WWII

Germany After WWIEconomic Problems – Hyperinflation 1923 The Golden Years 1924-29

Political Instability 1924-29 Depression & Unemployment 1930

The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party

• Although Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he was only the leader of a coalition government.

• So, how did he manage to turn Germany into a dictatorship?

Removing Opposition

• Feb. 1933 – Reichstag fire• Mar. 1933 – Enabling Act• June 1934 – Night of the Long Knives• July 1934 – President Hindenburg dies• Aug. 1934 – Hitler becomes “Fuhrer”

Reichstag Fire

• Reichstag was the German parliament building.• Elections were to be held in March 1933.• On evening of Feb. 27 it burnt down.• Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist, was arrested at the site.• Hitler believed it was part of a communist plot to overthrow democracy. Leading

communists were jailed.

Ruins of Reichstag, Feb. 28,1933The Enabling Act

• Passed after the March 1933 election.• Gave Hitler power to make any law without needing a vote in the Reichstag.• Hitler banned all political parties and trade unions and put their leaders in Dachau,

the first concentration camp opened in 1933.

Hitler’s speech promoting the Enabling Act

Night of the Long Knives

• Starting in June 1934, up to 200 people, including many members of the SA (Sturm Abteilung) were arrested, taken to Munich and shot by the SS (Schutzstaffel, Hitler’s personal bodyguard).

• The SA was seen as a threat to overthrowing Hitler.• The German army was relieved at this and, later, swore an oath promising to be

loyal to Hitler instead of the country.

‘They salute with both hands now.” British cartoonFuhrer

• In July 1934 President Hindenburg died. He was the only one who could have dismissed the Chancellor (Hitler).

• Hitler combined the offices of Chancellor and President and declared himself the Fuhrer (leader).

• Germany was now a dictatorship.

The Police State

• In addition to the SS, Hitler developed a number of organizations to enforce terror:- SD “Sicherheitdienst” responsible for state security.- the Gestapo were the secret police.- the People’s Court

whose judges were handpicked by the Nazis.

The Concentration Camps

• Set up for Hitler’s enemies, concentration camps were places of torture and extermination.

• In addition to Jews, Hitler persecuted political opponents, gypsies, vagrants, homosexuals, Catholic leaders, and the mentally ill.

Sachsenhausen concentration camp

Propaganda and Censorship

• The Nazis used newspapers, radio, and the cinema to get Hitler’s message across.• They also banned books and newspapers that opposed them.

Nuremberg Rally

Treatment of Jews

• Nuremberg Laws – passed in 1935, made it illegal for Jews to marry non-Jews, deprived them of citizenship and the vote. Jews were forbidden from using swimming pools, restaurants, and other public facilities. In schools children were taught to hate Jews.

‘I am a Jew. I will never again complain about the Nazis.’ Boycotting a Jewish

shop

• Kristallnacht – on the night of Nov. 9, 1938 7500 Jewish businesses and synagogues were destroyed and over 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps.

First they came for the communistsand I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a communist

Then they came for the socialistsand I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a socialist

Then they came for the trade unionistsand I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a trade unionist

Then they came for the Jewsand I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a Jew

Then they came for the catholicsand I didn’t speak out because I wasn’t a catholic

Then they came for meand there was no one left to speak for me

Marcuse, Harold. “Martin Niemöller's Famous Quotation.” University of California at Santa Barbara, Sep. 12, 2000.

The exact phrasing of this quote varies from country to country, however it is attributed to pastor Martin Niemöller (1892–1984). about the inactivity of German intellectuals following the Nazi rise to power and the purging of their chosen targets, group after group.

What does this quote tell you about your social responsibility as a citizen of Canada, and the world, as an educated individual?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Road to World War 2 Timeline

Rearmament-

Rhineland….March 1936-

Austria…..March 1938-

Munich Agreement…Sept 1938-

Sudetenland…Oct 1938-

Czechoslovakia…March 1939-

Nazi-Soviet Pact…August 1939-

Poland…Sept 1, 1939-

Name: _________________________Love, Hate & Propaganda: CBC Episode 1: The 1930’s-The Strongmen

This is the story of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Each employed propaganda in his own way to gain absolute control over their citizens. Outline briefly how each achieved this control as you watch the video.

1) Adolf Hitler (Germany): __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2) Benito Mussolini (Italy): __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union): __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Emperor Hirohito (Japan): ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________World War 2: September 1939 - August 1945

Alliances

- The Allies ( Great Britain, Soviet Union, USA, Canada, China, France).

