2014 AP US History Review: Busch

A note… this is not a complete history…. just my observations of what has been tested on the Multiple choice in the past… use this wisely

A lot longer than I thought…. but I will work at eliminating and formatting this as the weekend progresses just keep checking on the website

Pre-Columbian Indigenous cultures and Spanish/ French/ Dutch Early colonization

Most Archaeologists believe the first peoples to colonize the Americas came from Asia across the Land-Bridge.

North America’s population @ the time of Columbus’s arrival, 1492, is most dense in areas that become New Spain. Other areas of interest are the Eastern Woodlands (Iroquois Confederacy p. 40 in text) South Central ( five civilized tribes- Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) Southwest (Hopi, Navajo, [Pueblo]. Maize (corn) is a huge influence, over 2,000 different languages spoken, rich and sophisticated cultures abound… Spanish Horses influence many of the formerly settled cultures and begin the Plains Indians nomadic existence.

The Spanish begin to settle their “Borderlands” area… New Mexico – California- Texas…. To protect their main concern to the South from French and later English incursions… St. Augustine is settled in 1565, the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in what is now the USA.

In New Mexico, Santa Fe is settled in 1610… following the example of the earlier southern settlements… they incorporate; Encomiendas, Presidios, and Missions. The Battle of Acoma in 1599 defeats the native tribes… as an example the Spanish cut a foot off each survivor. By 1680, led by the tribal healers, the “Pueblo Revolt” destroys the Spanish settlement in New Mexico and for 20 years the Spanish are gone.

California is settled by Father Junipero Serra, and the Catholic Church establishing missions along the coast beginning in the early 1700’s… San Diego-San Francisco among many others.

San Antonio…Texan is settled later in the 1700’s with the Alamo among the earliest Missions settled.

The French begin with Quebec in 1608. Samuel de Champlain, Father of New France, and others such as Jesuit Priests (black robes) , couriers de bois (runners of the woods), Marquette. La Salle, and Joliet begin to explore the Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley, and eventually down the Mississippi River and throughout the west. The Huron Indians become their closest allies, thus the Iroquois their enemy, and they foster very good relationships with the indigenous cultures (best of all euro invaders) Only Catholics could settle in New France and the Government was very autocratic so the French have the smallest group of the Big Three euro’s. The fur trade becomes a very profitable venture for the French…as the English find out later.

The Dutch, Netherlands, Holland ? – The Dutch East India Co. sends Henry Hudson to explore he finds what today is called the Hudson River… New Netherlands and New Amsterdam are settled in 1626 for a profit, very autocratic government… huge plantations are granted called patroonships. By 1664 the English take the colony and rename it New York….

Other facts:

Three sister farming: beans, squash, corn… Southern Central tribes

Matriarchal Societies in Iroquois and Cherokee

Political and Linguistic differences hinder natives ability to resist settlers

English Colonization 1607 – 1700

many failed attempts..ie… Roanoke by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Southern Colonies by 1775 are Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Jamestown 1607 – settled by Virginia co. (joint stock co. for profit) with all men…temporary…however, the Va. Co. Charter promises all settlers, applied to all future settlers, the same rights as if they were in England…1st Africans sold in Jamestown 1619, House of Burgesses created 1619 (property qualifications to vote in a County system, John Rolfe introduces tobacco which saves colony economically…. Obviously has huge influence over development… 70% of early settlers are indentured servants who serve for an agreed period of years… Life was certainly difficult… The 1st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan wars led by Lord de la Warr… beginning in the 1620’s eventually virtually exterminate and push all remaining natives into back country… the end of these wars creates the model for the “reservation system.” Neighboring Maryland is founded in 1630 for Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics, persecuted in England, and they too look to Tobacco for economic salvation… as more non Catholics move to Maryland … in 1649 the Act of Toleration is passed, which actually allows for Catholicism, yet makes Maryland LESS religiously tolerant than before. In 1618, the Headright system was begun to encourage settlers to Virginia… the person who paid for the passage of the indentured servant was entitled to usually 50 acres of land… for each servant brought over… eventually this eliminated the land included in “Freedom Dues” and some say led to Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676, when Farmer Bacon led a mixed race, Africans were not initially property in perpetuity, rebellion due to the lack of protection from the Indians in the backcountry… after burning and looting Bacon eventually dies and many are hanged…This led to a push to make African slavery permanent and bring in more African slaves due to the fact they would not be trouble like the newly freed indentured servants…. The Barbados Slave code became a viable model… and African Slavery became permanent in Virginia in 1705. Schools and Churches are limited due to vast distances between communities and individuals… Women initially scarce … lifespan shorter than in New England.

New England Colonies by 1775 are Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

Plymouth is settled in 1620 on the coast of what is now Massachusetts by appx. 100 settlers, SEPERATIST PILGRIMS, on the Mayflower. Before departure they agree to the “Compact” not a constitution, just an agreement on some ideas. William Bradford, who writes the earliest of “American lit” of Plymouth Plantation, is elected Gov. in annual elections 30 times.

The Bay colony, Boston is hub, is settled in the 1630’s… by PURITAN NON-SEPERATISTS, The Great Puritan Migration brings an astounding 30,000+ settlers to the Bay colony. Most famously, John Winthrop, on board the Arabella, gives the “City upon a Hill Speech,” to the new arrivals asking to create a “Beacon to the World,” of a model community. The Puritans spread out across the New England countryside creating numerous townships based on this ideal. See p. 51 in text for the map of Rowley, Mass. for a visual of a typical NE town… Calvinism was the focus of their faith and they ESTABLISH the Congregational church in their communities…. The “Elect” or Visible Saints could be members of the Church… and only Church members could initially vote or hold public office… After the initial settlers began to become less pious and older the “halfway covenant” was established to allow children and “Grandchildren” of members to be baptized and attend church. This greatly expands the role of Women in New England Churches in 1662. NE women produced goods for the family and did a large amount of farm labor and when married were restricted from owning property to protect marriage…Each township with a resident of 50 beginning in the 1630’s were required by law to have primary schools, beginning the expectation of free public education, in 1636 the 1st Corporation is founded, Harvard University to train young men to become ministers. Town Meetings were the focus of each community with Direct democracy established, Jefferson calls these the “schools of political liberty”… the economy of NE was very diverse due to the weather and rocky soil… They came for religious freedom and found hard work paid off… the beginning of the “Puritan Work Ethic.” Dissent occurs from most notably Anne Hutchinson in 1637 and Roger Williams in 1636, They advocate for a “liberty of conscience”, both challenge the governance of the Bay colony believing it was improper for them to judge matters of faith…they wanted religious freedom to practice their faith… both are expelled and RW goes on to found the Colony of Rhode Island, a haven for “free thinkers.” Conn. Founded by Joseph Hooker and puritans from the Bay Colony write the 1st written Constitution in the colonies called the Fundamental Orders. The First attempt at Unification or alliance was the New England Confederation which grouped together various puritan settlements for the main purpose of a common defense against the Indians and Dutch… Later, in 1689, a forced unification is attempted briefly called the Dominion of New England led by tyrannical Sir Edmund Andros and foreshadowing the brutish conditions that will lead to the revolution some 80 years later… after a 2 year experiment…it is trashed, however, some significant changes are brought to the colonies such as eliminating the church membership requirement for voting in Massachusetts and putting all of the NE colonies under Royal Control.

The Middle Colonies are by 1775 Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.

Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers ( Society of Friends… unique due to their anti-Slavery stance, 1st anti slavery society in Philly 1775,-Women can speak at church- great relationship with the natives- and an anti-war stance), becomes the best planned and advertised of all of the colonies… NYC and Philadelphia are major seaports and thus become very cosmopolitan fairly quickly… Delaware is part of Penn…until the revolution. The Middle colonies take characteristics from both NE and S colonies… New York with its established Anglican church and large landholdings (patroonships) is most similar to the S, wheras Penn, and NJ become economically very diverse similar to NE… they together are called the Bread Colonies… The only 4 colonies without “Established Churches,” (meaning all citizens regardless pay taxes to that particular church…congregational in NE and Anglican in S/NY) are

the Quaker colonies of Penn., NJ, and Delaware and the NE colony of Rhode Island.The future Bill of Rights has an establishment clause as part of the Freedom of Religion… that forbids states from having “established churches,” although Mass. does not disestablish the church until the 1830’s officially.

Other Facts:

Salem Mass. had the witch trials in 1692…reflecting jealousy of the rural young women who struggled financially…in that they charge some town women who were much better off..

90% of ALL COLONISTS were farmers…

SLAVERY existed in ALL colonies by 1700.

Colonists were LOYAL British subjects for the most part until late… 1776, due to: Commerce with England and the British Goods they used, Warfare against and protection from neighboring Indians, French, and Dutch over the years, and the consistent communication with London through Newspaper etc…

MERCANTILISM is the economic foundation of the English colonies… That the colonies exist for the sole benefit of enriching England… this concept is legally applied with the various Navigation laws… 1 st passed in the 1650’s and continuing to be adjusted until they are a main cause (being enforced finally, previously a condition of ”Salutary Neglect “ is in effect) of the Revolution.

1700 -1754 IN THE ENGLISH COLONIES

By 1700 the 12 (Ga. founded 1733) are coming upon their 100th anniversary… Firmly planted and successful the individual colonies in the next 100 years are going to experience dramatic change… a middle class develops, towns and cities especially along the coast become trading centers with the growth of the Atlantic trade(Triangle Trade) and the growth of the backcountry trade intermixing at the coastal cities to disseminate not just trade but news and information from around the world. Ben Franklin begins his experiments in electricity and a new stove…Newspapers develop that begin to create and discuss a “public opinion”… The Zenger case illustrates the power of the “press” in that at that time one could not criticize the gov’t even if it were true… “Deference” to your leaders was important… however, the verdict in the Zenger case showed that the people of America did not follow that Idea and ruled that there should be a freedom of speech… ideas… especially if it is true, regardless of the current law and yet still, under “Salutary Neglect” enjoys being part of the British Empire up until the beginnings of Independence. The Navigation Acts…Iron, wool, Molasses(1650’s – 1733) acts as well attempt to stop the colonies from trading with other nations or to allow them to create their own industries, however,

from 3,000 miles away it is difficult to enforce and smuggling is commonplace… A Unique American character begins to develop due to a lack of a rigorous aristocracy…. One that allows anyone to be successful… (unless you were a woman, black, or native American) . Socially in the colonies we see a dramatic occurrence the 1st great awakening… the 1st mass movement within the colonies… and it led to; separation and secession from established churches (Methodists and Baptists grow), a growth in Universities ( many “new light” schools Dartmouth, Yale, Penn, etc…) , a flourishing of missionary spirit, and a greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith… George Whitefield traveled through the colonies spreading the word with EMOTION… Hellfire sermons like Jonathan Edwards, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” “The path to hell is littered with skulls of unbaptized children , emotionally inspired many to convert . Generally by 1750; all colonies had slavery, there was no hereditary aristocracy, there was a growing group of non-english settlers (esp. Africans becoming 20% the largest of the non-english immigrant groups by 1775 and permanently slaves… the first recorded slave rebellion “Stono Rebellion” in SC in 1739 where a mixed group tried to make it to Spanish Florida and freedom), and the growth of many religious denominations. Another feature of the 18th century is war… the colonists participate in many battles with the French as conflict grows along the long boundary separating the FR and BR… this sets the stage for the ultimate conflict the 7years war or French and Indian war which will dramatically change the Americas beginning in 1754. Politically by 1775 all of the colonies had their own elected legislatures most with two houses, one based on population-one based on property ownership, all restricted voting to white males who owned a various amounts of property, and all paid the salaries of their Royal Governors (power of the purse). On the eve of the American Revolution all of the colonies had similarities such as; they were English in customs, Protestant in Religion with some degree of ethnic and religious freedom, social mobility, self-gov’t, and communication and transportation among the colonies was improving…. Setting the stage for a conflict largely based upon not necessarily self-rule …but WHO of the selfs should rule… and based on a fundamental idea from the Va. Co. Charter… that ALL who came here would have the same rights here that they had in England, citizens …. But… how …. When Mercantilism rears its ugly head… so were they citizens or slaves to an imperial mercantilistic mother country to exist only to enrich England….

