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Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green algae

1. Plants colonized land about 500 million years ago. Which group of algae is believed to be the ancestors of land plants?

2. define the terms. alternation of generation sporophyte gametophyte fertilization zygote spore sporangiaarchegonia antheridia apical meristem

3. Complete the concept map that follows to show how plants are classified.

4. Label the following features: male gametophyte, antheridia, female gametophyte, archegonia, egg, zygote, and sporophyte. Indicate the haploid and diploid part of the life cycle.

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Concept 29.3 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall 5. Like the Bryophyta, ferns are most common in damp environments. What feature of their reproduction

requires them to live in a moist habitat?

6. What are the two types of vascular tissue? What does each transport?

7. Go back to page 604 in your text to answer this: What are mycorrhizae?

8. Let’s conclude this chapter with a look at the life cycle of a fern. Use this to solidify your understanding of alternation of generations. Label the following elements: sporangium, meiosis, spore, gametophyte, antheridium, archegonium, sperm, egg, fertilization, zygote.

9. Which generation is dominant in ferns? Is it haploid or diploid? 10. Throughout this chapter, we have looked at problems of a terrestrial life faced by plants. Use the

following chart to summarize the solutions that are seen to some of these problems.

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Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants Concept 30.1 Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

1. List five characteristics common to all seed plants. a.b.c.d.e.

2. List four advantages the plant gains by the miniaturization of the gametophyte. a.b.c.d.

3. Heterospory indicates that the plant produces two kinds of spores: megaspores and microspores. Explain what each type of spore forms as it develops.

a. megaspore

b. microspore

4. Inside each ________________________, a female ___________________________ develops from a megaspore and produces one or more ______________.

5. A microspore develops into a ____________________ that consists of a male _________________ enclosed within the pollen wall.

6. What is the purpose of pollination?

7. What are three advantages of seeds over spores?

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8. Using Figure 30.3 as a guide, label all parts of this figure. Then, below each of the three drawings, explain what is occurring.

Concept 30.2 Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones 9. Understanding the life cycle of the pine should bring together the essential characteristics of gymnosperms.

Following Figure 30.6, label and give eight brief explanations of the important features of the pine life cycle.

Concept 30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits 10. Concerning seeds, what is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

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11. What is the specialized function of the flower?

12. Label the ten structures on the flower diagram. Briefly give the function of each labeled part.

11. A fruit consists of a mature __________________________________. 12. List the two functions of fruits.

a.b.

13. What two events occur during double fertilization?

14. After double fertilization, the ovule matures into the _____________ . The zygote develops into the sporophyte ______________. The embryo is nourished by a tissue called the________________.

Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Concept 35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells

1. 2. The three plant organs are ______________, ________________, and __________________ . 2. On Figure 35.2, label the shoot system, root system, apical bud, axillary bud, and root system.

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3. Explain the difference between a taproot and lateral roots.

4. What is the function of root hairs?

5. What is the advantage of apical dominance to a plant?

6. Plants have three types of tissues. Place the name of each tissue type and its function in the table below.

Tissue type Function

7. What is the function of the cuticle?

8. Xylem conducts _____________________________________________________.

9. Plants have five major types of cells. Below you will find a picture of each cell type. Give the major function of each cell type. Specific questions may follow your general description of the cell type.

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10. Compare and contrast the following structures:a. Tracheids & Vessel Elements

b. Sieve Tube Elements and Companion Cells

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Concept 35.2 Meristems generate cells for new plant organs

1. Plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they have perpetually embryonic tissues called __________________________ .

Concept 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots 2. Explain what events occur in the zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation.

3. What gas critical to photosynthesis enters the leaf through stoma? _____________________ 4. What is lost through the stoma that leads to transpiration? _____________________________

Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants Concept 36.1 Land plants acquire resources both above and below ground

1. What are mycorrhizae, and what is their role in resource acquisition?

Concept 36.2 Transport occurs by short-distance diffusion or active transport and long-distance bulk flow 2. What is passive transport? 3. What is active transport? 4. What is the role of transport proteins?

5. What are the most important plant cell transport proteins? How do they work?

6. Explain cotransport.

7. What is osmosis and what role do aquaporins play in osmosis?

The equation for water potential is ψ = ψs + ψp,, where ψ is water potential, ψs is solute potential, and ψp is the pressure potential.

8. By definition, what is the ψs of pure water? 9. How does adding solutes to pure water affect water potential?

10. The solute potential of a solution is therefore always ____________. (negative or positive) 11. What is pressure potential? Under what conditions will it decrease?

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12. What is the water potential on the left side of tube A? Why?

