2017-2018 ACADEMIC YEAR SPRING SEMESTER

MDB1032 ADVANCED ENGLISH 2

2nd MIDTERM REVISION

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with the BEST word from the table. Two words are EXTRA.

binding (n) resistant (adj) leisure (n) autonomy (n) interpret (v)

modification (n) latter (adj) entailed (v) involve (v) assignment (n)

adopted (v) intuition (n) scarce (adj) distinct (adj)

1. Luckily, soda consumption has dropped in recent years, and fast-food chains have adopted healthier menus. They started to accept the idea that they should include less sugar and fat in their menus.

2. Aristotle’s saying, “The end of labor is to gain leisure” can be paraphrased like this: the reason why we work is to create time for ourselves to relax.

3. Genetic modification has allowed scientists to create some pretty neat things, like apples that don't brown and fish that glow. It involves making changes to an organism's genes to give it new traits that wouldn't occur in nature.

4. Some people can keep away from diseases even though they carry genetic mutations that cause serious problems for others. They are resistant to genetic disease.

5. Foot binding is said to have been inspired by a tenth-century court dancer named Yao Niang who tightened her feet into the shape of a new moon. 

6. Persian and Chinese are two entirely distinct languages. Belonging to different language families, the learning needs of the two groups are not alike.

7. Freud attempted to interpret dreams since he sees dreams as forms of wish fulfillment. Trying to explain the meaning of dreams would reveal the unconscious desires.

8. “There is no logical way to the discovery of these elemental laws. There is only the way of intuition, which is helped by a feeling for the order lying behind the appearance.” Albert Einstein.

9. Trying your hand on agriculture as hobby is one thing and earning money from it is another. The latter needs good understanding of the processes involved along with some business development experience.

10.  Writing an academic assignment for university is not an easy task as it seems. The students should consider some key points such as purpose, audience and structure while writing them.

11. Most economic issues arise because of scarce resources. We often have to find ways to use, produce and distribute those limited resources in the best possible way.

12. Institutional autonomy supports academic freedom . Without it, higher education institutions cannot be self-governing, and if they are not, the danger is that external interference will ultimately limit academic freedom.

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Exercise 2: INFERENCE

Though there has always been a certain amount of concern about pollution since the start of the Industrial Revolution, this was largely an interest of relatively limited numbers of concerned people. But during the 1960s there was a great upsurge of anxiety which was reflected internationally by the calling of the Stockholm UN Conference. In response to the rising public pressures, action has been taken mainly in the industrial countries, even though sometimes reluctantly and with many warnings from industry and governments about the costs. However, in many areas there has been a gratifying improvement.

1. The author points out that, to some extent, public awareness of pollution ____ . A) dates back to the first years of the Industrial Revolution B) emerged late in the process of industrialisation C) first appeared in the 1960sD) was first voiced at the Stockholm UN conference

2. It is implied in the passage that both industry and governments have ____ . A) found ways of ignoring public pressures as regards pollution B) not always been willing, mainly for economic reasons, to take action to prevent pollution C) come out in support of the policies recommended at the Stockholm UN conference D) constantly been in the forefront of pollution control policies since the 1960s

3. According to the passage, in spite of the lack of cooperation from industry and governments ____ . A) the UN has introduced drastic measures to ensure the prevention of any further pollution B) the problem of pollution has now been fully solved worldwide C) the costs of pollution control work have been less than was expected D) some considerable progress has been made towards controlling pollution

Many athletes' credit drugs with improving their performance, but some of them may want to thank their brain instead. Mounting evidence suggests that the boost from human growth hormone (HGH), an increasingly popular doping drug, might be caused by the placebo effect. In a new double-blind trial funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, in which neither researchers nor participants knew who was receiving HGH and who was taking a placebo, the researchers asked participants to guess whether or not they were on the real drug. Then they examined the results of the group who guessed that they were getting HGH when, in fact, they had received a placebo. That group improved at four fitness tests measuring strength, endurance, power and sprint capacity. The study participants who guessed correctly that they were taking a placebo did not improve, according to preliminary results presented at the Society for Endocrinology meeting in June 2011. “The finding really shows the power of the mind” said Ken Ho, an endocrinologist at the Garvan Institute in Sydney, Australia, who led the study. She maintains that many athletes are reaping the benefits of the placebo effect, without knowing whether what they are taking is beneficial or not.