- The Axis Powers ( Germany, Italy, Japan----formed in 1936 with the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis)

World War II Leaders

- Benito Mussolini---Italy- Adolph Hitler----Germany- Winston Churchill---Great Britain- Franklin D. Roosevelt----USA- Joseph Stalin---Soviet Union

Major Battles of World War II

September 1939----Germany invades Poland starting the Second World War. Polish defences were completely overwhelmed by German superiority in men and materiel. Poland collapsed in a few weeks. The Polish government spent the remainder of the war in exile in London.

May 1940----France is defeated when the Germans launch an attack against Western Europe.

Summer/Fall 1940----With France out of the conflict, Great Britain was now left to face the might of Germany alone. The Germans planned to invade Britain and started bombing various locations throughout the country to prepare for this invasion. The bombing of London during this time was known as THE BLITZ

June 1941—Hitler invades the Soviet Union. Within a matter of months the Germans had advanced to the gates of Moscow.

December 1941----USA enters WW2 when attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. For the next several months Japan advanced at a stead pace across the vast stretches of the Pacific.

June 1942----The Battle of Midway. This was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers in this battle. After this battle they were always on

the defensive against American attacks. With this victory the Americans began a 3 year struggle to clear the pacific islands of Japanese forces.

January 1943 ---The Battle of Stalingrad. The Germans suffer a major defeat against the attacking Soviet armies. This was considered the turning point of the war for the Germans. After this battle they were on a steady retreat back to the German borders as the Soviets gained the offensive. For the most part, the Germans were always on the defensive following this battle.

June 6, 1944----D-day. This was one of the most defining battles in the history of warfare. It involved allied forces assaulting the German forces in Normandy, France. The allied success on D-Day ensured them a foothold in Europe from which they could eventually begin driving German forces back to the borders of Germany.

May 15, 1945----Germany and Italy surrender. VE Day (Victory in Europe)

August 6 th , August 9 th ----USA attacks Japan with two atomic weapons. First time atomic weapons are used in the history of warfare. (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

August 15 th , 1945 ----Japan surrenders. VJ Day (Victory in Japan)

BATTLE OF BRITAINJuly 10, 1940 – Oct. 31, 1940

BACKGROUND

• World War II officially began on Sept. 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland.• On Sept. 7, 1939 Canada officially declared war on Germany.• After the invasion of Poland, all sides began to negotiate. It was apparent that no

one was really ready for war.• This period of relative inactivity from Oct. 1939 – April, 1940 became known as the

“Phoney War”.

• In April, 1940 the war became very real as Germany seized Denmark and attacked Norway.

• Upon capturing these countries and Sweden, Germany was now free to use the Scandinavian bases as a launch point to send submarines against the allied navy.

• In May, 1940 both The Netherlands and Belgium fell to the Germans.

FALL OF DUNKIRK

• All allied forces still on the continent fell back to the French sea coast, fortifying the town of Dunkirk.

• In the face of the German Blitzkrieg, the 350,000 troops were forced to evacuate the town across the English Channel.

• The loss of Dunkirk meant the loss of the allies last toe-hold on the European continent.

• France surrendered on June 22, 1940.

BATTLE OF BRITAIN

• Britain now stood as the only European power intact to fight against the Nazi army.• Canada at this point was one of her greatest allies. Not only were we an intact

force, but we already had troops training in England.• Hitler now set his sites on capturing Britain.

THE DEFENSE?

• Prime Minister Winston Churchill made several rousing speeches which helped to unify the country and stiffen their resolve to resist the invasion.

• Quietly, groups of “homeland security” forces were making preparations. While many jokes are made about “Dad’s Army”, the older men served as guards, observers and as a source of intelligence when looking for spies.

• Meanwhile in a more clandestine operation, civilian operatives were preparing for the expected invasion.

• These groups established communications networks, propaganda campaigns, and trained for the most serious resistance force – how to kill the enemy.

• The plan was to make the Germans as “uncomfortable” as possible by assassinating officers, killing collaborators, blowing up German strongholds on the island, and so on.

• Months earlier Churchill had become aware of Hitler’s interest in an air war and had been pressuring parliament to put more money into developing and building more airplanes.

• One story goes that parliament was so reluctant to provide the money that Churchill and some of his wealthiest supporters put up their own money to develop and test the Spitfire.

• Once its usefulness was proven, parliament agreed to produce more.

• On August 12 the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) flew across the English Channel and began attacking British radar installations and airfields.

• The English radar projects were much farther along than the German’s, so Hitler wanted these destroyed.

