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Solid Waste Management
Maribel U. Cruz , M.D.
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Session Objectives1. To define solid wastes and solid waste
management2. To enumerate the general categories,
types and sources of solid wastes3. To describe the situation regarding
solid waste disposal in the Philippines4. To describe the waste hierarchy of
SWM5. To cite the objectives of SWM6. To enumerate and explain the
elements of SWM
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Solid WasteDefinition :
All wastes arising from human & animal activities that are normally solid & that are discarded as useless or unwanted
Three General Categories1. Municipal wastes2. Industrial wastes3. Hazardous wastes
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Municipal Solid Wastes
Food wastes or GarbageRubbish : paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, glass, cans, metalsAshes & residues: materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal & other combustible wastesDemolition & construction wastes: stone, concrete, brick, lumber, plumbing, heating & electrical parts
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Municipal Solid WastesSpecial wastes: street sweepings, roadside litter, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, discarded appliances
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Industrial Wastes
Wastes arising from industrial activities and typically include rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and hazardous wastes.Can include treatment plant wastes
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Hazardous WastesWastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of time to human, plant & animal lifeWastes which exhibit any of the ff;
> Ignitability > Corrosivity > Reactivity > Toxicity
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Types & Sources of Solid Wastes 1. Household wastes2. Commercial & industrial wastes3. Farm & agricultural wastes4. Institutional wastes5. Miscellaneous & special wastes > sludge from water & waste water treatment plants, ash from
incinerators street sweepings, demolition,
constructions
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Situationer
Problems associated with solid waste disposal:
1. Pollution of water and food resources
2. Burning of solid wastes destroys the fertility of the soil
3. Exposure to smoke & fumes from burning wastes increases their risk of developing respiratory diseases
4. Solid wastes become breeding sites of disease vectors
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Situationer1997 – means of solid waste disposal by HH nationwide included the following:
> Individual burning – 48% > Municipal garbage collection – 30% > Open dumping – 6% > Burying – 5% > Composting – 4% > others – 7% Source: Solid Waste Management Bureau
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Solid Waste Management Indicators Philippines 2003
Indicator National MMMSW generated (tons/year) 10 million 2.5 mil
Collection efficiency Urban 73%
Rural 40%
83%
Percentage waste recovered & reused 13% 25%
Percentage MSW composted 10%
Percentage MSW recycled & sold 5% 6-12%
Percentage of MSW disposed in controlled dumps
30%
No. of disposal facilities 909 8
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Situationer2004 – MM generated more than 2 million tons of potentially recyclable materials
> Plastic is the most common material recycled followed by metal, paper and glass
MM generated 6,700 tons of garbage daily
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Situationer In MM sources of wastes are: > households 74.1% > shops 9.4% > markets 7.6% > restaurants 7.5% > institutions 0.8% > street sweepings 0.4% > river clean-up 0.14%
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Situationer In MM, 90% of the wastes are collected
by municipal collection system of which: > 25% are illegally dumped > 30% are collected by sanitary landfills > 33% are disposed in open dumps > 2% is recycled Of the remaining wastes that are
collected, 4% are recycled by HH while 6% are self-disposed generally into the river systems
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Data from 47 municipalities revealed that 36% had waste recycling programsOn the industrial side, among the 368 business establishments that were surveyed:
> 49% - used public facilities > 25% - private contractors > 8% - composting > 7% - landfill > 4% - recycling > 1% - incineration
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Solid Waste ManagementDefinition: Interrelated system of appropriate technologies and mechanisms involved in the generation, collection, storage and processing, transfer & transport , and disposal of solid wastes at the lowest possible cost and risk to the health of the people and their environment.