1754-1789…Crisis…. French and Indian War (7 years War) through the Revolution, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Convention, and ratification and 1st Gov’t under the Constituition.

1754, In the Ohio Valley, George Washington commanding a small force of Virginia Militia and surveyors is sent to western Virginia to survey the area just below a confluence of three rivers where the French had built Ft. Duquesne… Modern day Pittsburgh ( named after leader of Britain during their victory). GW defeats a small French and indian force and builds Ft. Necessity in a hasty manner…. Later the French come back with a much larger force and crush the Virginians… the Va.’s surrender and are allowed to leave as long as they promise not to return…. They lie and a World War begins…

Immediately the British want to make sure their allies the Iroquois are ready to fight… so they call they Albany congress in 1754 with the short term goal of gaining the indian allies agreement to fight the French and the long term goal of also uniting the individual colonies behind them as well. Ben Franklin

comes up with the Albany Plan of Union with the representatives from 5 colonies… (1st unification attempt since the NE confederation in the 1650’s) This plan would give the colonies a form of home rule… and they agree to this… however, individually in their congress’s they refuse to sign. BF does an early political cartoon with a snake in pieces…stating… Join or DIE..the British when they received news of this plan also reject the idea of limited home rule….

The F&I war took place from 1754 -1763 across the world… Initially the war in America went poorly, Gen. Braddock with Washington as an aide is routed by the French and their indian allies, and the colonials are treated like crap by the British… the colonials notice that the British are not invincible and the unique fighting styles of the Indians that at times is successful….William Pitt comes to power after the early fiasco’s of the British and put the focus on taking Montreal and Quebec… The Battle of Quebec, on “the plains of Abraham,” The British defeat the French and later take Montreal… leaving the French cut off… thus victory goes to the British and the colonists… and the French in the Treaty of Paris 1763 are moved completely off the North American Continent…. The colonists rejoice, however a rebellion by Chief Pontiac and a coalition of Tribes causes chaos on the Frontier and due to the ENORMOUS DEBT Britain is in after another world war… after the Pontiac is crushed… the British beginning their NEW COLONIAL POLICY(NCP)… passes the Proclamation of 1763 with forbids the colonist from moving across the Mountains into the new territory evacuated by the French… thousands of colonists respond by gathering in Salisbury, NC and follow Daniel Boone across the mountains disrespecting the new law… foreshadowing their actions upcoming…

1764 Br. NCP now has to ask the colonies to pay their own way…. And passes REVENUE ACTS…and attempts to enforce for the first time the NAVIGATION LAWS… Note: Revolution Not inevitable until after the Dec. Of Ind. In July, 1776…certainly not after Stamp Act in 1765….

The Sugar Act is passed in 1764, 1st ever for revenue… the Stamp Act and Quartering Acts in 1765 as well…. The colonists raise hell….creating the Stamp Act Congress, Boycotting English goods, creating the Sons and Daughters of lIberty, wearing homespun clothes… “ No Taxation Without Representation,” ….Britain due to their dependence on trade from the Americas eventually in 1766 repeals the Stamp Act…. Yet in response to the colonies claim….No Taxation etc….Parliament passes the DEClaratory act… stating “Virtual Representation”… all subjects of the crown worldwide are virtually represented by Parliament… and in 1767 the BP passes the Townshend Duties, an indirect tax collected at ports on certain goods…. Including TEA….. now there is not as fervent a response to these but… the colonists learn that the revenue from the duty will go to pay gov’s…they worry about losing the power of the purse…which they had used to control their royally appointed gov’s… combined with the creation of the Admiralty courts…. Taking accused smugglers to England for trial where THEY HAVE TO PROVE THEIR INNOSENCE (violation of English bill of rights)…. Protest begins again… the Townshend duties not very successful are repealed except for a tax on TEA…. With the quartering act and more and more troops coming to Boston …conflict is bound to occur and in 1770 the Boston Massacre happens… combined with the TEA TAX and the colonists are looking for a fight. Meanwhile as Samuel Adams and others sensing trouble they create the Committees of Correspondence in 1772 so that they colonies through their legislatures can communicate effectively about events. In 1773, Gov. Hutchinson of Boston ignites the TEA PARTY by a letter of his becoming public where he states that taking away the colonists rights is

important to regain control…the Sons of Liberty respond with a TEA PARTY(remember the parties took place in all colonial seaports north and south)… and the BR. GOV”T responds with the Intolerable, Coercive, or Boston Port Acts in 1774 closing the Port and putting Boston under harsh martial law until the damages are paid…. In response the colonists call together the 1st Continental Congress and form the Association to organize boycotts across the colonies…. BP also in 1774 passes the Quebec Act which takes away all rights from anyone living in Quebec which now is all of the Former French possessions including in the neighboring Ohio Valley… and approves Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec… always on guard (Whiggism) the colonists are worried that their rights are next to be lost and that POPERY is coming…. With a huge influx of troops to Boston they begin to single out rebel troublemakers Samuel Adams and John Hancock… and go to Lexington and Concord with troops to capture them and a weapons cache…

The American Revolution 1775-1783

Most Revolutionary Soldiers were volunteers, not paid well and had little food or clothes….

Remember that 90% of the Colonists were still LOYAL British Subjects until July 4, 1776…..

The Revolution is broken up into 3 eras… The War of Inconsistency (asking for Peace, claiming allegiance to England [Olive Branch Petition] 1775-1776, The War in the North 1776-1780 [beginning with the Declaration of Independence], and The War in the South 1780 – 1783 [concluding with the Treaty of Paris, 1783 which ends the War].

Women during the AR contributed by….collecting medicine, food, and supplies for the Continental Army and many on the frontier defended their homes and families and kept them running for 8-9 years in some cases…whew…

France secretly helps us with gunpowder and weapons before they formally sign on to fight with us in 1778… without their support we LOSE for sure…obviously they wanted to see the British defeated and embarrassed…

Also remember some of the rebellions of the past and some to come such as; Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, The Paxton Boys marching on Philadelphia in 1764, The Regulators in North Carolina in the 1770’s, Shay’s Rebellion in Western Mass after the Rev. and The Whiskey Rebellion in Western Penn in the early 1790’s… They all are in some form rebellious against DISTANT AUTHORITY… and also the control of Gov’t by the wealthy easterners along the coasts in their colonies… In Shay’s, which leads to the ending of the Aritcles and the Const. Conv… , and in the Whiskey Rebellion in opposition to the Excise Tax (tax on goods made in USA diff than a TARIFF, a tax on goods made outside the USA) on Whiskey…part of Hamilton’s Financial plan under GW’s 1st government under the Constitution…

The War of Inconsistency- Phase 1 – April 1775 until Declaration of Independence July, 1776.

Inconsistent due to attacking offensively (Canada Dec. 1775) and asking for peace, stating loyalty to England (Olive Branch Petition, July 1775)….

April, 1775… Looking for Hancock, S. Adams, and weapons, the British March to Lexington and Concord…. At Lexington green the ‘shot heard round the world,’ is shot… and war begins… The british do not find either..nor weapons… and upon return are attacked by colonials hiding behind trees etc… like Indians, and the british are routed… many injuries.

Sig. Events:

Lexington and Concord, April 1775

Meeting of the 2nd Continental Congress (most sig. early act to appoint GW commander of Army)

Battle of Bunker Hill, June 1775…

Olive Branch Petition, July 1775

Hessians (mercenaries)

Burning of Falmouth, Maine and Norfolk, VA

Battles of Quebec and Montreal, Dec. 1775

Common Sense, 1776..Thomas Paine….criticized Monarchies…praises Democracy

France gives Secret Support

Evacuation of Boston by British, March 1776

Declaration of Independence, June 1776-July 4, 1776 – natural rights borrowed from philosopher John Locke….Life, liberty, Pursuit of Happiness ( Locke said Property instead), 27 grievances against the King.

War in the North 2nd Phase… 1776 -1780

This phase of the War begins with the British coming back to the colonies in Force from Nova Scotia (where they went from Boston) and land in Long Island chasing GW through NY and force him to escape to New Jersey… by Dec. GW suprises the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton (battles of NJ) swinging the momentum back to the colonists… VERY IMPT. After NY…

New British Strategy is a three-pronged invasion of the north with all armies ending in Albany… then they would cut New England off from the rest of the colonies…. (most patriots in NE) Least in South…

Br. Strategy fails…. Howe defeats GW at Germantown and Brandeywine outside Philly (GW gives 2CC time to leave Philly and get to safety) GW then winters at Valley Forge where Army suffers but is trained by Von Steuben into a better fighting force by the Spring… St. Leger fails from the West… and Burgoyne marches to Saratoga where, in the most sig. battle of the Am. Rev., the Rebels crush him and he is forced to surrender…. Due to out victory: France signs the Treaty of 1778… publicly supporting the colonies…. Spain and Holland both declare war in 1779… making a WORLD WAR…Russia (Catherine the Great in 1780 forms a list of countries (p. 155 in text) in ARMED NEUTRALITY.

War in the South 3rd phase 1780 -1783

British strategy changes for a final time… and begins well. Gen. Cornwallis takes Charleston, SC and then meets the Continental Army led by the “hero of saratoga” (not in reality but… ) Gen. Horatio Gates. The Rebels are crushed and Gates quits…. Nathaniel Greene is sent by GW to take over and he meets with Francis Marion (swamp fox – movie “patriot”) and they entice the British away from the coast and beat them at Kings Mountain and draw with them at Guilford Courthouse…NC…. Cornawallis then goes to Wilmington to Resupply and then decides on destroying Virginia… marching to Charlottesville, but is out of supplies… meanwhile the French have arrived and team up with GW (30,000 + soldiers led by gen Rochambeau) and they secretly leave NJ and march to Virginia… as Cornwallis retreats to the coast to resupply… (Yorktown, 1781) a surprise is waiting… expecting the Br. Navy to resupply him… he is shocked when they are defeated by the French fleet led by Admiral deGrasse… so he is trapped by Sea and by land by GW and the French Army…. Cornwallis surrenders… sporadic fighting continues for a couple of years… but in essence the WAR is OVER AND THE PATRIOTS HAVE WON!

Some facts:

John Paul Jones… is considered to be the only naval hero during the American Rev. for the US

Gen. George Rogers Clark (USA) is key in a victory in “Illinois Country” and due to this we have sig. larger borders agreed to in the treaty.