1. It is clearly stated in the passage that the support given by certain drugs ____.A) is largely accepted for its positive contribution to performanceB) has been proven by many studies around the worldC) has led authorities to take the necessary measures against these drugsD) has been openly disputed by most of the athletesE) results in the improved performances of all the athletes who take them

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2. It is understood from the passage that the placebo effect ____.A) ) is highly esteemed among those who are interested in athletics B) can play a significant role in improving the performances of athletes C) has been monitored in the participating groups that consist of people taking doping drugs D) was also tested in other branches of sports where competition exists

3. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.A) external interventions may have negative impacts on one’s performanceB) every athlete should be involved in a study to increase his or her performanceC) success lies in the power of one’s mind no matter which treatment he or she is exposed toD) the World Anti-Doping Agency should be much more careful about the use of drugs in sports

New Yorkers are often regarded as being unkind. Actually, this is not a fair attitude. They are willing to help people who need help, but experience has taught them a lot of people don’t want to be helped. Are New Yorkers less kind people – less caring on the inside – than city dwellers in other places? Not at all. When you talk to them about this, many give good reasons for their reluctance to help strangers. Most have been taught early on that reaching out to people you don’t know can be dangerous. To survive in New York, they were taught that they should avoid even the potentially suspicious. Some also express concern that others might not want help, that the stranger, too, might be afraid of outside contact or might feel insulted. Many tell stories of being abused for trying to help. As one woman explains, she saw an elderly man with a walking stick who appeared unable to cross a busy street. When she gently offered to help, he replied angrily, “When l want help, I’ll ask for it. Mind your own business.” Over and over, New Yorkers say that they care deeply about the needs of strangers, but that the realities of city living prevent them from reaching out. People speak with nostalgia of the past, when they would pick up hitchhikers or arrange a meal for a hungry stranger.

1. The aim of the passage is to ----.A) show that the people of New York are not basically unkind B) explain why people in New York are so kindC) to encourage people to be more helpful D) help us to understand why the old man in the story was so angry

2. In the story, a woman offers to help an old man in a kind and friendly way, ----.A) but he decides not to cross the road B) and he accepts her help gratefullyC) and this surprises him D) but he refuses her help in an unpleasant way 3. We understand from the passage that people who seem to be in need of help ----. A) are not always ready to receive help B) can easily look after themselves C) enjoy being helped by strangersD) are very uncommon in New York

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Travelling east along the coast to Antalya, you may easily miss the great Lake of Köyceğiz lying behind the orange trees. Visitors at nearby Dalyan sail regularly back and forth between the famous small peninsula of sand where turtles build their nests and the ancient ruins of Caunus four miles away. They may even visit the mud baths at the tip of the lake. Yet they seldom try to swim in the lake itself, which is strangely hidden away from both the highway and the tourist crowd; this has helped the lake to evolve into a rare area of ecological importance.

1. The passage is largely concerned with the ----. A) historical ruins around Köyceğiz B) great Lake of Köyceğiz C) sandy beaches around Köyceğiz D) turtles nesting in Dalyan2. From the passage, we understand that ----. A) Köyceğiz, Dalyan and Caunus are close to one another B) visitors visit the lake more than other places in the area C) the turtles nest in the mud at the tip of the lake D) one has to travel to Antalya in order to see the Lake of Köyceğiz E) Caunus is a modern settlement

3. The passage states that the main reason why the Lake of Köyceğiz has become an important ecological area is that ----. A) it is surrounded by orange trees B) visitors prefer to see Dalyan and Caunus rather than the lake C) it is hidden away from the main road and the crowds of tourists D) visitors going to Antalya rarely stop there

In the years following the Chernobyl reactor disaster in 1986, nuclear power was seen as a dying industry. Public support had lessened because of safety fears, and many countries decided to put a halt to new reactor construction. But there has recently been a dramatic revival of interest in nuclear energy, thanks to the twin threats of climate change and energy insecurity. Nuclear reactors do not emit CO2 when they generate electricity, so governments are increasingly seeing the construction of such reactors as a way to bring down carbon emissions and generate stable supplies of electricity.

