VIII

Eternal

A = 100 km2, h = 6 km, = 3.5 g/cm3, m = 1 ng

Eternity > 71029 years

A natural nuclear reactor worked in Gabun 2 billion years ago.

The distirbution of isotopes shows that the ratio of Coulomb force and nuclear force changes by less than 10-18/a.

History and Future?History and Future?

Assumptions:

1) All physical laws remain unchanged.

2) We know the important laws.

Big BangBig Bang

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium. 3 minutes Formation of matter is finished.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium. 3 minutes Formation of matter is finished. 300000 years Decoupling of matter and radiation. Formation of atoms. The opaque

universe gets transparent.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium. 3 minutes Formation of matter is finished. 300000 years Decoupling of matter and radiation. Formation of atoms. The opaque

universe gets transparent. 1 mio years First stars are formed by gravitation. They breed heavier elements.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium. 3 minutes Formation of matter is finished. 300000 years Decoupling of matter and radiation. Formation of atoms. The opaque

universe gets transparent. 1 mio years First stars are formed by gravitation. They breed heavier elements. 700 mio years Formation of galaxies.

Big BangBig Bang

Time after the Big Bang

Events

10-44 s What was before? Remains unknown!

10-43 s The primeval soup consists mainly of radiation.

10-35 s Matter consists of quarks and leptons.

10-10 s Protons and neutrons are formed. 1 s Nuclei of Hydrogen and Helium are formed in ratio 10:1, also some

Lithium. 3 minutes Formation of matter is finished. 300000 years Decoupling of matter and radiation. Formation of atoms. The opaque

universe gets transparent. 1 mio years First stars are formed by gravitation. They breed heavier elements. 700 mio years Formation of galaxies. 9 bio years The solar system emerges.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

Movie duration: 24 hours. Formation of the moon 100 years.

- 4 billion years: First life on Earth.

Stromatolithes: Cyanobaktera, about 3.5 bio years ago.3 bio years later multicellular organisms.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

- 4 billion years: First life on Earth.- 670 mio: First animals- 440 mio: Most sea life dies.- 395 mio: First insects.- 365 mio: 70 % of all sea life dies.- 313 mio: First reptiles- 250 mio: 90 % of all forms of life die.

Pangaea

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

- 4 billion years: First life on Earth.- 670 mio: First animals- 440 mio: Most sea life dies.- 395 mio: First insects.- 365 mio: 70 % of all sea life dies.- 313 mio: First reptiles- 250 mio: 90 % of all forms of life die.- 235 mio: First dinosaurs and flowers.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

- 4 billion years: First life on Earth.- 670 mio: First animals- 440 mio: Most sea life dies.- 395 mio: First insects.- 365 mio: 70 % of all sea life dies.- 313 mio: First reptiles- 250 mio: 90 % of all forms of life die.- 235 mio: First dinosaurs and flowers.- 200 mio: Pangaea begins to divide.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

- 4 billion years: First life on Earth.- 670 mio: First animals.- 440 mio: Most sea life dies.- 395 mio: First insects.- 365 mio: 70 % of all sea life dies.- 313 mio: First reptiles- 250 mio: 90 % of all forms of life die.- 235 mio: First dinosaurs and flowers.- 200 mio: Pangaea begins to divide.- 150 mio: First birds.- 114 mio: First mammals. It gets cooler.- 65 mio: The end of the dinosaurs.

- 4,55 billion years solar system emerges.- 4,5 billion years Collision of planet Theia and Earth. Formation of the Moon (Giant Impact Hypothesis).

Alternative explanation: Vulkanism in India, 2 millionen cubikkilometers basalt emitted.

10 km diameter meteorite. 170 km diameter Chicxulub-crater on Yukatan-peninsula, Gulf of Mexico.

- 50 mio: India collides with Asia. Himalaya is formed.