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National Solid Waste Management
System FrameworkPolicy Objectives:
1. Reduction of wastes generated at the source
2. The reduction of wastes to extend the serviceability of final disposal sites
3. Improvement of collection efficiency4. The provision of safe, environmentally
friendly & acceptable way of disposing
waste collected from source
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Waste HierarchyRefers to an ordered sequence of initiatives that can be used to identify steps in addressing the amount of waste produced by societyWaste avoidance Reuse Recovery Recycling Disposal
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Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management1. Waste Generation2. On-site handling, storage &
processing3. Collection4. Transfer & Transport5. Processing and recovery6. Disposal
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Solid Waste GenerationDefinition : refers to the act or process of producing wasteSource Reduction : reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid waste stream3Rs of Solid Waste Mgt. at the source:
1. Reduce- avoid wasteful consumption of goods & minimize waste2. Reuse- recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without altering its physical characteristics3. Recycle-solid waste materials are
transformed into new materials
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On-Site StorageContainers for on-site storage should meet the following requirements:
1. Provided with fitting covers to prevent access to flies and rodents
2. Sufficient in size or number to store all the wastes between collection
3. Made of water-proof material 4. Small enough to be carried easily when
filled with wastes5. Accessible to the collector, not subject
to flooding & located away from food storage
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On-Site Storage
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 provides that segregation of wastes shall be primarily conducted at the source
Wastes shall be segregated into biodegradable and non- biodegradable
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Refuse CollectionImportant points to consider in solid waste collection are:
1. Regular collection is necessary to avoid problems of storage
2. Vehicles transporting refuse should be properly covered to prevent foul odors, eye-sores access to flies & scattering of waste materials in the streets
3. The route to the final destination site should be as direct as possible from the point of origin & should avoid busy streets
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Transfer and Transport
Refers to the means & facilities used to effect the transfer of wastes from relatively small to larger vehicles & to transport them to processing centers or disposal sites
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Processing Techniques1. Mechanical volume reduction
Compaction Balling of papers for recycling Used to increase the life of landfills
2. Thermal volume reductionIncineration can reduce the volume of wastes by more than 90%Generation of toxic air pollutants: dioxins and furans
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Processing Techniques3. Manual component separation
Can be accomplished at the source, transfer stations, centralized processing stations or disposal sitesMaterials to be sorted or salvaged are:
cardboard & high quality paper, newsprint, aluminum cans, glass, iron metals
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Resource Recovery Refer to the collection, extraction
or sorting of recyclable materials from the waste stream for purpose of recycling, generating energy or production of a product for beneficial use
The recyclable items are bought by manufacturing plants for processing to produce goods
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Disposal of Solid WastesIn the homes particularly in rural areas, solid wastes may be disposed of satisfactorily in the ff. ways:
1. Burial- deposit solid wastes in pits & covered with soil > pit should be located at least 25 m. away from any well used for water supply2. Open burning
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3. Feeding to animals4. Composting – controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms mainly bacteria & fungi, into humus-like product5. Grinding & disposal sewer – “garbage grinders” attached to kitchen sinks6. Sanitary Landfill- involves controlled
disposal of solid wastes on or in the upper layer of earth’s mantle
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Criteria for Establishment of a Sanitary Landfill
1. Liners – a system of clay or geosynthetic membranes used to contain the leachate and to prevent contaminant flow to groundwater
2. Leachate collection & treatment system > installation of pipes at the low areas of the liner to collect leachate for storage & eventual treatment & discharge
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3. Gas control recovery system > series of vertical pipes or horizontal
trenches containing permeable materials and perforated piping to collect gas for treatment of use as an energy source
4. Groundwater monitoring system – takes water samples representative of ground
water quality5. Cover – 2 forms of cover consisting of
soil & geosynthetic materials to protect the waste
materials
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6. A daily cover is placed over the waste at the close of each day’s operations
7. A final cover or cap w/c is the material placed over the completed landfill to control infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere & erosion
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Summary We have discussed:1. Definition of solid waste and solid
waste management 2. Three general categories, types and
sources of solid waste3. Situation regarding solid waste
disposal 4. Waste hierarchy5. Objectives of solid waste
management6. Elements of SWM
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Health Care Waste Management
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Session Objectives