The Treaty of Paris, 1783

John Jay (one of the future authors of the Federalist papers, and 1st Supreme Court Chief Justice), Ben Franklin, and John Adams are instructed by the 2nd CC (now our US Gov’t under the Articles of Confederation finally ratified 1777- 1781 [took 4years to agree due to disputes over western land claims] ) to not sign anything without the approval of France…However, BF senses the French want to give much to the Spanish and get something for themselves…. So he sends Jay to GB and secretly they sign a very generous treaty (they want our trade again)… and Jay returns to France with the Treaty and the French have no choice to agree…. Boundary’s are set; North- the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence river… South – Florida, and West – Miss. River. Two conditions the USA agrees to which will haunt them (Br. Keeps troops on US soil in Western great lakes forts until after the War of 1812) they agree to 1) pay their previous debts to GB (we don’t) and 2) we agree to return land confiscated from Loyalists living in the USA during the war (we don’t) these issues cause problems in the future and are a part of why we go to war in 1812 with the BR. Again..

1754 -1789 ideas continued… [FROM THIS POINT FORWARD … STUDENTS HAVE TYPED MY RANDOM NOTES INTO THIS FORM] I will revise as needed …. A BIG THX TO MINE AND TINUCCI’S 1ST BLOCKS !

-All of these Rebellions were protesting the dominance of these individual state governments by wealthy eastern distant coastal interests and to PROTEST DISTANT AUTHORITY.

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676, western Virginia

• Paxton boys 1764 – West Pennsylvania

• Regulator movement 1770’s- in west NC

• Whiskey rebellion 1790’s- in west Penn

• Shays Rebellion 1786- in west Mass.

YOU NEED TO LOOK OVER THE HANDOUT ON ARTICLES, CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND AMENDMENTS TO BOLSTER THIS INFO!

Successes under the Articles of Confederation: Orderly process to settle west => land Ordinance 1785? (Survey) 16th section sold for support of Free Public Schools =>NW Ordinance 1787? (Territorial process to become states/ banned slavery) => Jefferson map of expansion

Weaknesses- no power to levy taxes or control interstate commerce

Shay’s Rebellion - 1786

• Why/Cause (farmer’s problems?)

• Effect? => led to constitutional convention (too much democracy)

Constitutional Convention 1787 – in Philadelphia, in Secret, a bundle of “Compromises”

• Free- slave states comp. (3/5)

• Large-Small states comprise for representation (VA. & NJ plan) -“Great Comp”

• Strong Central Gov’t over states

• Balance between branches of Gov’t

• Strong pres.

• Remember no bill of rights yet under 1st congress and GW

• Electoral College created

• No political parties exists for another 5 years or so (founding fathers dislike)

• Senators chosen by state legislature until 1913 (17th amendment)

Ratification fight: Will the States approve the Constitution 1787-88

• 5 of 13 states vote in favor only after a promise of a future bill of rights to be included (1st 10 amendments)

• Fed (merchants and veterans) V. Anti- Fed (farmers and the poorer class)

• Anti –Fed worried about giving new gov’t powers it had denied parliament, lack of Bill of Rights, too much power to federal gov’t…

Federalist papers are key… make sure to note the contents of # 10 and # 51…(on You to do)

Federalist Papers - John Jay, James Madison, alexander Hamilton – written to persuade states to approve ratification of constitution, states vote individually by state… Note: In the NY debate… a promise is made to add a BILL OF RIGHTS …from this point on … pretty routine.

George Washington (1789-1797)

(not a member of a political party , although the 1st Parties are created during his presidency)

Washington’s Farewell Address (2 Ideas)

• No political Parties

• No Permanent foreign Alliances

Alexander Hamilton’s (Sectary of Treasury) policies favored which social class?

Hamilton’s Financial Plan- improve credit and financial stability assumption of state debts from revolutionary war funding bonds sold during war at par(face value)

-Jefferson deal to allow D.C. inva.

-Jefferson primarily opposes Hamilton’s vision of an the dev. Of a British like Industrial mercantile interests instead of his vision of an agricultural focused nation of small Ind. Farmers

-Hamilton’s use of “Elastic clause” (necessary &proper) to support a Bank of USA—leads to creation of 1st political parties

Dem-Rep’s (Jeff & Madison) Federalists (Hamilton & Adams)

Whiskey Rebellion

• Favor France -Favor Britain

• Agriculture -cities

• Rural -merchants

• Middle-lower class -wealthy

Pinckney Treaty w/Spain- allows western farmers to use New Orleans to shop goods

1st action(in NYC) of Congress was to craft a “Bill of Rights” – Madison led effort….

Protected citizens from Federal Government not state government until 14th amendment

Neutrality Proclamation, 1793- Repuse to acknowledge French Treaty of 1778

-Due to French Revolution….

Many Northern States some Immediate begin to free slaves---- some gradual manumission occurs (owners freeing slaves) G. W. does on his death bed

1st Cabinet- Organized Executive

Secis of : Brand….

Tressury- Hamiltion

War- Knox

State- T Jeff

2nd term tradition (not law until 1950’s)

Genet Affair?

Jay Treaty? 1794- Tensions w/GB- Further cerements

NY Stock Exchange 1792

1794 Lancaster T-pike

John Adams 1797-1801 [Federalist]

(weaken Dem-Rep’s)

Alien and Sedition Act- purpose? Target?

TJ and JM response (VA & KY Resolutions- which introduce the concept of “nullification” in which states could “nullify” laws of fed gov’t the ind. state thought unconstitutional (before judicial review established by Marbury v. Madison))

Appoints John Marshall chief justice of Supreme Court

-serves 36 years--> see Marshall Case handout

Gabriel Prosser Slave Rebellion

Jay Treaty

Appointment of “midnight” judges just before he leaves as president leads to Marbury v. Madison, SC case

XYZ Affair- undeclared war with France, later settled by Convention of 1800 signed w/ Napolean

-Not one cent for “bribes” but millions for war

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Democratic-Republican

Believed In:

• Small/weak standing army

• Farmer/agriculture is back bone of America

• Small national gov’t

• Simple dress

• Freedom of speech/religion

Purchas of Louisiana from France, 1803

• Opened Mississippi River/Farmer’s Paradise… Future of USA Small Independent Farmers

• Showed Jefferson as inconsistent but flexible--- previous (strict view of Const.)--- this is not in const. bus he does it anyway

• Remove threat of Napoleon from Continent

Election of 1800---

• “Revolution of 1800”-TJ--- First peaceable transfer of power Federalists step down when Dem.-Rep.’s win election

• “We are Republicans, we are all Federalists”

• Continues National Bank and Hamilton’s Plan

• Left many Fed. Officeholders in place…(Above party politics)

• House of Rep’s decided election between Burr-Jeff--- Led to 12th Amendment

Lewis and Clark

• Embargo Act, 1807 disrupted Am. shipping

Other Info.

• “consistently inconsistent”

• Strict view of const. before becoming pres--- actions were “worse” at times

• Constitutional compromise banning international slave trade, begins in 1808

• To avoid war w/ Britain & France during French Revolution:

• Embargo Act- no trade w/world

• Non-intercourse act- trade w/ everyone except Br. & Fr.

• Macon’s Bill No. 2- (Madison)

• Home @ Monticello

• Ex. Of his architectural brilliance

• War in north Africa--- barbury states

• Burr trial…

• Robert Fulton- steamboat 1807

James Madison

1809-1817

• Orders in council/ Napoleon Berlin decree

• Macon’s Bill No. 2

• War of 1812 – Hawks supported war due to:

- Our broken promise to give loyalist back lands

- GB stays in forts despite treaty of Paris 1783

- Annex Canada

- Britain claims for repayment of loyalist debt

- Defend honor of the USA – stop impressment of US sailors

- Safeguard frontier

- Indian settler conflict

- Tecumseh

• Embargo – non-intercourse – (Macon’s Bill no.2) > leads to war with Britain, not France

• Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida Purchase Treaty 1819 from Spain

- John Quincy Adams secretary of State

• Hartford Convention – 1815 (Federalists from New England proposed war listed of changes to Constitution)

• Beginning of big western migration – post-war…especially south to cotton lands in Virginia “Mississippi Region” defeat of Creeks at Horseshoe Bend Opens up beginning of huge influx in Gulf south for cotton

• Dolly 1st real influential first lady

• D.C. burned to the ground by British

• Jackson becomes hero @ N.O. (after treaty of Ghent) signed ending war

- half man half alligator

• Post-war – nationalism

- American life – Knickerbockers

- Hudson river valley school of art – landscapes

- Noah-Webster > standardizes American language

• Second great awakening…

• 1st American industrial revolution > textile mill workers

Dem-Rep: James Monroe (1817-1825)

• Missouri Compromise 1820? Clay’s 1st compromise, 36’30 line, Maine as free state/Mississippi slave state > BALANCE [*Be Familiar w/ map of US after Act 1820*] (Louisiana Land purchase (Maine))

• Monroe Doctrine (2 parts)? Nonintervention – non colonization of Western Hemisphere; As a warning to European Imperialistic Countries; Europe & West had diff. political systems

• American Colonization Society – Freely Send Former slaves back to Africa “Liberia” – Monroeville (Cap)

• Mexico Encourages “American” settlement of Texas by granting Moses Austin & Sen. Stephen F. Austin; Huge land grants if migrants promise to become Roman Catholic & “Mexicanized”

• 1st Economic panic since Rev. panic of 1819; only POTUS elected after

• Rush-Bagot, 1817? Formalizes us; Canadian Border

• Adams-Onis Treaty? (Fl. Purchase 1815)

• Am. System? Henry Clay

• Oregon Treaty, 1818?

• Era of Good Feelings… One party (Dem. Am) left; Federalists become extinct; Emma Willard Tory Seminary, NY 1st HS for women

Dem-Rep. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829

• Black Tariff or Tariff of abomination, 1828 let to? Nullification crisis in S.C. and Clays Compromise Tariff of 1833 to save it

• Morgan Affair-1826 led to 1st 3rd party in U.S. History, anti-masonic party 1832 election

• Election of 1824- Goes to House “corrupt bargain” election; Jackson gets most votes but… John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay team up in house, JQA wins. Becomes the 1st minority president, Clay is appointed secretary of state.

• Erie Canal opens in 1825. NY State Gov. Dewitt Clinton funds build. Connects great lakes to Hudson River to Atlantic ocean NYC. Ties western agricultural regions to eastern manufacturing dramatically and drops prices of agricultural goods in growing cities.

• Great Triumvirate in U.S. legislature for many years during Antebellum Period. Henry Clay-Kentucky, Daniel Webster-Massachusetts, John C. Calhoun-S.C. [“Exposition and Protest”]

• Samuel Slater, Cumberland-National road

Democrat Andrew Jackson

1829-1837

Why were many people, including Jackson, suspicious of 2nd Bank of the U.S.?

• (Bank users)

• “Pet Banks”-removed deposits from bank of USA

• (Controlled by elite/wealthy)- vetoed by Jackson led to panic of 1837

• Paper $ crashes in value-specie circular

Election of 1828- Jackson wins as hero in war of 1812

“Nullification” crisis- 1832? Overwhat?

• Tariffs in S.C. Force Act

Great Compromiser? (Henry Clay)

• Miss Comp. 1820?

• Null. Comp. 1833?

• Comp of 1850?

Indian Removal Act 1832- Trail of Tears (later)

• John Marshall & US Supreme Court Worchester v. GA 1832

• Ruler in favor of Cherokee- But… Jackson does not support

• “Marshall has made his decision now let him enforce it…”

A.J. vetoed Bank Bill party because

• He believed it was controlled by the few wealthy elite and put too much power in the hands of too few people (Nicholas Biddle)

• Denmark vesey

• Webster-Hayne debate

• Comp. Tariff 1833

Jacksonian Democracy-

• Expanded white suffrage… led to reforms?