1. Based on the passage, we may conclude that ----. A) stable supplies of electricity can be generated without the aid of nuclear reactors B) threats of climate change and energy insecurity have recently caused a lack of interest in clean energyC) as nuclear reactors emit CO2 when they generate electricity, governments are considering bringing down their numbers D) people were worried about safety conditions after the Chernobyl disaster

2. The main subject emphasized in the passage is ----. A) the public’s fears about safety B) nuclear power as a dying industry C) the twin threats of climate change and energy insecurityD) the renewed interest in nuclear reactors and the reasons for it

3. We learn from the passage that governments are now becoming ----. A) less worried about climate changeB) more aware of the dangers of nuclear power C) less interested in producing stable electricity supplies D) more supportive of nuclear energy

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Exercise 3: The diagram below shows how a central heating system in a house works. Write an introduction sentence. Then, write the missing information and stages in the essay. The analysis of the essay given below can also be used to write the missing parts.

This diagram provides a diagram of a domestic central heating system. Overall, it shows how the tank, boiler and pipes ensure a constant flow of hot water to both the radiators and the taps.

First, the cold water enters the house and is stored in a water storage tank in the roof. Next, from there it flows down to the boiler, located on the ground floor of the house. After that, the boiler, which is fuelled by gas or oil, heats up the water as it passes through it. The hot water is then pumped round the house through a system of pipes and flows into the radiators, located in different rooms. Following this, the water circulates through the radiators, which have small tubes inside them to help distribute the heat, and this finally warms each of the rooms. Some of the water is directed to the taps to provide hot water for

the house. Once the water has been through the pipes and radiators, it is returned to the boiler to be re-heated and circulated round the house again.

Introduction : First sentence. Overview : Second sentence. Key features : Entry of cold water into boiler; circulation of hot water to radiators and taps; return of

water to boiler. Supporting information: direction of flow; types of boiler; location of radiators; radiator tubes Linkers: and, from there, then, once, again Reference words: it, both, there, which, this Topic vocabulary: enters, stored, roof, flows, ground floor, located, passes, pumped, system,

circulates, heat, directed, returned, re-heated Less common vocabulary: ensure, fuelled by, heats up, distribute the heat, warms Structures: An appropriate mix of active and passive structures and a range of sentence types Length: 172 words

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Exercise 4:

1. Analyze the diagram below. Write an introduction sentence by paraphrasing the title and also a general overview of the diagram.

2. Complete the blanks with the related stages in the diagram. Use a different sequencer or linking word for each stage. Use all the given prompts given below the related stage. Add necessary words to build grammatically correct sentences.

1)

take / factory / sort / clean / shred / crush / special machine / until / form / a solid block

3) new cans / deliver / 2) roll out / flat / thickness / soft drinks factory / fill 2.5 mm – 6 mm / depend

on / usage

The given flowchart shows how aluminium cans are recycled. Overall, the process consists of 5 stages, beginning with the collection of used cans and ending with refilling the recycled ones.

First, the cans need to be taken to special collection centres instead of being thrown away. 1) The cans are then collected from here and taken to a factory where they are first sorted and next cleaned. Following this, the cans are shredded and crushed in a special machine until they form a solid block. Later, the metal is heated to a high temperature to allow the aluminium to melt. 2) After that, it is rolled out flat to a thickness between 2.5 mm and 6mm, depending on the usage purpose / what it is going to be used for. The aluminium is ready to be recycled into new packaging, such as drink containers. 3) Finally, the new cans are delivered to a soft drink factory where they are filled. The cans now can be sold to the public and reused.

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