1. To define health care waste2. To enumerate the categories of
HCW and cite examples for each3. To describe the health care waste
minimization scheme4. To describe the color coding
scheme for HCW5. To cite the practices that should
be observed in HCW management
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Session Objectives
6. To discuss the different processes in health care waste treatment
7. To discuss the waste disposal systems for HCW
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National Objectives for 2005-2010 Health care waste segregation,
treatment and disposal are improvedIndicators
1. Percentage of health care facilities disposing infectious & hazardous wastes according to approved means
Target: 80% Baseline: 51% in NCR, DOH 1997
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Indicators , cont.2. Number of approved healthcare waste
treatment facilities at the regional level
Target: at least 1 per region Baseline: 3 in Southern Tagalog, 1 in
NCR Source: DENR, 20023. Number of healthcare facilities served
by approved disposal facilities Target: at least one per region Baseline: to be determined
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Indicators, cont.4. Percentage of healthcare facilities
practicing proper waste segregation
Target: 100% of DOH hospitals Baseline: 69% of DOH hospitals Source: DOH, 2004
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A study of 144 private & government hospitals in MM showed that
> 86% practiced waste segregation > 59% pre-treated hazardous wastes chemical disinfection and
autoclavingWaste collection was done by: > MMDA (38.9%) > Private contractors (35.4%) > Networking with other hospitals with incinerators (12.9%)
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Health Care Waste
Includes all the wastes that is generated or produced as a result of any of the following activities:
1. Diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals
2. Research pertaining to the above activities
3. Production or testing of biologicals4. Waste originating from minor or
scattered sources
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Categories of Health Care Waste1. General waste 2. Infectious waste3. Pathological waste4. Sharps5. Pharmaceutical waste6. Genotoxic waste7. Chemical waste8. Waste with high content of Heavy
metals9. Pressurized containers10. Radioactive waste
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General Waste Comparable to domestic waste Comes costly from the administrative
or housekeeping functions of health care establishments
May also include waste generated during maintenance of health care premises
Does not pose special handling problem or hazard to human health or to the environment
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Infectious Waste Waste is suspected to contain
pathogens This includes:
Cultures & stocks or infectious agents from laboratory workWaste from surgery & autopsies on patients with infectious diseasesWaste from infected patients in isolation wards
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Infectious wasteWastes that has been in contact with infected patients undergoing hemodialysisInfected animals from laboratoriesAny other instruments or materials that have been in contact with infected patients or animals
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Pathological Waste Consist of tissues, organs, body
parts, human fetus and animal carcasses, blood & body fluids
Anatomical waste- recognizable human or animal body parts
Can also be considered as a subcategory of infectious wastes
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Sharps
Includes needles, syringes, scalpels, saws, blades, broken glass, infusions sets, knives, nails & any other items that can cause a cut or puncture wounds
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Pharmaceutical Waste Includes expired, unused, spilt,
and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, vaccines and sera that are no longer required and need to be disposed of appropriately
Also includes discarded items used in handling of pharmaceuticals
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Genotoxic Waste Includes cytostatic drugs, vomit,
urine or feces from patients treated with cytostatic drugs, chemicals and radioactive materials
Highly hazardous and may have mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic properties
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Chemical Waste Consist of solid, liquid and gaseous
chemicals from diagnostic, experimental work, cleaning & housekeeping and disinfecting procedures
Maybe considered as hazardous or non-hazardous
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Chemical Waste Chemical waste is considered
hazardous if it has at least one of the following propertiesToxicCorrosiveFlammableReactiveGenotoxic
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Waste with High Content of Heavy
MetalsWastes with a high metal contentRepresent a subcategory of hazardous chemical waste & are usually highly toxicMercury wastes generated from spillage of broken clinical equipmentCadmium waste comes from discarded batteriesReinforced wood panels containing lead
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Pressurized Containers Includes gases which are stored in
pressurized cylinders, cartridges and aerosol cans
Whether inert or potentially harmful, gases in pressurized containers should always be handled with care
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Radioactive Wastes Includes disused sealed radiation
sources, liquid & gaseous materials contaminated with radioactivity, excreta of patients who underwent radionuclide diagnostic and therapeutic applications , paper cups, straws, needles & syringes, test tubes, & tap water washings of such paraphernalia
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Waste Minimization Centered on the elimination or
reduction of the health care waste stream
Consist of source reduction, recycling, treatment and residual disposal
Prior to the implementation of a waste minimization program, it is important to develop a baseline data of the amount of waste generated