Gondwana.gif

How to continue?

probably no big crunch – infinite expansion

V = -GmM/r = -Gm(4/3)r2

T = (m/2)v2 = (m/2)r2H2

E = T + V = mr2((1/2)H2 - G(4/3))

Infinite universe if < 3H2 / 8G

krit 510-27 kg / m3 3 H-atoms / m3

Age of the universe = 13,7109 years

Mass 51055 g

Visible matter 0,03 H-atoms / m3

Density probably less than 0,2 krit

year Problems of mankind

2040 10 Billions humans. Production of food cannot keep up.

year Problems of mankind

2040 10 Billions humans. Production of food cannot keep up.

2100 Greenhouse effect changes the climate.

year Problems of mankind

2040 10 Billions humans. Production of food cannot keep up.

2100 Greenhouse effect changes the climate.

2250 Fossil fuel and elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, V) needed for steel production get exhausted.

year Problems of mankind

2040 10 Billions humans. Production of food cannot keep up.

2100 Greenhouse effect changes the climate.

2250 Fossil fuel and elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, V) needed for steel production get exhausted.

? Continuous silent poisoning of air, water, and soil harms mankind.

Worldwide growth of population is 1,9 %

In 2600 people stand sholder by shoulder.

Energy consumption makes Earth become glowing.

Impacts of bodies D > 1 km ( of the solar system)

One event in 50 ... 100 mio. years

Nördlinger Ries 15 mio. years ago

End of Cretaceous period 65 mio. years ago.

At least 4 further big impacts.

The “small” cosmic catastropesThe “small” cosmic catastropes

Age of the sun

State of the sun

Age of the sun

State of the sun

4.55 BY Present state. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium generates luminosity L = 4 million tons of energy per second.

Age of the sun

State of the sun

4.55 BY Present state. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium generates luminosity L = 4 million tons of energy per second.

10.9 BY Output increases by a factor 2,2.

Age of the sun

State of the sun

4.55 BY Present state. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium generates luminosity L = 4 million tons of energy per second.

10.9 BY Output increases by a factor 2,2.

11.64 BY Sun becomes a red giant. L = 2,7 L0.

Age of the sun

State of the sun

4.55 BY Present state. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium generates luminosity L = 4 million tons of energy per second.

10.9 BY Output increases by a factor 2,2.

11.64 BY Sun becomes a red giant. L = 2,7 L0.

12.23 BY Diameter reaches 165 * 1,4 mio km. Luminosity increases to L = 2300 L0.

Age of the sun

State of the sun

4.55 BY Present state. Fusion of Hydrogen to Helium generates luminosity L = 4 million tons of energy per second.

10.9 BY Output increases by a factor 2,2.

11.64 BY Sun becomes a red giant. L = 2,7 L0.

12.23 BY Diameter reaches 165 * 1,4 mio km. Luminosity increases to L = 2300 L0.

12.37 BY Fusion of helium to carbon ceases. The sun becomes a white dwarf.

Years after today

State of life on earth

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life.

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life..

800 mio Insects die too.

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life..

800 mio Insects die too.

900 mio Survival is possible only in the sea. New forms of life emerge.

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life..

800 mio Insects die too.

900 mio Survival is possible only in the sea. New forms of life emerge.

1,1 bio The oceans have been boilt completey. An opaque layer of clouds is surrounding the earth.

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life..

800 mio Insects die too.

900 mio Survival is possible only in the sea. New forms of life emerge.

1,1 bio The oceans have been boilt completey. An opaque layer of clouds is surrounding the earth.

7 bio Temperature increase above 1500 Kelvin. The earth‘s surface becomes a molten liquid.

All terrestrial remainings of human history are destroyed.

Years after today

State of life on earth

600 mio Temperature raises above 60 °C and ceases human life..

800 mio Insects die too.

900 mio Survival is possible only in the sea. New forms of life emerge.

1,1 bio The oceans have been boilt completey. An opaque layer of clouds is surrounding the earth.

7 bio Temperature increase above 1500 Kelvin. The earth‘s surface becomes a molten liquid.

8 bio On the cooled earth life could return.

