tspace.library.utoronto.ca · Web viewSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Fig ures S1: Descriptive plots...
Transcript of tspace.library.utoronto.ca · Web viewSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Fig ures S1: Descriptive plots...
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Figures S1: Descriptive plots describing sex differences for the different behavioral traits studied. In brackets,
we provide the number of individuals of each sex available for each analysis across seasons. A) Activity
profiles. Deer activity levels (black lines) over the 24-hour cycle across seasons and for both sexes, with males
in solid lines and females in dotted lines. The grey shading represents sunrise and sunset (i.e. incorporating
variation in the timing of sunrise and sunset over a given season). B) Daytime versus nighttime habitat use.
Estimated daytime versus nighttime habitat use probabilities of deer among the four seasons and the three habitat
types for both sexes. The dotted lines represent a level of use that is identical between daytime and nighttime
(i.e. an estimated probability of daytime use = 0.5) and bars represent the 95% confidence intervals around the
probability estimates. Values above (below) the dotted line indicate that the given habitat type is used more (less)
during the day than during the night for that season. C) Resource selection. Selection estimates with their 95%
confidence intervals describing patterns of resource selection among the five seasons for each sex. A value
different from 1 (i.e. with confidence intervals that do not overlap the black horizontal line) indicates that the use
of a given resource type is not proportional to its availability, but rather is selected (selection estimates > 1) or
avoided (selection estimates < 1).
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Figure S2: Ambient temperature estimates with their 95% confidence intervals as generated by a linear model
describing the daily and seasonal variations in temperature among habitat types and for the two islands. The
model included a four-way interaction among time of day (day versus night), season (Nov-Jan, Feb-Mar, Apr-
miJun, miJun-Aug, Sep-Oct), habitat type (shoreline, windfall and forest) and island (ELI and Kunga).
A. ELI
B. Kunga
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Table S1: Summary of candidate general linear mixed models and generalized additive models built for the three
analyzes performed in this study. All models included the deer’s identity as a random factor (NELI = 12 and
NKUNGA = 12). AIC is the value of the Akaike’s Information Criterion and K is the number of estimated parameters
for each model. The ranking of the models is based on differences in the Akaike’s Information Criterion (ΔAIC).
The best model is given in bold.
Models for the day-night habitat use analysis K AIC ΔAIC
Habitat x season x island 25 20015 0
Habitat x island 7 20047 32
Habitat x season 13 20091 76
Habitat 4 20107 92
Constant 2 20172 156
Models for the resource selection analysis
Resource type x season x island 71 50120 0
Resource type x island + season 19 50610 490
Resource type x island 15 50683 563
Resource type x season 36 52402 2282
Resource type x season + island 37 52404 2284
Resource type + island + season 13 52901 2781
Resource type 8 52973 2853
Constant 2 55210 5090
Models for the daily activity patterns analysis
East-LimestoneSeason x time 11753227 0
Time 11781486 28259
KungaSeason x time 19651550 0
Time 19720903 69353
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Table S2: Summary of GPS and activity data available and GPS-fix rates (i.e. proportion of successful fixes)
across seasons for all deer on the two islands
Seasons
Sept-Oct Nov-Jan Feb-Mar Apr-miJun miJun -Aug
Number of GPS fixes used for the
analyses of habitat use
Day
(10:00PST)1563 2099 1459 2138 -
Night
(22:00PST)1584 2199 1454 2052 -
Seasonal GPS-fix rates (%) 94% 84% 93% 98% 95%
Number of GPS fixes used for the
analyses of resource selection
Use 4023 5418 3674 4906 1486
Available 4750 5906 3840 4647 1403
Number of activity values used for
the analyses of activity pattern672121 1027043 640565 769327 275626
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Figure S3: Boxplots for estimates of activity levels during daytime (light grey shading) and nighttime (dark grey
shading) as generated by the best model describing variation in activity over the 24-hour cycle across seasons for
the two islands (ELI and Kunga).
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Figure S4: Habitat use and availability. Proportions of the three main habitat types (forest in black, windfall in
dark grey and shoreline in light grey) in terms of their use by deer and their availability for each island.
Proportional use was calculated as the mean proportion of GPS fixes across all individuals (i.e. 12 individuals on
each island). Proportional availability was calculated as the number of pixels attributed to each habitat type
relative to the total number of pixels on each island.
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Table S3: Habitat use and availability. Average selection ratios (Puse/Pavailable, i.e. proportional use divided
by proportional availability for a given habitat) for each habitat type between islands (ELI and Kunga) and times
of the day (daytime versus nighttime).
Time of the day Habitat typeSelection ratio
(Puse/Pavailable)
ELI
daytimeshoreline 0.13windfall 1.77
forest 1.24
nighttimeshoreline 0.59windfall 1.08
forest 1.04
Kunga
daytimeshoreline 0.20windfall 1.21
forest 1.46
nighttimeshoreline 0.77windfall 1.14
forest 1.00
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Figure S5: Profiles of deer activity levels (black lines, see text for construction of the activity index) over the
24-hour cycle across seasons for deer on Reef Island where some hunting activity occurred. The average activity
levels for nighttime and daytime are represented by the dark grey and light grey dotted lines, respectively. The
grey shading represents sunrise and sunset (i.e. incorporating variation in the timing of sunrise and sunset over a
given season).
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