• Increased political political participation by the “common man” – ending of proper qualification for voting…

• Alexis de Tocquerilles book “Democracy in America” absence of aristocracy allows for rise of American individualism

Texas revolution 1836…

• Alamo, Santa Anna, Goliad, San Jacinto

• Jackson does NOT annex texas into USA for fear of raising the slavery issue… (9 yes) voters

“Spoils system”

Textile mills growth in N.E.

• Boston Associates 1st major corp.

• Young women off farms initial employees

Jackson Changes more- (Democratic Party 1828)

• Whig Party is created in opposition to Jackson

• Beginning of 2nd party system

o End of Era of good feelings

2nd great awakenings Reforms…

• Peter Curtwright

• George Whitefield

• Ed Horaceman

Abolitionism- Garrison

Women- Stanton

Temperance- Neil Dow, Maine

Nat Turner Slave Rebellion- VA. 1831

1st 3rd party- Antimasonic

Democrat Martin Van Buren

1837-1841

• Independent Treasury bill, 1840

• 1837 Financial Panic – Began due to Jackson’s Bank wars spices (gold/silver) circle

o all government Bills paid in specie not paper money

• Trail of Tears (5 civilized tribes) moved beyond Mississippi river

• Indian removal act of 1832; 4000-14000 – marched to Indian territory

• Split of Abolitionist; American anti-slavery society

o Due to Garrison’s advocacy of women’s rights

o And pacifism (not wanting to use political measures)

• Amistad Case 1839; Roger Taney Chief Justice

• Mormon – joseph smith

• Dorothea Dix –mental heath

• Oregon Trail

William Henry Harrison/ John Tyler

• Whig- president after 30 days

• Election of 1840- rise of the common man

o “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too”

o All citizens can vote for first time

o Regardless of property ownership…

o So officials have to appeal to “common man”

• Irish German Immigration Huge

• American Temperance Union

• Dorothea Dix

• Oneida Community

• 2nd Great Awakening

• Entire cabinet resigns due to conflict with Tyler’s on anti-American system policies…

• Webster- Ashburn Treaty-Aroostook war

• Texas annexed by joint resolutions “manifest Destiny”- 1845 1st used

• 1841, 1st Jim Crow laws passed in Massachusetts segregates railroad cars

James K. Polk

• Mexican-American War at Santa Anna 1846-1848.

• Goal: Gain California from Mexico

• Zachary Taylor General Hero Mexican-American War

• Wilmot Proviso-1946

• Spot Resolutions- Abraham Lincoln (Whig candidate who opposed manifest destiny)

• Texas Annexed by Joint Resolution of Congress & President John Tyler

• Happened after Polk’s victory in the Election of 1844

• “Manifest Destiny”- completed after Mexican-American War and Treaty with Great Britain for 49o borders of Oregon Territory with Britain & Gadsden Purchase-1854

• Henry David Thoreau goes to jail ( Transcendentalist with Emerson) to protest the Mexican-American War

• Writes “Civil Disobedience “ about “Non-violent” protest

• Horace Mann- Education reform- Minimum school year 6 months

• Seneca Falls Conference- 1848

• Declaration of Sentiments

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton/ Lucretia Mott

• Rights for women

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-1848- Ends Mexican-American War

• US gains California and most of the South West

• 3rd Party-1844-Liberty Party (Anti-Slavery)

• Edgar Allan Poe- “Raven” published

Brigham Young leads Mormons west to desert-Utah-1846

Whig-Zachary Taylor / Millard Fillmore 1849-1853

• California gold rush

• Compromise of 1850-

o Parts?

o Most controversial part?

o New fugitive slave law

• Popular sovereignty: Settlers in a territory have the right to decide whether or not to have slavery by vote.

• Kelly – Steel 1851

• Bessemer process 1856 – steel

o Bessemer – Kelley Process

o Carnegie steel

• Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlett Letter published 1850

• Southern “Fine Eater” convention in Nashville to discuss secession 1850

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1852

• Harriet Tubman–underground Railroad

• Frederick Douglass – “Northstar”

• 3rd party – Free soil party M.V.B

Franklin Pierce 1853-1857

• Gadsden Purchase 1853 To build Trans-continental Railroad in south

• Kansas – Nebraska act 1854

o Stephen Douglas – Sen. From Illinois “Little Giant”

Repealed 36-30 line of Missouri compromise 1820

• North Eastern Abolitionists furious

Popular sovereignty’s purpose? – To move Transcontinental railroad from Intended southern route to the North with Chicago

o Formation of Republican party 1854

Opposed to Expansion of Slave Territory in the west “Free soil”

• Ostend Manifesto-

o Purchase or take Cuba to make slave state

o Filibustero’s – Slave power Conspiracy

o Commodore Perry to Japan

• Protests in Boston over Fugitive slave law 1854

o Personal Liberty laws

Passed in several states to protect fugitive slaves

• Whig party collapses over dispute on extension of slavery

• Churches

o Methodists

o Baptists

o Presbyterians

James Buchanon (Old Buck)

1857-1861

Democrat

• Dred Scott Decision 1857

• Panic of 1857- cotton kingdom-cottonocracy

• CSA is created in Alabama, 7 states after election of 1860

• John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 and subsequent execution… Martyr, founded by “secret six”, abolitionists in New England… attempted to create slave uprising…

• Sumner/Brooks incident in congress 1856

• Invention of Sewing machine combination – 1856 transformed the clothing industry

• Lecompton constitution- sep. 1857

• Crittenden Compromise – 1860-61

• Succession of South Carolina.. Immigration after Lincolns victory in 1860 election..

• Election of 1856… first republican party candidate for president- John C. Fremont

• Know nothing (American) party- Millard Fillmore

• Lincoln- Douglas debates 1858 for Illinois senate seat

• “Freeport Doctrine”

• Comstock lode- silver gold Nevada- 1859

Davis/Lincoln

• Clara Barton – Red Cross

• Economic Legislation passed by Republicans during Civil War included: (No trusts yet)

o Pacific Railway Act, 1862 (TCRR)

o Homestead Act, 1862]

o National Banking System

o First Income Tax (Later ruled unconstitutional)

o High tariffs to protect American industry

• Southern inflation huge 9000%

• 1865 – Sherman’s General Order Number 15

o 40 acres and a mule in FL/SC

• Construction of 1st Transcontinental Railroad was done primarily by immigrants from Ireland (Union Pacific) and China (Central Pacific)

• 1865 Lincolns Assassination – John Wilkes Booth / South suffers

• Civil War Draft policies:

o “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Why?

• Confiscation Acts

o 1861-1862

• Draft Riots NYC 1865

• Support for Union in Mountainous South

• Abolitionists:

o William Lloyd Garrison – “The Liberator” newspaper

o Frederic Douglas – “The North Star” newspaper

• Immediate purpose of Civil War (Border States to consider)

o 1861 – To save the union

o After 1863 – Free Slaves and Save Union

• Biggest threat to union: British recognition of CSA… Cotton diplomacy

• Monitor vs. Merrimack : First Battle of Ironclads

• Jefferson Davis CSA / Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865

• Gettysburg Address

o November 1863

• Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Jan First

o Only freed slaves where?

o Strengthened moral cause of union – freed slaves only in CSA not border states

o Allows for US of black troops.

• Forestalled possibility of European invasion and gave Lincoln victory to which he could issue prelim. EP September 1862 go in effect Jan 1st 1863

• Exemptions for Draft

o “Rich man’s war, Poor man’s fight”

o 1863 NYC Draft Riots

• 1861-1863 Disrupted by union army

• 1864 1st Income Tax

o Later rule and consent

o 1st Greenbacks issued.

• 1860 – R`epublican Platform – Abraham Lincoln:

o High tariffs to protect American business

o Government subsidies for TCRR

o Homestead Act ( Free land in West)

o Leave slavery alone where it is but do not expand it west.

• John Bell Constitution – Union

• Stephen Douglas – North Democrat

• John Breckenridge – South Democrat

• Abraham Lincoln – Republican

• Wars:

o Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Bull Run I

• Strategies:

o Anaconda Plan, Blockade, Cut South in two, “total war”

• Generals:

o General US Grant, General Robert E Lee, General Sherman (Atlanta)

• “Trent Affair”

o Union pulls CSA Reps off British Ship; almost leads to British going to war with USA; Lincoln returns CSA Reps.

• Secretary of State Seward’s purchase of Alaska 1867

• 10% Plan – 13th Amendment

• Election of 1864 – V McClellan

• Union Part with Johnson

• Various causes of Civil War

o Clash of interests between Agriculture and Industry regions

o States’ rights vs. Fed. Power

o Difference in view of morality and future of slavery

o Agitators and irresponsible politicians.

• Pacific Railway Act, 1862

• Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862

• FT. Sumter – volunteers – Last 4 states secede – Capital moved to Richmond, VA

• Copperheads.

• Peninsula Plan

Andrew Johnson – 1865-1869

Union Party

• Black codes in Southern States? Passed to control black labor

• Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – Huge…

• Johnson declares all states back in…. Congress says no… 1866 Election

• AJ’s views on Reconstruction

o Executive Branch in control

o Rapid Restoration in Southern States

o Planter Pardons

o 10% Plan (borrowed from Lincoln)

• Civil Rights Bill14th Amendment – 1868

o Citizenship for the 1st time

o Bill of Rights applied to state governments for the 1st time

o Equal Protection

o “Male” used to define voting in South

• Post-Civil War Southern Economy

• dominated by sharecropping & Tenant Family

• ***”New South” – Textile mills moving South along with manufacturing of cigarettes and Industry develops post 1880’s like Jim Crow Laws

• Henry Grady editor of Atlanta Constitution newspaper – Chief Supporter

• A mixed economy no longer dependent on cash crops

• Johnson’s Impeachment

o Tenure of Office Act

o Vote in Senate

• Political & Legal states of southern states… How would they be re-admitted to Union…

• Lincoln – 10% Plan…

• Johnson – 10% Plan w/planter pardon

o 13th amendment ratified

• Radical Congress – Military reconstruction

o Ratify 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment

• Radical Republicans

• KKK Founder…

• Share Cropping – Crop Lein System

• Blanche K. Bruce – Hiram Revels1st Black senators from Mississippi

• Thaddeus Stevens

o Republican, Pennsylvania

Leads Radical Rep’s in House of Representatives.