• The Luftwaffe was also ordered to engage the RAF in dogfights in an attempt to gain air superiority.

ATTACK ON LONDON

• Miraculously, before the British radar installations or the air force itself could be utterly destroyed, the Germans switched tactics.

• They began bombing London in vicious raids.• For weeks the people of London were subjected to daily – and nightly attacks. The

sound of air raid sirens became commonplace. Children learned to get to the bomb shelters from memory as blackout rules were in effect.

• London was nearly destroyed.

THE BLITZ

• The Luftwaffe now switched to nightly bombing of English cities. These raids had no military justification – Hitler meant only to terrorize the British people into submission.

• Instead, the effect on the British people was to make them angry, and more determined than ever to resist the Germans.

COVERING THE WAR

• American journalists covering the war sent back stories and did live radio shows that showed the American people the suffering that was being inflicted.

• These reports went a long way toward convincing the American people that they needed to enter the war and help.

THE END• As more planes came into the battle, including Canada’s No. 1 Fighter Squadron,

the German air force was eventually beaten back.• England had survived “The Blitz”.• In a speech, Churchill gave credit to the fighter pilots of the RAF with these

words…– “Never in the history of human kind has so much been owed by so many to

so few”

DIEPPE - WORLD WAR II«   Canadas Darkest Day   »

DIEPPE RAID:

Operation Jubilee – August 19, 1942

DIEPPE RAID – WHAT WAS IT?

On August 19th, 1942, 4,963 men and officers from the 2nd Canadian Division, 1,005 British commandos, 50 US rangers and 15 Frenchmen attempted an attack/invasion of German occupied France.

o A fleet of 237 ships and landing barges, including 6 destroyers, brought them near the seashore.

o In the air, Air Force bombers and fighters took part in the operation.

DIEPPE RAID – WHY?

1) Soviet leader Josef Stalin urged Britain and the USA to open a “second front” to relieve Soviet troops.

2) To test gaining a foothold on the continent so Allied ground forces could move into German occupied Europe.

3) British Chief of Combined Operations, Rear Admiral Louis Mountbatten, was agitating for a practical trial beach landing, against real opposition, for his troops.

4) Why Canadian soldiers? Pressure to get them some combat experience:

they had been stationed in Great Britain for two years without having ever engaged the enemy in a major operation.

In Canada, public opinion was starting to question this inactivity:

Result

The attack was a colossal failure

Canadian casualties: 3,367: including 1,946 taken prisoner and 907 Canadians killed

The Germans remained in position and the mission was eventually criticized for its poor planning and execution.

Problems

Very little pre-invasion bombing Germans were at full strength

The attack was delayed due to weather conditions, even though the troops had already been briefed.

It’s believed that double agents had informed the Germans of Allies’ interest in the Dieppe port

The attack was to occur just before dawn: the first convoy was half-an hour late. Incoming ships were no longer covered by the darkness of night.

Landing ships met a small German convoy on the way to the beach. Element of surprised eliminated: Germans were ready to fire upon the

incoming ships.

Communication issue led to reinforcements being sent in, thinking the original troops were making headway.

Added to the slaughter

Tanks were getting stuck in the rocks of the beach.

The soldiers were sitting ducks

General withdrawal order was given at 11am:

3367 men were left on the beach to die or be taken prisoner

Lessons Learned

The Dieppe fiasco demonstrated that it was imperative to improve communications at all levels: on the battlefield, between the HQs of each unit, between air, naval and ground forces.

The idea of capturing a well-defended seaport to use as a bridgehead was dropped after August 19th, 1942.

In addition, the raid on Dieppe showed how important it was:o to use prior air bombings to destroy enemy defenses as much as possible; o to support assault troops with artillery fire from ships and landing crafts;o to improve techniques and equipment to remove obstacles to men and tanks

Breaking German Codes Real Reason for 1942 Dieppe Raid: Historian

Irene Ogrodnik, Global News : Friday, August 17, 2012 8:20 AM (Originally published August 9, 2012)

TORONTO – New research suggests the real intent of the historic raid on Dieppe in 1942 was to steal a machine that would help crack top-secret German codes.Military historian David O’Keefe spent 15 years searching through the once-classified and ultra-secret war files and says the real purpose behind the Dieppe operation—which cost hundreds of Canadian soldiers their lives — was to capture advanced coding technology from the German headquarters near the French beach.“For years, so many veterans, men who stormed the beaches and ended up in prisoners of war camps, had no clue what the reason was that they were there,” O’Keefe tells Global National’s Christina Stevens.