Years The future of the universe

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

Years The future of the universe

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

Years The future of the universe (very speculative)

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

1032 - 1042 Proton decay (if existing) supplies energy for white dwarfs. 400 Watt per star. Surface temperature below 0,01 Kelvin.

Years The future of the universe (very speculative)

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

1032 - 1042 Proton decay (if existing) supplies energy for white dwarfs. 400 Watt per star. Surface temperature below 0,01 Kelvin.

1065 - 10100 Over large time matter behaves like a fluid. Tunnel effect. No form other than a sphere is persistent. Black holes die, emit 1024 J (sun in 10 ms)

V = -GmM/r

T = mv2/2

E > 0 T + V = m(v2/2 - GM/r) > 0

Limit velocity:

v2 > 2GM/r

G = 6,6710-11 N m2 kg-2

M kg

rkm

vkm/s

Earth 61024 6370 11,2

Sun 21030 0,7106 617

Solar system from Earth orbit

21030 150106 42

r > 2GM/v2 rs = 2GM/c2

M kg

rkm

vkm/s

Earth 61024 6370 11,2

Sun 21030 0,7106 617

Solar system from Earth orbit

21030 150106 42

rs = 2GM/c2

c = 300000 km/s

M kg

rs

Earth 61024 9 mm

Sun 21030 3 km

Hole in the center of our

galaxy

51036 7400000 km

rs = 2GM/c2

c = 300000 km/s

Years The future of the universe (very speculative)

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

1032 - 1042 Proton decay (if existing) supplies energy for white dwarfs. 400 Watt per star. Surface temperature below 0,01 Kelvin.

1065 - 10100 Over large time matter behaves like a fluid. Tunnel effect. No form other than a sphere is persistent. Black holes die, emit 1024 J (sun in 10 ms)

101500 All elements (if yet existing) are becoming iron, the most stable element. Stars are cold iron spheres

Years The future of the universe (very speculative)

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

1032 - 1042 Proton decay (if existing) supplies energy for white dwarfs. 400 Watt per star. Surface temperature below 0,01 Kelvin.

1065 - 10100 Over large time matter behaves like a fluid. Tunnel effect. No form other than a sphere is persistent. Black holes die, emit 1024 J (sun in 10 ms)

101500 All elements (if yet existing) are becoming iron, the most stable element. Stars are cold iron spheres

101076 Iron stars change by tunnel effect into neutron stars..

Years The future of the universe (very speculative)

16 BY Fusion of our galaxy and Andromeda .

20 BY Earth glows. Sun loses mass. Earth escapes to present Mars orbit.

1014 Most stars have gone. A dim red glowing fills the universe. Every 1012 Y a super nova appears for some weeks when two white dwarfs crash.

1015 Earth leaves sun during encounter with another star

1020 Otherwise Earth crashes into sun.

1020 - 1024 Dissolving of galaxies: The stars boil away.

1032 - 1042 Proton decay (if existing) supplies energy for white dwarfs. 400 Watt per star. Surface temperature below 0,01 Kelvin.

1065 - 10100 Over large time matter behaves like a fluid. Tunnel effect. No form other than a sphere is persistent. Black holes die, emit 1024 J (sun in 10 ms)

101500 All elements (if yet existing) are becoming iron, the most stable element. Stars are cold iron spheres

101076 Iron stars change by tunnel effect into neutron stars..

Afterwards …

All matter has gone. There are photons with giant wavelength, elektrons and neutrinos with giant distances, positronium-Atoms with radius larger than the present universe

Organic life needs continuous supply of free energy.Free energy of the universe if finite.

Life and conciousness Life and conciousness

When using only 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... of the ressources for living, interrupted by long intervals of hibernation, life and consciousness could last infinitely long.

If one in 200 lives ends by an accident and if the average lifetime lasts 80*365*24*60 minutes, the probability to die by an accident during this minute is

w(1 min) = 10-10

The probability that 7 billion humans will die independently of each other by accidents during this minute is

W(1 min) = 10-70.000.000.000

A drop of bitterness A drop of bitterness