Ulysses Grant

1869-1877

Republican

• Republican Radical Reconstruction – KKK in south

• All white Democratic Southern Parties – “Solid South” until 1980’s

• 15th amendment 1870 – suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

• New Constitution in southern States

• Credit Mobilier

• Whiskey ring – 1875

• Boss Tweed – 1871 (Thomas Nast Pictures)

• Gould Fisk – 1869

• Civil Rights Act – ruled unconstitutional 1882

• Battle of little Big Horn – Custer – 1876

• Invention of Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell

• The Grange

• Promontory point, Utah 1869 – connects TCRR

• 8hr. workday for Gov’t employees

• 1872 – Yellowstone – 1st National Park

• Panic of 1873 : led to decrease in protection of African Americans in South

o “Liberal Republicans”

o Call for end to military Reconstruction

• Liberal Republicans

o Corruption

• Completion of 1st TCRR

• Indian wars in west

• Cattle drives in west

• Southern states legislature’s scalawags and carpet baggers V. South Dems. With paramilitary support

• 1872 – Amnesty Act

o ALLOWS returns voting rights to most confederates

• 1876 – Twain publishes “Tom Sawyer”

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881 (Republican)

African Americans who leave violent Reconstruction South 1879-80 to go to Kansas were known as…

Darwin-Evolution:

Edison-electric light bulb, 1879

Knights of Labor Founded, 1879

Great RR Strike, 1877

Exodusters- to Kansas 1879-80/ 25,000 Blacks left South b/c of Jim Crow Laws

Election of 1876: Tilden wore pop. Votes and loses LA/SC/FL disputed elec. Votes. Commission agrees that Hayes wins if he pulls the last remaining troops out of South ending reconstruction. (Compromise of 1877)

James Garfield/ Chester A. Arthur

1881-1885

• Stalwarts V. half breeds for patronage

• Indian wars

• Chinese exclusion act, 1882-

• 1881- Book T. Washington becomes head of the Tuskegee Institute, Alabama vocational training

• John D. Rockefeller forms standard oil trust

• Pendleton Act begins to end … 1883- civil service an attempt to modify spoils system after Garfield’s Assassination

• 1884- Twain publishes huckleberry Fin

Grover Cleveland (1st Term)

1885-1889

Dawes Severalty Act 1887 (Indians) – (effects)?

Until new deal

Forced assimilation into white culture.. gave individual needs of families 160 acres of area and improved for (division of land among tribal members) 25 years they would get ownership and become citizens of USA

Loss of millions of acres

Loss of tribal autonomy

Interstate Commerce Act 1887 (Railroads regulated)

1886 Hay Market Riot.. Knights of Labor

Farmers Alliance

Greenback Labor Party

AFL- founded 1886 a union of local unions

Samuel Gompers

To bring skilled workers and craft unions together in order to achieve economic gains

Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890- 1st used against labor unions –little immediate impact on corporations

• Wounded Knee Massacre 1890- “Ghost Dance” loss of tribal autonomy

- Freedom

- End of Indian Wars

• Helen Hunt Jackson’s Book- “A century of dishonor”

-documentary wrongs of American government on American Indians

• Booker T Washington’s Atlanta Compromise Speech

• Jane Adams Founds Hall House- Chicago 1889

• Yosemite National Park Founded 1890

• Populist Party Founded 1891

• Great Northern Rail Road – James T Hill

-5th transcontinental RR completed, first without any government subsidies

Grover Cleveland (2nd Term) 1893-1897

• Omaha Platform 1892 Populist Party

• Panic of 1893 Coxeys Army

• Pullmans strike- Chicago 1894, Eugene debbs head of union- cut wages and increased rent on company housing

• American protective association (apa)

• Ash can school of art

• Social gospel

• Coxeys army

• Failed annexation of Hawaii

• After While planter revolt

• “it’s the people’s job to support the government not the governments job”, From veto of bill to help texas farmers

• 1895 booker t washingtons, Atlantas compromise speech “we can be as separate….”

William McKinley

John Hay – Secretary of State- devises the Open Door, “splendid little war” about Spanish American War…

• Why does the US devise the open door policy? 1899

• “ Wizard of Oz”- 1896 election…

o William Jennings Bryan’s

“Cross of Gold” speech- supporting sliver…

Populist and democratic parties candidate…

• Racism strains populists

• Improvement in economic conditions favored McKinley

• Gold in Alaska

• Acquisition of Philippines:

o Purchased/ captured after Armistice… McKinley’s prayer…

o Platt and Teller Amendments (Cuba)

o Rough riders

o Emilio Aguinaldo helps/ then fights us

o “Insurrection”- Filipinos fighting us for freedom- an ugly event in us History/ ”Kill every one over 10”

o Taft-Government/ “benevolent” assimilation “our little brown brothers”

o Anti- Imperialist league opposed due to its own history… it is incompatible…

• Successful annexation of Hawaii

• Spanish- American War 1898 “Splendid Little War”- John Hay: Sec of State

• “Jingoism”- Extreme nationalism yellow journalism of Hearst

• Alfred Thayer book

o The influence of sea power upon history

o Social Darwinism

o Example of European imperialist (we got to compete)

o Sinking of USS Maine 1898

o Treaty of Paris, 1898

o Mark Hanna- The “Wizard”

o Twain- Literary realism

Teddy Roosevelt

1901-1909

As president TR addressed 4 issues

1. Meat Packaging

2. Monopolization of RR Industry

3. RR- Foreign Rates

4. Unsafe Drug Products

Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

• Financial Instability in Latin America… (Democratic republican for example)

• Could give European’s an excuse to bring forces into western hemisphere—to collect debts (US intervention) … a threat then would exist that they might stay and setup colonies—so the USA pledges to collect debts for euro’s… they stay out.. US becomes an “International ” police power

• Panama Canal, 1903-1905

• Niagara Movement- NAACP 1909

• W.E.B Dubois

• 1904-Nothern Securities Busted 1st big bust

• San Francisco earth quacke-1906

• SF settlement’s agreement

• 1st progressive president

• Wins the Nobel peace prize for negotiating an end to the Russo-Japanese war preserving a “balance of power” in Asia, also Algeria’s Confederation in North Africa

• 30’s-Conservation legacy

• “Good trusts and bad trusts”… not all bad- Busted way

• Ford motor company founded-1903 Model-T -1908

• Pure food and drug act- 1906

• W.E.B Dubois-1903 publishes “Souls of Black Folk”- expanding on two ness

• Elkins and Hepburn Acts-1903-RR regulation gave teeth to ICC.. Rules/No rebates

• 1906-upton Sinclair’s- The jungle published

• 1901-JP Morgan buys Carneigie steel and creates U.S steel – the USA’s 1st Billion Dollar Co.

William Howard Taft 1908 – 1913

• “Dollar Diplomacy” – Using American foreign policy to benefit American business interests.

• Bellinger - Pinchot Affair

• Dept. of Labor, 1913

• Triangle Shirt Waist Fire, 1911.

Woodrow Wilson 1913- 1921

• Keaty Union Child Labor Act, 1916

o Ruled unconstitutional.

o Hammer vs. Dgentan

• Great African American migration to Northern Cities from Jim Crow South for Jobs

• I.W.W Union Poster

o Shows union as heroic champion of workers and ordinary people.

• WW1 1914

o US enters 1917-1918

o US Home front was characterized by voluntary programs unlike WW2

o Limited individual liberties i.e. Schenk vs. US / Sedition Act

o Jailing of Eugene Debbs

• USS Buford and Deportation to USSSR – Radicals/Labor Leaders/Socialists/Anarchists

• WW1 / Committee on Public information – George Creel mobilize support arms people for WW1

o Propaganda – 4 Minute Men

• Prohibition -18th amendment – 1919 – Temperance

• Growth of:

o Anti –Saloon League

o W.T.C.U – Largest Women’s group: Main focus for the majority of women (not women’s sits)

o State laws

o Anti-German

o Social reform progressive movement

• Triple Wall of Privilege:

o Books trusts tariffs

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act / Fed. Trade Commission

• 1913 Fed. Reserve Act – protected Labor unions (Magna Carta of Labor)

• Gompers AFL

• Underwood Tariff – Lowers Tariff; First legal Income tax

• Made currency more elastic

• Moral diplomacy – 14 points speech WW1

o 14th point – A league of nations

o No secret treaties

o Self Determination (End Imperialism Colonies)

o Freedom of Seas

• 16th Income Tax – 1913

• 17th – Direction Elections – 1913

• 18th Prohibition – 1919

• 19th – Women’s Suffrage – 1920

• Treaty of Versailles ends WW1

o Included a league of nations

o Promoted the right of national self – determination

o Senate (irremailables) objects to Article X of League Treaty that requires us to join our armed forces in support of League. Senators felt this was taking war making power from our Congress.

• “Limit US Sovereignty”

• Henry Cabot Lodge and 14 reservations ended up influencing Wilson to call for vote against treaty with reservations and defeat.

• Sent soldiers to México 1916 under Black Jack Pershing to capture Pancho Villa

• D.W. Griffith; Movie

o Birth of a nation

o Glorifying KKK after Civil War premiers and White House.

• Less federal government enforces laws and treaties existing.

• “New freedom” of WW vs. “New Nationalism” of T.R.

• Election of 1912:

o TR – Bull moose

o Taft – Old Guard Rep

o WW – Dem

o Debs – Socialist.

• Zimmerman Telegram –

o Germany offers Mexico returns of Southwest USA if invades USA to keep USA out of WW1.

• Bull Moose Party – Election 1912: 17% of Vote most succ. 3rd Party.

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914

• Moral – Missionary Diplomacy

• Unrestricted submarine warfare Sussex Pledge

• Lusitania

• Federal Reserve Act, 1913

• 4 million men drafted

• AEF Pershing

• Armistice 11/11/18 11 am.

• Huge Mexican Immigration to the USA during WW1 due to the Revolution in Mexico which had caused social upheaval and dislocation

• Margaret Sanger begins Planned Parenthood; USC of Contraception’s.

• NY British control league

• Espionage Act 1917

• Sedition Act 1918

• Debs Imprisoned

• Schenk vs. US

Warren G. Harding 1921-1923

• Prohibition Begins-

• Organized Crime-

• 1925 Scopes Trial-urban/rural, Traditional/modern conflict

• Harlem Renaissance

• Marcus Garvey-U.N.I.A

• 1920- 1st radio broadcast of Harding’s election

• By 1920, over ½ of Americans live in cities for the 1st time. The wealthy begin to move to suburbs for the 1st time. Cities are divided by ethnicity and purpose (Industry) parks, neighborhoods, shopping, etc.

• Washington Naval Conference- Disarmament 9 power, 5 powers, 4 power treaties. 5:5:3 battleship ratios. Keep open door to China , and Japan could fortify islands

• Scandals: Teapot Dome (oil)

• A Return to “Normalcy” End of Progressive Era- Return to Gilded age. Focus on Big business corruption, regulatory agencies aided business.

• (Attorney General A. Mitchell) Palmer Raids- 1st “Red” scare, against communism- (1950’s 2nd McCarthy)

• National origins Act 1921 (changed 1924-1929)

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929

-“the business of Am. is business”

-“The man who builds a factory builds a temple, the man who works there worships there..”

National Origins Act 1921-

1924-

1929-

Ford’s model T assembly plants result in mass produced autos available to everyone due to their low price…paid workers more so they could afford auto’s…in black only

Secretary of Treasury Mellon dramatically cuts taxes on the wealthy, “trickle down”…and corporations

Dawes Plan- US lend $ to Germany to pay $ (reparations from Versailles Treaty) to Britain and France could pay USA back…

Economic Boom- flappers- speakeasies

Mencken Fitzgerald Gatsby 25

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1926 – return to isolationism

Lindburgh crosses Atlantic solo flight 1927

Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927

1st talkie movie- The Jazz Singer 1927

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933

Underlying cause of the great depression or any depression: (overproduction, overspeculation)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Too high/crushed international trade

Great Depression: Stock Market crash 29’ Bonus Army 32’- US Army attacks wanted early payment of Insurance Policy… as GD begins H.H. requests Bus leaders maintain levels of wages and production

Reconstruction Finance Corporation- RFC help for banks states “not individuals” Private charities… should help individuals. Repeals “clevelands quote” from panic of 1893

Hoovervilles: “shanty” towns of homeless

Hoover Blankets: newspapers

Stimson Doc- Japan invades Manchuria

Bonus Army

Black Tuesday- 1929 Stock Market Crash Oct 29,1938

CIO Founded: sit-in strikes, John L Lewis

John Steinback’s Novel- 1939 (FDR) “Grapes of Wrath” Farmers moving to California, Smuggle to Survive

Democrat AL Smith runs against Herbert Hoover in 1928… Strong Anti-Catholic sentiment with evidence of a democrats failure to carry “Solid South”

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933-1945

• Wife Eleanor > most influential first lady – first republican to represent united nations in San Francisco after war

• During the Second World War, Japanese-Americans were relocated because of?