“They had their own missions, but they did not understand what the driving force was behind the raid.”

Historians have assigned many purposes to the disastrous raid: to gather intelligence from prisoners and captured materials, to assess Germany’s response to amphibious

raids, to boost Allied morale and to assure the Soviets—locked in a titanic struggle with Germany — that the west was committed to fighting in Europe.

On August 19, 1942, an Allied force of 300 ships, 800 aircraft, and 6,000 assault troops launched a one-day attack known as Operation Jubilee on the French port of Dieppe.

VISUAL GRAPHIC: OPERATION JUBILEE

Two minor beaches on the flanks — Puys and Pourville — were to be captured, while an attack 30 minutes later was scheduled on the main beach by two Canadian infantry

battalions, the Essex Scottish Regiment and the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry.

Of the 5,000 Canadians who landed at Dieppe, 907 were killed, 586 wounded and about 2,000 were taken prisoner.

“When you look back at it, war is horrible,” Ron Beal of the Royal Regiment of Canada tells Global National.

Beal was an infantryman when he landed on Blue Beach 70 years ago. “It is absolute hell and we prayed that it would never happen again.”

Decoding Dieppe

Bletchley Park, located just north of London, was the centre of British code-breaking in the Second World War. Scientists and mathematicians would intercept and crack enemy radio messages by breaking into ciphers and codes used to keep top-secret information private.

For the Allies, the Bletchley Park operation was crucial to move supplies and win the Battle of the Atlantic.

According to O’Keefe’s research, British naval officers used Operation Jubilee to target the German-made Enigma code machine, an electro-mechanical piece of equipment that used a series of rotors for the encryption and decryption of secret messages.

Unlocking such a device, says O’Keefe, would mean knowing enemy intentions — information that could potentially reveal German intent, capabilities, hopes, and fears.

“It’s like reading your opposition’s e-mail or, better yet, reading your opposition’s poker hand and knowing exactly how to play or use your forces,” says O’Keefe. “The Allies relied on this in almost every decision they made in the Second World War.”

While the British were successful breaking into the three-rotor Enigma machines, everything changed on February 1, 1942, when the Germans introduced the four-rotor Enigma device — instantly blacking out Bletchley Park.

According to files, British naval intelligence believed that in order to crack the four-rotor Enigma machine, a pinch raid was necessary. A successful pinch would mean secretly stealing parts of the machine, code books and setting sheets.

Ian Fleming and the 30 Assault Unit

During the Second World War, Ian Fleming — the legendary author of the James Bond spy series novels — acted as a personal assistant to Britain’s head of naval intelligence, Admiral John Godfrey.

He, along with other naval intelligence specialists, created the No. 30 Commando or the 30 Assault Unit (30AU) — a team of special commandos that were put into the Dieppe

operation under the unit name No. 40 Royal Marine Commando.

According to the newly-discovered files, while Fleming and the 30 AU were looking to hit various German vessels that were in Dieppe’s harbour, their primary target was the German headquarters, located at Hotel Moderne near the main harbour in Dieppe.

The Main TargetA search plan revealed that British naval intelligence considered Hotel Moderne to be the German naval headquarters and control centre. They believed the hotel room would house Enigma coding machines and a safe with enough material regarding German war operations for the next six to eight months.

On August 18th, the 30AU was put on the British ship HMS Locust, whose mission was to breach the inner channel and deliver the Royal Marine Commando into port. Despite several attempts to reach the harbour, the unit was later sent in on landing craft that also failed to reach the main beach.

Meanwhile, Fleming was located on the destroyer HMS Fernie with instructions to return to British port with any material the 30 AU unit obtained. No pinched material reached HMS Fernie and Fleming and the ship returned to Britain empty-handed.

Had the pinch raid been successful, Beal believes it would have had a substantial effect on the war.

“There are families out there that think their sons died for nothing,” says Beal.“Now they’ll know there was a real purpose and that purpose could’ve shortened the war.”

Several months after the failed operation in Dieppe, the minds at Bletchley Park broke the code of the four-rotor Enigma machine.

“We can never look at Dieppe the same way,” says O’Keefe. “But now we know that there was somewhat a silver lining to Canada’s darkest day.”

THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN (1943-1945)

Canadian forces participated from the beginning in the Allied campaign in Italy.In Canada’s first sustained land operation of the war, Canadian troops helped capture Sicily in a five-week campaign beginning 10 July 1943. In September, the Allies invaded the Italian mainland and, although Italy soon surrendered, the occupying Germans fought for every meter of the mountainous terrain. Casualties were heavy on both sides. In December, Canadian troops captured the Adriatic port of Ortona following a ferocious house-to-house battle. In early 1944, Canada reinforced its commitment in Italy and organized its forces there into I Canadian Corps. In May, the Canadians broke the ‘Hitler Line’ defences south of Rome and later that summer pierced the heavily-defended ‘Gothic Line’ fortifications further north. In February 1945, I Canadian Corps transferred to Northwest Europe. More than 92,000 Canadians served in Italy at a cost of 26,000 casualties, including more than 5300 dead.

Adapted From: http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931italian_e.shtml

Assignment

Visit: http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/sicilianitalian_e.shtml

Alternatively, navigate to Student R drive Grade 11 Yard Europe Trip 2014 and hyperlink off of the assignment

Firstly, Read the previous page as well as the introduction on the Canadian War Museum website and answer the following:

1. What was the Allied goal within the Italian Campaign and how did it fit into the overall Allied strategy?

2. What is significant about Canada’s participation in this particular Campaign?

3. Where did Canadian forces fight within this Campaign?

4. How many Canadians served in the Italian theatre, and how many Canadian casualties were there?

Secondly, choose any 2 of the newspaper articles from the options provided and answer the following questions for both articles on the following pages:

1. What specific information does the article provide about Canada’s participation in the Italian theatre?

2. What information does the article provide about Allied or enemy fortunes within the Italian Campaign, or the War more broadly?

3. Does the author provide sources for the information that is being reported? If so, who, or what are they?

4. Who is writing the article, and in your estimation how accurate, slanted, or biased is the reporting?

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Canadian History: D-Day – June 6, 1944

On D-Day, June 6, 1944, “Operation ________________”, the long-awaited invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe, began with Allied armies from the ________, Britain and ___________ landing on the coast of _______________.

The victory was a ________________ in World War II and led to the _____________ of Europe and the defeat of Nazi Germany.

___________________ young Canadians stormed ___________ Beach on D-Day.

The invasion plan called for an ________________ assault by five infantry divisions on a _____ mile stretch of the Cotentin Caen area of the Normandy coast. The five infantry divisions, two British, one Canadian and two American were assigned to beaches code-named, from east to west, ______________________________________________________.

On D-Day, Canada would land the _______________ Infantry Division at Juno beach in the centre of Second British Army's sector. The plan called for the Canadians to establish a _____________, capture three small seaside towns, and advance ____________ inland. Their objective was to cut the Caen -Bayeux highway, seize the Carpiquet __________ west of Caen, and form a link between the British beachheads ___________________.

U.S. General __________________ was the Supreme Allied Commander who gave the go ahead for the invasion one day ________ than planned due to _____________. With that decision a vast array of 5300 ships and landing craft carrying ____________ men, 1500 tanks, and 50,000 vehicles prepared to move into place for the invasion.

Although a total of ____________ Canadians stormed Juno Beach on D-Day, there were not more than _______________ young Canadians in the first wave - all ranks.

The Germans used millions of _____________ during four years of occupation to construct the _________________________ - a modern fortification system along the coast of __________.

The coastline bristled with _________, concrete emplacements, ___________, fields of barbed wire and ___________.

Fourteen thousand Canadians landed in Normandy on D-Day and to ensure the victory ______ Canadians had given their lives. Another ______ had been wounded and ____ taken prisoner.

The Allies had landed more than __________ troops in France by sea and air. Thousands of vehicles, hundreds of guns and about 4,000 tons of supplies had also been landed.

Ahead lay eleven more _____________ of bitter ______________.

SCHINDLER’S LIST REFLECTION ASSIGNMENT

Genocide & the Holocaust

The term genocide (the systematic killing of a racial or cultural group) was used in 1944 to describe the horrors of the Nazi Holocaust. During the Holocaust, 11 million innocent people were murdered for no other reason than they were different, unwanted, and hated.

The Nazis used segregation (walling off people inside ghettos), deportation (moving people to forced labor camps), starvation, and extermination to implement the ‘Final Solution.’ No one was exempt, especially those of Jewish heritage.

Reflection Questions

1. How did you feel when you watched the movie? Explain._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. For you, what does the character Amon Goeth (Nazi officer in charge of the Plaszów work camp) represent? Why?

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3. For you, does the character of Oskar Schindler represent the good which humanity is capable of, the evil which humanity is capable of, or something else? Explain.

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4. Do you think mass genocide could ever happen again? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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