13. Is the water potential on the right side of tube A positive or negative?

14. Explain, in terms of water potential, why the level of the liquid is higher on the right side of tube A.

15. To summarize, water moves from regions of ________________water potential to regions of ___________water potential.

16. Define these terms: flaccid turgid plasmolysis

17. In the figure below, a plant cell that has an initial water potential of –0.7 MPa is placed into two different conditions. Explain, in terms of water potential, what is happening in each case.

Concept 36.3 Water and minerals are transported from roots to shoots 18. On the sketch, use colored pencils to trace the uptake of water and minerals from root hairs to the

xylem and phloem in a root, following a symplastic route and an apoplastic route. Then, label each of

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the following elements: root hair, plasma membrane, plasmodesmata, stele, endodermis, Casparian strip, symplastic route, and apoplastic route.

19. What is the role of the Casparian strip?

20. What is transpiration?

21. Explain root pressure.

22. The second mechanism that pulls water up through the plant is transpiration-cohesion-tension. Explain how this works.

Concept 36.4 Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration 23. Leaves generally have large surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios. Give an advantage and

disadvantage of these traits. advantage disadvantage

24. Plants lose 95% of their water through stomata! What controls the amount of water loss?

25. On the sketches, label the guard cell, stomata, K+, and H2O. Explain why the stoma opens when K+ accumulates in the guard cells.

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26. Three types of stimuli can cause guard cells to open. Name and explain how each one works.

a.

b.

c.

Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Concept 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle

1. On this sketch of a flower, label all floral parts and give the function of each. Label also the stamen and carpel. Then, circle the flower parts that are essential for reproduction.

2. What is another name for the microsporangia?

3. Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four haploid ____________________. 4. Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce the male ____________________________. 5. The male gametophyte is composed of only two cells. Name each cell, and tell what will come from

each of them.

6. What makes up a pollen grain?

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7. Label these parts: anther, pollen sac, microspores, male gametophyte, pollen grain, generative cell, tube cell, megasporangium, megaspore mother cell, embryo sac, surviving megaspore, polar nuclei, synergids, and egg.

8. What occurs in pollination? Annotate the figure to explain pollination.

9. List five modes of pollination. For each mode, describe a feature of the flower that aids pollination.

10. Study the section in this concept under the heading “Double Fertilization” very carefully. Label the figures below to show two sperm nuclei, pollen tube, female gametophyte, ovule, synergids, polar nuclei, egg, and zygote. Describe what is happening in each sketch.

11. The chromosome number of endosperm is (a) haploid, (b) diploid, or (c) triploid. 12. The chromosome number of the zygote is (a) haploid, (b) diploid, or (c) triploid. 13. What is the role of the endosperm?

14. After double fertilization, what does each ovule become?

15. After double fertilization, what does each ovary become?

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16. Let’s compare the seeds of eudicots and monocots. How many cotyledons does each type have?

17. What is the function of a seed coat?

18. What part of the embryo plant emerges first? 19. What are some mechanisms that maintain seed dormancy?

20. Below are sketches of a bean seed and a corn seed. Label them to show: monocot, eudicot, cotyledons, radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl, seed coat, and endosperm. You may use the same term several times.

21. What is imbibition?

Concept 39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli 22. What is a tropism?

23. The sketch below describes early experiments on phototropism conducted by Charles and Francis Darwin. What can be concluded from these experiments?

24. Here is a sketch of the Boysen-Jensen experiment. What conclusions can be drawn from it?

25. Boysen-Jensen’s work was published in 1913. In 1926, Frits Went modified the experiment using agar cubes with a chemical from the coleoptile tips. Explain the results of this experiment.

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26. What name did Went give to this chemical messenger? What was its chemical structure found to be?

Hormone ActionLeaf abscissionBreaking seed dormancyMaintain apical dominanceMaking internodes of grape bunches elongate to obtain larger fruitGravitropismDrought tolerancePhototropismCell elongationIncreased cell division

Concept 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success 27. Researchers have determined that plants have two major classes of light receptors. List each class.

28. What wavelengths of light are absorbed by phytochromes? 29. What are three different responses initiated by blue light?

a.

b.

c.

30. Read carefully the discussion of phytochromes and how they work. Pay attention to the two types of red light. What is the wavelength of red light? ______________ Of far-red light? ______________

31. Phytochromes are photoreceptors that have two isomer forms, Pr and Pfr. Sketch the conversion of Pr to Pfr on this figure. Label all of the boxes, and also chromophore, phytochrome.

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32. What is the active form of phytochrome, Pr or Pfr? 33. Look again at the effect of light exposure on lettuce seed germination. What determines the seed’s

response?

34. Plants detect photoperiod, and in many species it affects their time of flowering. The plant in the sketch below is a short-day plant. Label R, FR, and critical dark period. For each line, explain why flowering occurs or does not occur.

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