• Result of 1836 election campaign- shift of black voters to which party?

• “Rosie the Riveter” – huge increase in working women during WWII

- New skills/pay/government daycare…fireside chats on radio

• “Great Depression” – led to massive migrations…especially from dust bowl areas too far west

- Ends due to massive military/industrial spending during WWII…Jobs…

• WWII: African-American soldiers fought in segregated units “ __” Double V. Campaign

• 1937 FDR’s court packing plan?

• World War II draft begins before we declare war… (unusual)

• Charles Lindbergh (Hero for crossing part of America. First Atlantic solo flight 1920’s)

• Committee that attempted to restrict participation in WWII – isolationists love GW farewell address – no establishment of permanent foreign alliances

• ABC Plan – attack Germany first

• Unemployment = 25%

• 21st amendment appeals prohibition 1923

• A. Phillip Randolph (black labor leader) + executive order 8802 which creates the EEOC

• Glass-Stegall Act (FDIC)

• New Deal agencies:

o NIRA-Blue Eagle did what? Reduce competition

o CCC- most popular> young workers sent money home ex. Planted trees

o WPA- do photographs of migrant farm workers, paint murals across city, and make oral histories

o “Deficit Spending” Keynesian Economics to spur economy

o Dr. Townsend’s plan to give seniors money from gov. > social security act

o TVA- dams rural electrification

• Banks closed five days –“bank holiday”

• 1st 100 days of FDRs new deal congress (1933)

• 3 R’s: Relief, recovery, reform

• Passes banking regulation, unemployment relief, ag. Adjustment (pay farmers not to farm which reduced acres under cultivation), home owner mortgage support

• Good neighbor policy with Latin America

• AFL splits in 1935…why?

• 1932 election: a landslide – disagreed with Hoover about direct federal aid to individuals. FDR yes Hoover no

• signs Atlantic charter with Churchill

• “New Deal Order” 1930-1980

o Rise and fall

• US government active role in regulating economy and in mediating disputes between labor and migrant

• 1943 Zoot Suits Riots in LA

• Francis Perkins – secretary of labor 1st woman

• Lend-lease, bill #1776 – “arsenal of democracy”

• Atlantic charter – just Churchill agree on long term war strategy

• Meetings at Casablanca – unconditional surrender

• Tehran- plan D-Day

• Yalta – makeup of post war Europe UN

• Potsdam – Japanese surrender or be destroyed (Truman’s)

• Bracero Program 1940-60 begins > bringing Mexican temporary workers to USA

• TVA

• Brain trust

• 1st and 2nd new deal/ 3R’s

• Mandatory home mobilization return cards

• Japanese internment

• WPA

• AAA

• SEC, 1935

• National relations act (1935)

• Reciprocal trade agreements – Cordell Hull

• Fair labor standards act 1938 – minimum wage, 40 hr week, overtime

• Marshal chief of staff

• Eisenhower supreme ally commander in Europe D day

• Macarthur supreme commander in Pacific

• Ad. Nimitz Navy Pacific commander

• Joe Louis – black wins heavy weight boxing championship against Germany

• Jesse Owens – black sprinter wins four golds at 32 “Berlin Olympics”

• Eisenhower’s letter – Manhattan project Oppenheimer 1942 Los Alamos

• Munich Conference

• Japanese invades Beijing 1937

• Cash and carry – destroyer for bases

• Huey longs share our wealth plan

• Father Coughlin 1934

• Neutrality acts 35,36,37,39

• NYE committee

• CIOs sit down strikes 1937

• Appeasement

• Double V campaign

• Island hopping

• Battle of Midway

• FEPC/EEOC executive order – 8802?

• Hemingway…

• Pearl harbor 12/7/1942

• A Phillip Randolph…

Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 (fair deal)

• HUAC –suspected communist- algerhiss Nixon 1950

• TAFT-HARTLEY act did what?

• TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947? Greece and Turkey

• George C Marshall plan (main purpose)- economic recovery in Europe

• Civil rights commission- integration of us military 1948 of executive order

• Jackie robinson intergrates baseball 1947

• GI bill – financed huge increase in college attendance- loans for small business – VA low cost home loans (Subarbia expands) – servimanns readjustment act 1944

• 1948 election dixie crats- inopp. Too trumans civil rights help… -close race with dewey- airlift 1948 – berlin blockade –

• Postdam conference

• Atomic bomb

• National sec. act 1947 – NSA 68

• Cold war policy for 45 years for usa ; 1947 George F Kennan’s “containment doctrine” contained expansion of the ussr and communism

• Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki “Japan 1945”

• To save troops in invasion keep ussr on toes…. Force surrender “emperor stayed”

• Korean wars 1950 -1953 (ends in a armistice@ 38th parallel under Eisenhower mccarthur removed 1951)

• United nations

• SEC. council approves military action against north korea us leads (mccarthur)

• China invades – difficult for un forces later

• Ralph Ellison’s invisible man 1952

• Rosensburgs 1953 executed for espionage “atomic secrets”

• NATO 1949

• Un 1945 –SCC. Council 5 nations with veto /Baruch plan for atomic energy

• China falls to communism 1945

• Mccarthurism begins 1950

• Loyalty act

• Beginning on television

• Livitown, LI –suburbs “planned community”

Dwight (Ike) D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

• Crisis during Eisenhower’s presidency: National USSR/Sputnik – Def. Ed. Act $$$ For Science % Language Edu; Egypt seizes Suez Canal; USSR shoots down U-2 Spy plane; Castro gains control of Cuba

• McCarthyism – 2nd Red Hunt:

- Ends due to unsubstantiated charges against US Army on T.V. Hearings

- Played on Fears begins w/ accusations of zoo + communists employed by US State Dept.

• Greensboro, NC Sit-In 1960? Protest in Department store lunch counters that were segregated; Led to student meeting in Raleigh were Ella Baker, SLCC, and students form their own org. (SNCC) ->

• Little Rock 96 students & Fed Gov’t “Ike” Sent Us 101st Airborne Div.; Reluctantly to school for a year to ensure compliance w/ Brown Court decision

• Two CIA Coups? Guatemala in 1954… Iran in 1953

• Seato-1954-Diembienphu; Geneva Conference; 70th Parallel

• “Domino Theory” Elections?

• “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” – 1956; 199 S. Congressmen sign pledge to fight Brown Court decision and fight integration; Keep Fed Gov’t out of state matters, “States Rights’ Ed policy

• Eisenhower Doctrine? Lebanon 1957

• Eisenhower’s Farewell Address warns the nation of the rising influence of the mil. Industry Complex fed by colossal military budget; No one listens -> 60’s – 50% of Fed Budget

• Rock & Roll? From Black musical traditions; 1956 Elvis

• New Deal like Program? Unusual for Conservative Rep. “Ike”; Fed Hwy Act, 1956 builds interstate hwys; Suburban spread accelerated

• Beats on the Road JR-1959

• Not Just contain Communism but “Massive Retaliation” – Cold War Strategy (John Foster Dulles – Sec. of State) creates strategic Air Command w/ nukes airborne 24/7

• Civil Rights Act, 1957; first since 1875

• Suez Crisis; Sputnik; U-2 Affair 1960

• 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott; Brown v. Board 1954; Emitt Hill -1955

• Ruska Haw. 1959

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963 “New Frontier”

• Bay of Pigs Fiasco

• 1962 Book –Environmental movement

o Rachel Carson –Silent Spring

• Cuban Missile Crisis –Result

o Removes missiles from turkey in exchange for Russia missing from Cuba promised not to invade Cuba

• Cut taxes on wealthy – to invigorate economy

• American University “detente” speech after Cuban missile crisis

• Bay of Pigs

• 1963 march on Washington

• CORE- 1942 union of Chicago students

• SNCC- 1960 Raleigh students, Ella Baker

• SCLC – 1957 Martin Luther King Jr. Ministers

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty -1963

• JFK’s Administrations Achievements

o Alliance for Progress (Latin American )

o Peace Corp (world)

• Defeats Nixon 1960 – 1st Televised debates

• Massive retaliation not practical “Flexible Response”

• Domino Theory in Vietnam

• Robert Macuancra – Secretary of Defense

o Ivy League Brain Trust

• 1861- Freedom Rides

• Lee Harvey Oswald Kills Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963

• Greensboro sit-ins 1960

L. B. Johnson 1963-1969

“Great society”

“war on poverty”

Eventually lower the number of families living in poverty to its lowest levels ever

• Deep divisions within American public in 1968 were demonstrated by assassination RFK –MLK Jr.

Urban riots in cities

Antiwar demons at democratic convention in Chicago

George Wallaces strong support in 1968 election in south and come northern urban areas

• Gulf of Tonkin incident 1964 (Vietnam fires on US ship)

Resolution – congress gives LBJ money and troops he wants leads to “escalation in Vietnam”

[15,000-560,000]

• (major) immigration act 1965 effect: immigration from Asia increases significantly

• Ed. Emp. Public acc.

• Civil rights act 1964

• Voting rights act 1965

• Head start program

• Medicaid and medicare 1965

• Black panthers 1965 – Oakland

• Black power movement

• Pop art

• N.O.W.

• WITCH

• 2nd wave feminism

• Watts riots 1965

• North Vietnamese… Ho Chi Minh… viet-cong

• Water quality act 1965

• Thurgood marshall 1967 1st African American justice in south Carolina

• Cesar chavez – Delano grape strike California

Form workers union

• N.O.W. – national organization of women (feminists)

Founded in order to challenge sex discrimination in the work place

• 1964 election –V. Goldwater… conservative-states rights … daisy tv commercial

• Tet offensive 1968 – Vietnam (Vietnamese new year) –began decline in popular support for war in USA (viet cong was strong and could attack major cities in south Vietnam)

• Students for a democratic society (SDS) “new left” … “pt. huron” statement

• Free speech movement… Mario savio…. Cal – berkely 1964

• Malcolm x breaks 1964 – assassination 1965… with the nation of islam

• 24th amendment bans poll tax 1964

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

• 1973 Yom Kippur War- OPEC- embargo- prices x 4

• Diplomacy under Nixon: ping- pong diplomacy

• China had become impt. Global power…

• Visit to: China: 1972 and USSR--- Purpose: “Détente” (Relaxing of tension of Cold War)--- Help w/ N. Vietnam to set peace and war

• Election 1968: while conservative support “silent majority”--- “law and order”--- Labor union support grows

• Democrats divided over Vietnam

• S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Ex: of détente w/ USSR

• Vietnamization Policy- Reducing #’s of us troops

• Nixon Doctrine- US cannot anymore be police force of the world

• “silent majority”

• Credibility gap

• Watergate- C.R.E.E.P.- hearings on TV begin 73’- Coverup- tapes- Nixon v. US

• O.P.E.C.- energy crisis

• Title IX

• SSI

• Busing

• Kent St., Jackson St., Cambodia

• Spiro Agnew Resigns

• Ford V.P.

• Stonewall Riots 1969?

