM , , . S A

I A

S . T

S , .

. T B W

. T

' D. A .

D S .

O ,

. M CNC

. F ,

CNC . A S

.

A S S

IC . I

, A R

S . T A

,

.

T S .

T . T

S

S


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TOP STIRLING ENGINE MANUFACUTRES

NEW ZEALAND:

WT : C .T

S .

USA:

S : T W B, S . I F P S E

S .

A S E C: T .

S T I : C S , ST5.

DENMARK:

S D : A D S .

SWEDEN:

K : T S .

BRITAN:

K : T L T DS E.

TAIWAN:

P T : T S . S PC

.


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SUGGESTED FURTHER REFERENCE

ANIMATIONS:

://...//2. R S .

://../. A E. ://../.B E. ://../. G E. ://../. R Y M. ://../2///3. R

D.

://..// D S .

BOOKS:

G. W

J R S B W B J R S J R

S

DESIGN:

D. A J. O W R M A R ://../SEDAF.
http://www.stirlingengines.org.uk/pioneers/pion2.htmlhttp://www.stirlingengines.org.uk/pioneers/pion2.htmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/vstirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/vstirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/stirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/stirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ltdstirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ltdstirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ross.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ross.shtmlhttp://www.geocities.com/~rrice2/my_engines/ttr/page3.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/~rrice2/my_engines/ttr/page3.htmlhttp://www.whispergen.com/main/technologyhttp://www.whispergen.com/main/technologyhttp://www.sesusa.org/SEDAF.htmhttp://www.sesusa.org/SEDAF.htmhttp://www.sesusa.org/SEDAF.htmhttp://www.whispergen.com/main/technologyhttp://www.geocities.com/~rrice2/my_engines/ttr/page3.htmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ross.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/ltdstirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/stirling.shtmlhttp://www.animatedengines.com/vstirling.shtmlhttp://www.stirlingengines.org.uk/pioneers/pion2.html


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STIRLING ENGINE MANUFACTURERS:

WT ://.. S ://.. A S C ://.. S T I ://.. S D ://.. K : ://.. K ://... P T ://..

TECHNICAL PAPERS:

(2006) A .

(2009) Artin Der Minassians and Seth R.Sanders.

(2006) B .

(1999) .

(2008) D.. .. .
http://www.whispergen.com/http://www.whispergen.com/http://www.sunpower.com/http://www.sunpower.com/http://www.stirlingengine.com/http://www.stirling-tech.com/http://www.stirling-tech.com/http://www.stirling.dk/http://www.kockums.se/http://www.kockums.se/http://www.stirlingengine.co.uk/http://www.stirlingengine.co.uk/http://www.polo-tech.com/http://www.polo-tech.com/http://www.polo-tech.com/http://www.stirlingengine.co.uk/http://www.kockums.se/http://www.stirling.dk/http://www.stirling-tech.com/http://www.stirlingengine.com/http://www.sunpower.com/http://www.whispergen.com/

[Vineeth C S] Stirling Engine a Beginners Guide(BookZa.org)

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