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Principles of Waste Minimization
Identify waste generation rates, current hazardous waste management strategies
Commitment of health care establishment operators/owners to waste minimization
Includes a written policy with specific goals, objectives & timeliness
Train employees in hazardous waste handling & site specific waste minimization methods
Be aware of and keep updated on the hazardous materials regulations
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Methods of Waste Minimization Eliminate use of a material or
generate less waste Re-use Recycling Segregation of wastes Composting
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Color Coding Scheme for Health Care Waste Black – non-infectious waste Green – non-infectious wet waste Yellow – infectious & pathological
waste Yellow with black band – chemical
waste including those with heavy metals
Orange – Radioactive waste Red – sharps & pressurized containers
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The following practices should be observed:Residuals of the general health care waste should join the domestic waste or municipal solid wasteSharps should all be collected together & placed in puncture proof containers with fitted coversBags & containers for infectious waste should be marked with the international infectious substance symbol
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Highly infectious waste & other hazardous waste should be treated immediatelyCytotoxic waste should be collected in leak proof containers clearly labeled “Cytotoxic wastes”Radioactive waste should be segregated accdg. to its physical form & to its half-life and potency
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Large quantities of chemical waste should be packed in chemical resistant containers & sent to specialized treatment facilitiesWastes with a high content of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium or mercury) should be collected separately & sent to a waste treatment facilityAerosol containers may be collected with the general health care waste. They should not be burnt or incinerated.Anatomical waste should be disposed of in accordance with the local custom
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Health Care Waste Treatment Aim: to change the biological &
chemical character of the waste to minimize its potential to cause harm
Incineration used to be the method of choice in treating health care wastesMost common technologies & processes are: thermal, chemical, irradiation, biological processes, encapsulation and inertization
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Thermal Processes Rely on high heat to destroy
pathogens Autoclave >
uses high temperature & high pressure steam sterilization to inactivate most microorganisms
> used for sterilization of reusable medical equipment
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Chemical Disinfection Presently being applied for treatment
of health care waste Aldehydes, Chlorine compounds,
phenolic compounds, etc. are added to waste to kill or inactivate pathogens
Most suitable in treating blood, urine, stools and sewage or in treating infectious wastes containing pathogens
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Biological Processes Uses an enzyme mixture to
decontaminate health care wastes Requires regulation of ph, enzyme level,
temperature & other variables Design application is mainly for regional
health care waste treatment centers Composting & vermiculture for treating
and disposing of placental waste, food waste, yard trimmings & other organic wastes
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Radiation Technology Wastes containign potentially infectious
microorganisms ( sewage sludge, biomedical wastes, wastewater) are treated using irradiation systems
Four main elements of the waste handling system are:
1. Identification of the contaminated waste 2. Collection 3. Sterilization 4. Final disposal or recycling
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Encapsulation Appropriate for disposal of sharps &
chemical and pharmaceutical residues Uses either cubic boxes made of high
density polyethylene or metallic drums that are ¾ filled with sharps or chemical or pharmaceutical residues
Containers are filled up with a medium like plastic foam, bituminous sand & cement mortar
Reduces the risk of scavengers gaining access to health care wastes
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Inertization Suitable for pharmaceutical waste Involves the mixing of waste with
cement & other substances before disposal
Minimize the risk of toxic substances in the waste from migrating into the surface water or groundwater
Mixture composed of 65% pharmaceutical waste, 15% lime, 15% cement, & 5% water
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Waste Disposal Systems Sanitary Landfill – designed to
keep the waste isolated from the environment
Safe burial on Hospital premises Septic or concrete vault – for the
disposal of used sharps & syringes
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Burial on Hospital Premises Burial site should be lined with a
material of low permeability like clay
Only hazardous health care wastes should be buried
Large quantities (>1kg) of chemical & pharmaceutical wastes should not be buried
Burial site should be managed as a landfill
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Burial pit should be downhill & about 50 meters away from any body of water
The bottom of the pit should be at least 1.5 meters higher than the ground water level
On-site burial is for limited period of 1-2 years only & for small amounts of wastes ( 5-10 tons in total)
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Summary We have discussed:1. Definition of health care waste2. Categories of health care wastes3. Health care waste Minimization Program4. Color coding scheme for HCW5. Practices that should be observed in
health care waste disposal6. Processes in HCW treatment 7. Waste disposal systems for HCW
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