• Woodstock Festival 1969

• Counter culture

• Man on the moon, 1969

• War Powers Act, 1973

• Huge inflation & stagnation of incomes leads to “stag-flation” due to huge spending on Vietnam War & programs of great societies war on poverty

• Nixon worked against busing as a solution to school integration reversing progress since 1960’s…

• Clean Air Act

• Endangered Species Act

• 26th Amend. –Voting age 18

• End draft 73’?

• Pentagon Papers, 1971

• High inflation rages of 1970s were due in part to spending on social welfare programs (great society)

• And spending on Vietnam War

Gerald Ford

1974 – 1977

• “ Our Long National Nightmare Is Over” – Vietnam Ends in 1975

• Ford’s pardon of Nixon

• Helsinki Accords with USSR ‘75

• Bi – Centennial Celebration 1976

Jimmy Carter

1977 – 1981

• Peanut Farmer

• From Georgia

• Because of “Credibility” Gap (Vietnam-Watergate) being an “outsider” from Government a positive

• Jimmy Carter’s Foreign Policy problem with Iran Hostage Crisis (444 days)

• 1979 – 52 American Hostages

• The economy under Carter :

o Rising unemployment

o High interest Rates (20%)

o Inflation

o Increased Gov’t spending

• Dept. of energy – 1977

• Selective Service act – 1980

• 1979 – 3 mile Island nuclear Plant in Pennsylvania near disaster

• Vietnam draft dodgers pardoned

• Panama Canal given to Panama in 2000

• Camp David Accords – Israel – Egypt Peace Agreement

• Boycott 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics

• USSR invades Afghanistan in December of 1979

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989

• Reaganomics- Supply Side Economics- Voodoo Economics (George Bush)

• Cut taxes on wealthy to increase tax revenue for Government & stimulate the economy

• “Trickle Down Theory” (1st used in 1920s with Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon

• President Election Campaign 1980- Too many taxes

• Iran-Contra Affair- Secretly selling arms to Iran to get their help in releasing hostages in Lebanon

• Money from sales sent to anti-communist (Sardinista) Contra Rebels in Nicaragua despite the Congressional Ban

• Moral Majority &Neoconservatives

• Southern Democrats (Conservatives) begin to switch parties to Republican

• Grenada Invasion

• Anti- Drug Campaign

• “Evil Empire”- USSR

• Gorbachev- Perestroika & Glasnost

• PLO/ Hezbollah – Lebanon Marine Bombing- 1982

• Clean Water Act- 1987

• Strategic Defense Initiative- (Star Wars)

• Reagan Revolution: Tax Cuts for wealthy +Huge increase in deficit spending

• Cut Social Spending Dramatically

• Election of 1984- Mondale/ Geraldine Ferraro- 1st woman on major ticket for President

• Sandra Day O’Connor- 1st woman Supreme Court Justice

George H.W. Bush I (Senior)

1989-1993

• End of Cold War… Revolution of 89… Berlin Wall Falls

• Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990

• Operation Desert Storm

• Loses in election of 1992 to W. Clinton due to:

o Ross Perot’s Candidacy

o Promised:

“Read my lips no new taxes”…. Broke promise

• Appoints 2nd African-American to Supreme Court

• Clarence Thomas who is accused of sexual harassment by law school professor Anita Hill on TV…. Vote in senate confirms Thomas 52-48

• Invasion of Panama

• CIS – Boris Yeltsin

William (Bill) Clinton…..”Slick Willie”

1993-2001

• Impeached – Monica Lewinsky Affair 1999

• North American Free Trade Agreement, 1993

o US, Canada, Mexico

• Oklahoma City Bombing 195

• Family Medical Leave Act, 1992

• Welfare Reform Act, 1996

o Welfare to Work

• Rep. Congress… passes “Contract w/America” to balance Budget 1998

• Welfare Cuts

• $ Help to cities (urban improvement)

• Black Hawk Down – Somalia

• US troops to Yugoslavia w/UN Peacekeepers

George W. Bush II (Jr.)

2001-2009

• Patriot Act 2001

• No child left behind

o Education Act

• Bush Doctrine

• Persian Gulf War

• Iraq

• September 11th – 2001… Twin Towers Attacked

18th Century

British colonists wishing to settle west of Appalachian mtns were motivated by… Cheap or Free Land won fairly.

Republican motherhood- Elevate Women to be the person responsible for our democracy due to their responsibility to educate Young boys to be valuable educated citizens in a democracy…a by product is that women in the 1800’s slowly gain the ability to attend secondary and even universities by the end of the Civil War.

Cult of Domesticity- woman’s place is in the home… A “Separate Sphere” for Women.

Great Awakening of 1740’s- emotion increased, new light/old light, new universities created, splits in denominations, Methodists/Baptists, 1st mass movement of a united people

Women in USA 1790-1810- critical to educate a Republican citizenry…ie…rep motherhood

Immigrants from England and non-English: Germans, Scots, Irish, Dutch

Deism?

1st Great Awakening- Hell Fire Sermons- Jonathan Edwards “sinners in the hands of an angry God”

-affected divisions in congregational and Presbyterian churches

Slave population grows due to natural born African Am. Pop.. and the Atlantic Triangle Trade until 1808 when it is banned by agreement at the Constitutional Convention 1n 1787…

19th Century

• Ante-bellum-growth of slave population due to natural reproduction

• Support for slavery in the south was based on? (3)

• Most Irish immigrants of 1840’s settle in?

• Distinguishing feature of American Society in early 19th century? (newspapers)

• Last ½ of 19th century “new south” advocates support expansion of?

• City bosses- urban political machines in late 19th early 20th century helped poor imm. In exchange for what?

• 1st ½ 19th century- central and western NY known as “Burned-over” district… why?

• Southern Economy before civil war (ante-bellum) was still…

• Republican party 1850’s-60’s-(1854 begins KS-NB act) position on slavery

• Settlement House workers- Jane Addams-Hull House-purpose

• Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”- William Graham Sumer

• Market Revolution 1815-1860 effects of-

Econ. Specialization

Mass prod. With machines

Income gap

Org. labor begins

• Gilded Age: vertical, Horizontal>integration

• U.S. Government sends troops against striking workers

• Deflationary monetary policy

• Fundamental Christianity- Bibles completely accurate in all ways

• Antebellum argument of slaves being better off than free “wage slaves” factory workers begin 1930’s- TJ’s idea that slavery is evil

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) and interchangeable parts

• Frederick Jackson turners-speech 1893- Colombian exposition Chicago. “The influence of the frontier on American History”

• Gospel of Wealth-Carnegie (do not help individuals but society as a whole)

• Jacob Riis- “How the other half lives”- discusses?(imm. Poverty and despair)

• Reconstruction-Econ. Development in south was spread of share cropping/crop-lein system

• Slave power conspiracy 1840-50 northers fear due to: New fugitive slave law, Ostend manifesto, dread scott case, gag rule in congress

• Henry Clay’s American system? Designed to meet Americans need for econ. Progress-bank tariff gov’t money for internal improvements

• Ida B. Wells anti-lynching campaign

• Transcendentalism-Emerson/Thoreau-individual conduct guided by truth found in conscience

• Post civil war feminist reaction to 15th amendment?

• Booker t Washington(Atlanta compromise speech, “separate as our fingers”) v. w.e.b dubois- NAACP founder Niagra movement , souls of black folk, immediate immigration and rights

• 2nd great awakening- encouraged evangelical Christianity

• Jim crow laws- (1880’s-1960’s)

• Transportation revolution(1790’s-1830’s) canals and turnpikes steamboat(1840’s-1850’s) railroads steamships

• 1896 election farmers protest lost momentum after due to: loss in 1896 election, huge immigration to cities which led to higher prices for crops, crop failures in Europe which led to higher prices for crops, gold discovered in Alaska in 1898 which led to inflation and silver loss momentum

19th Century continued….

• Ante-bellum-growth of slave population due to natural reproduction

• Support for slavery in the south was based on? (3)

• Most Irish immigrants of 1840’s settle in?

• Distinguishing feature of American Society in early 19th century? (newspapers)

• Last ½ of 19th century “new south” advocates support expansion of?

• City bosses- urban political machines in late 19th early 20th century helped poor imm. In exchange for what?

• 1st ½ 19th century- central and western NY known as “Burned-over” district… why?

• Southern Economy before civil war (ante-bellum) was still…

• Republican party 1850’s-60’s-(1854 begins KS-NB act) position on slavery

• Settlement House workers- Jane Addams-Hull House-purpose

• Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”- William Graham Sumer

• Market Revolution 1815-1860 effects of-

Econ. Specialization

Mass prod. With machines

Income gap

Org. labor begins

• Gilded Age: vertical, Horizontal>integration

• U.S. Government sends troops against striking workers

• Deflationary monetary policy

• Fundamental Christianity- Bibles completely accurate in all ways

• Antebellum argument of slaves being better off than free “wage slaves” factory workers begin 1930’s- TJ’s idea that slavery is evil

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) and interchangeable parts

• Frederick Jackson turners-speech 1893- Colombian exposition Chicago. “The influence of the frontier on American History”

• Gospel of Wealth-Carnegie (do not help individuals but society as a whole)

• Jacob Riis- “How the other half lives”- discusses?(imm. Poverty and despair)

• Reconstruction-Econ. Development in south was spread of share cropping/crop-lein system

• Slave power conspiracy 1840-50 northers fear due to: New fugitive slave law, Ostend manifesto, dread scott case, gag rule in congress

• Henry Clay’s American system? Designed to meet Americans need for econ. Progress-bank tariff gov’t money for internal improvements

• Ida B. Wells anti-lynching campaign

• Transcendentalism-Emerson/Thoreau-individual conduct guided by truth found in conscience

• Post civil war feminist reaction to 15th amendment?

• Booker t Washington(Atlanta compromise speech, “separate as our fingers”) v. w.e.b dubois- NAACP founder Niagra movement , souls of black folk, immediate immigration and rights

• 2nd great awakening- encouraged evangelical Christianity

• Jim crow laws- (1880’s-1960’s)

• Transportation revolution(1790’s-1830’s) canals and turnpikes steamboat(1840’s-1850’s) railroads steamships

• 1896 election farmers protest lost momentum after due to: loss in 1896 election, huge immigration to cities which led to higher prices for crops, crop failures in Europe which led to higher prices for crops, gold discovered in Alaska in 1898 which led to inflation and silver loss momentum

19th century continued

1820’s-1850’s

“Lowell System” – Farm girls move to mill’s to work. A group of mills in and around Lowell, Mass expand. Women have 1st strike in 1830’s… Commonwealth v. Hunt in Mass. supreme court rules unions legal in Mass. 1st time legal anywhere in USA.

Remember: Largest source of Government revenue from 1789 – 1913 is the TARIFF –taxes collected on Imported, foreign goods, Income tax briefly appears during civil war, but is ruled unconstitutional soon after and only becomes the major source of revenue for the government after 1913 when the 16th amendment is passed in 1913 and is applied to the nation within the Underwood Tariff Bill. ????year

Irish-german imm. (old Imm) 1840’s and 50’s …. Irish stay in cities ….take the place of many women working in textile mills, Catholic in huge #’s, create Urban political machines to support new imm. in exchange for votes…. Nativism rises against catholics and imm. Know-Nothing Political Party is created in 1850’s which want to restrict Roman Catholics from holding political office.

Cattle Drives in West end with Fencing (Barbed Wire invented by Joseph Glidden) late 1870’s 1880’s

Free African Americans during the Ante-bellum period (1812-18600 # 250,000 in both north and South, could own limited property and vote in some areas…

Antebellum education reforms…Horace Mann-head of Mass . schools… Noah Webster- 1st American dictionary:

Compulsory school attendance, State/Local taxes to finance schools (in North primarily), Teacher Training schools, Standardize the length of the school year (6mths –Mann)

Women’s Suffrage before 1900 in West…. Wyoming 1st in 1869, Jeanette Rankin , 1st woman congressperson from Montana, 1914.

2nd Great Awakening 1790 – 1850’s… Charles Grandison Finney (Methodist Minister travels extensively across the US leading revivals)… expands women’s roles in church… “Burned over District” – Western NY so many revivals… , Based on Love not fear…that people can do something, not powerless due to predestination (Calvinism), to accept Christ …their actions do matter. Issues such as Slavery and Alcohol, lead to split in churches North and South foreshadowing the coming split in Political Parties and then the nation.. Leads to a host of reforms… mentally ill (dorothea dix) Women’s rights (Seneca falls conference , 1848) Utopian communities- Oneida, Harmony, Brook Farm, Transcendentalism, end of Debtor’s Prisons, etc…

Gilded Age 1865 -1900 questions of monopolist corporations are the owners Robber Baron’s or Captains of Industry…JP Morgan, Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbuilt…..Vertical v. Horizontal Integration…

Thomas Nast’s Political Cartoons in gilded age… puts away Boss Tweed for municipal corruption…Tammany Hall…NYC.

Most Common Form of Slave Resistance in the 1800’s: took place on plantations by slaves slowing work and sabotaging tools etc..

Pulitzer and Hearst…Publishing giants of Gilded Age…begin Yellow Journalism, a sensationalist and sometimes misleading reporting to sell newspapers.

After War of 1812, begins the 1st era of “American Literature” stories about America by Americans… such as; Washington Irving’s – Legend of Sleepy Hollow, William Cullen Bryant – Poet (Thanatopisis) and Newspaper Editor in NYC, James Fennimore Cooper – Last of the Mohicans… the 3 are called the “Knickerbockers”…

Sewing Machine’s perfection begins the “Ready-Made Clothing Industry”… mass produced cheaper clothes, fashion trends, sizes come during civil war (for uniforms) …

Biggest problem for cities… purified Water.. Boston and NYC before the civil war most cities after… less death from disease… until solved it is one of the leading causes of death in urban areas… impure water.

Unions –post civil war…violent strikes… Knights of Labor- a inclusive union, all but Chinese, works for workers eventually becoming owners, cooperatives. Suffers decline after “haymarket square bombing “ in Chicago 1880’s.. AF OF L American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, a union of unions… worked just for more for workers simple goals, more money, hours, better labor conditions etc.. IWW –

International Workers of the World… mostly in West and Urban NE… Most Radical, Big Bill Haywood, violent experiences in Colorado, California, Washington… eventually many deported as anarchists, communists on SS Buford in 1919 (year of strikes following ww1… Seattle General Strike, Boston Police Strike etc… )

1862 Morrill Land Grant Act… Gives states land in west to sell, with money they are to create Universities that focus on Agriculture, Sciences, Engineering… A&M’s…

John Dewey – education reformer, “learn by doing” late 19th century early 20th century, Hands On Learning…

Unique American Philosophy develops in the late 19th early 20th century… PRAGMATISM---

1st Graduate Schools are founded after the Civil War in America, Johns Hopkins (Maryland) based on German graduate school model.

19th Century Cont.

William Lloyd Garrison (liberator)- American Anti- Slavery Society advocated immediate and uncompensated emancipation.

Antebellum 1830’s – 1840’s development of new “middle class” – urban development begins separation of economic production from home & family to factory

Gage Rule- 1830’s

Automatically tabled all anti- slavery tabled all anit- slavery petitions in Congress (to avoid discussion becoming tense)

Antebellum white Southerners fear of the spread of anti-slavery sentinemtin1850’s was increased by:

-Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s success

-Blood Kansas- New England Emigrant air co send’s “Becchers Bibles” to KS

Northern intellectual’s praise from John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

The New (1854) Startling success & growth of republican (anti-slavery expansion west) Party

Grimke’s Sisters woman’s rights & Abolition

John Jacob Astor (1800’s- 1840’s)- 1st millionaire “fur trade”

Morse code

Samuel F.B. Morse- Telegraph

Brigham Young Leads Mormons to “Deserts” –Caterletah, 1890’s

“Separate Spheres” for sexes cult of Domesticity- Home appropriate place for a woman

Manifest Destiny:

Use of land from settle agriculture instead of nomadic hunting westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial God had selected American as a chosen land and people the ultimate enfant of the American Dwain was to be from the tropics to the artic…

Jeff & Madison

KY & VA Resolutions -1790’s Advocates all states rights over national/

Hartford Convetion-1814 fed government

SWC Exposition & Protest- 1830’s JC Calhoun

1870’s Farmers Complained about:

• High interest charges(loans

• High freight rates

• Storage cots

• Middlemen profits

Nation Cumberland Road constructed for the purpose of promotion trade and comm. w/ old NW(Ohio valley area)

Woman’s suffrage by 1919- Frontier life tended to promote the acceptance of greater political equlity for women

Equal Suffrage:

• East of Miss.

• Michigan 1918

• NY 1917

West of Miss. :

• Wyoming 1869

• Colorado 1893

• Idaho 1896

• Utah 1896

• Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Montana, South Dakota, Kansas, OK---- all in 1910’s- 1918

At begin of Civil War Southerners Expressed all of the following expectations

• Materialism of the north would prevent Northerners from fighting an idealistic war

• Great Britain would intervene on the side of the south in order to preserve its source of cotton

• Northern unity would eventually break

• The justice of the south ‘s cause would prevail

20th Century 1900 – WW2 & (50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, etc.)

• Union men falls 1950s to today

• Service Sector of Economy grows most 1950’s to today.

• Suburbs and Sunbelt blossom in two decades after WWII. (50s and 60s)

• 1900-1929 progressive movements key goal is to use government power to regulate industry and working conditions. Not socialism; more democracy.

• Blank Panthers and Nation of Islam both advocated Black Nationalism and power; A separateness.

• Harlem Renaissance 1915- 1950’s... Black Artistic and Literary Creativity

o Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Harston, James Weldon Johnson, Josephine Baker, Claude McKay, Gwendolyn Brooks.

• Phyllis Schally’s stop era campaign

• 1920’s Immigration Laws (21, 24, 29)

• National Origins … Quote …

• Restrict S&S Europeans (New) favor N&N Europe’s (Old)

• 1950s and 1960s – Non-violent protests. SCLC, SNCC, Core.

o MLK Junior

o Strictly Char Michael

o John Lewis

o Diane Wash

o Ella Baker

• 1920-s Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

o 2nd rise of KKK

o Fear of new immigration; black migration to north

• 1970s De industrialization effects:

o Increasing service sector of economy rust bust around Great Lakes. Erosion of tax base in many cities/communities decrease in Real wages for manufacture sector workers

• 1920s – flappers

o Women who showed greater freedom in press and moral behavior.

• Muckrakers:

o Invest journalists who wrote accurate articles exposing articles exposing corruption in politics and urban poverty.

• Horatio Alser Stories for youth… success through hard work.

• Progressive Era Amendments:

o 16th Income Tax

o 17th Direct Election Senators

o 18th Prohibition

o 19th Women’s Suffrage

• 50’s Rock and Roll – Crossover Appeal (Race) adopted from African American Rhythm and Blues

• Betty Friedan – “Feminist Mystique” Unknown sickness a mystery to women in 50s.

• Reality and public image different adv. Pop culture.

• N.O.W

• 1960s – many felt frustration and lack of fulfillment

• Criticized Gender Roles

• 1960s – Sit-ins used first by SNCC – College Students for Civil Rights

• 20’s – Presidents’ Tax Cuts for wealthy trickledown (Reagan 80s)

• Later SDS – Free Speech movement on college campuses (Sit ins)

• 1960-s Civil Rights Movement split after 1965 – Black Power vs. Non-violence.

• Marcus Garvey’s United Negro improvement association.

• 1920’s Black Separatism Black is beautiful. Largest group in history.

• 1950’s Beat Movement? JK “on the road “

• Critics? David Reisman – Conformity

• Anti-War Movement

• Margaret Sanger – Birth Control – (Pill 1960)

o Planned Parenthood

• Progressive Movement 1901 – 1919

• Middle Class Movement wanted more democracy.

• Belief in trained professionals to find rational scientific based solutions to society’s problems.

• Squeezed from above by monopolists below by socialists.

• “Muckraking” Writers:

o Opponents of urban boss politics.

• 1920s – Post War Writers

o Not from N.E

o Disillusioned by WW1 – Conformity traditional values.

o F. Scott Fitzgerald

o Mencken

o Sinclair Lewis

• Trickle Down – supply side economics vs. Keynesian Economics - Bubble up

• Cut taxes on wealthy to invigorate economy benefits.

o Trickle Down

o 20’s until crash

o 80’s Reagan (Really Keynesian: 2 trillion deficit from military)

• Federal government borrows money to spending into deficit and goes to lower class and creates jobs.

• Bubble Up benefit

• 1960’s Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring

o Mother of modern conservation movement warned about the use of pesticides.

• Noble Experiment

o Prohibition fails due to 18th – 21st Amendment; Law enforcement challenges.

• 1970s and 1980s trends.

o Rise of divorce rate – Single parent households.

o Rise of Christian Fundamentalism – “Moral Majority”

o Consumer Gay Rights Women

o Chreano Indian Environmental Movements

o Rise of “new Right” – moral majority and neoconservatives / south southwest evangelical Protestants opposed USSR strongly. Little government in intervention in economy.

• Great Depression begins in agriculture 1st immigration post WW1 – 1920’s... prices drop dramatically.

• The 1970s-

o Rising of prices

o Greater participation in work force of women

o Increased economic competition from W. Europe and Japan

o Simultaneous inflation and recession known as “stagflation”…

• Malcolm X Challenges MLK JR in the early 60’s for leadership in C.R. Movement by arguing that you should use violence if necessary.

• McCarthyism had widespread public support due to the fear of communist infiltration of USA.

Supreme Court Cases

• Marbury V. Madison - 1803

• Slaughterhouse Cases - 1873

• Civil rights Cases, - 1893

• Miranda V. Arizona - 1966

• Roe V. Wade - 1973

• Plessy V. Ferguson – 1896

• Brown V. Board of Education, Topeka Ks – 1954

• Univ. of California V. Bakke – 1978

• Dred Scott V. Sanford – 1857

• Korematsu V. Us – 1944

• Miranda V. US – 1960’s

• Schechter V. US – 1935

• Schenk V. US – 1910’s

• Gideon V. Wainwrights – 1963

• Munn V. Illinois – 1877

• Swann V. Mecklenburg city – 1972

• Escobedo V. Illinois – 1964

• Planned Parenthood V. Casey – 1992

• Wabash V. Illinois – 1886

• Muller V. Oregon, 1906

• Hammer V. Dagenhart

• McCulloch V. Maryland – 1819

• Gibbons V. Ogden – 1825

• Worcester V. Georgia – 1832

• US V. E.C. Knight Co. – 1895

• Engle V. Vitale – 1962

Legal proceedings

• Zenger V. NY – 1741

• Scopes Case – 1920 (Monkey Trial)

• Amistad – 1840

• Scopes Trial – 1925

• Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1840 (mass. unions legal, 1st time)