PLC IGCSE GEOGRAPHY

What do I need to know?Traffic light

Revised?

SECTION B: URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

1. Urbanisation

Define urbanisation and urban areas.

Outline the factors causing urbanisation (and suburbanisation; counter–urbanisation) and affecting its rate.Explain the emergence of megacities.

2. Urbanisation problems

Outline a range of problems linked to rapid urbanisation (congestion, transport problems, employment issues, crime and environmental quality).

3. Urban landuse

Outline the factors causing some land uses to concentrate (locational needs, accessibility, land values in the CBD).

1. Case study - one city to show the pattern of land use (relate to urban zones).

4. Landuse & social issues

Illustrate the processes and consequences of segregation e.g. by socio–economic group and ethnicity.

2. Case Study to illustrate the distribution of social / ethnic groups.

5. Urban issues in LICs

Outline the consequences of rapid urbanisation in LICs e.g. shanty towns/ squatter settlements.

3. Case Study - to illustrate the location, growth, problems and management (e.g. self help) of shanty towns in a LIC; contrast with unmanaged shanties.

6. Urban change in HICs

4. Case Study - Outline the changes taking place at the edge of HIC cities (retail complexes, business parks, industrial estates).

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Greenfield and Brownfield sites.

7. Deprivation and poverty in HICs

5. Case Study - Describe the pattern of deprivation/poverty in an HIC city.

Explain the symptoms and locations of deprived areas.

8. Urban regeneration

Examine the factors leading to inner city decline and change.

6. Case Study - Explain the role of decision makers (planners, politicians, developers and industrialists) in urban regeneration and rebranding.

9. Fieldwork

IGCSE Urban Environments Revision/Study Booklet

1. State 3 characteristics of an urban area i ……………………………………………………………….

ii………………………………………………………………

iii……………………………………………………………..

2. State 3 characteristics of a rural area i ……………………………………………………………….

ii………………………………………………………………

iii……………………………………………………………..

3. Define the term ‘urbanisation’……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What was significant about the year 2007? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. One reason for the rise in urbanisation is rural to urban migration. Explain 4 push and 4 pull factors that are causing this.

PUSH PULL

6. How is natural increase calculated? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Why might natural increase be higher in urban areas? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Define the terms

Counter-urbanisation: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Suburbanisation: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Which type of country (HIC/LIC) do you associate with the above terms?

10. Use the following bank of words to explain the causes of counter-urbanisation and suburbanization

Congested/busy CBD garden space private car ownership commuterRetirement Peaceful

environment/quieterWorking from home Cleaner

environment/less air pollution

Larger housing Better suited to families

Safer/less crime Small properties

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11. Which of the following best describes a ‘megacity’ A city with 1 billion people A city with 1 million people A city with 10 million or more people A city that’s really good

12. Give one example of a megacity from each of these continents North America: ………………………………..South America: ………………………………..Europe: ……………………………..Asia: ………………………………Africa: …………………………..

13.

Task: Mark on the map the 5 largest mega-cities?

Task: Which continent has the most?

Task: Look at the 20 biggest Megacities, are most in HICs or in LICs/MICs?

14. What affects the rate of urbanisation and the emergence of mega-cities?

Info: Businesses settle in cities because of better infrastructure, transport, services, labour and so on while people go there for improved job prospects, better schools and health facilities etc. We have got an idea of why, but have yet to tackle what affects how fast it happens.

Reasons for changing rates of urbanisation:Task: look at the reasons below and explain how they can have an impact on the rate of urbanisation and what effect this will beReasons Effect (higher or lower

rate of urbanisation)Explanation

Government Policies

Population Growth in rural areas

Rise of industrialisation

Rural Problems

15. What are the problems associated with rapid urbanisation?Info: rapid urbanisation brings with it numerous problems, mainly stemming from the lack of available land and the lack of time /ability of the urban areas government to plan for these problems before they happen. They are therefore then left to deal with the impacts of the problems rather than the causes or they just allow the problems to get bigger and more widespread before they are forced to deal with them.

Task: what terms could you replace the ‘?’ with?

Task: Describe the problems and explain how each is caused from the diagram Term Description of problem Why it occurs?

Congestion

Crime

Education

Sanitation

Employment

Transport

Housing

Health

Environmental Quality

Urban Land Use

Info: in order for us to understand the issues that occur in urban areas each area has been classified into different zones of similar land use. Land Use is the technical term for how the land is used and each land use has a function or purpose. This allows us to look at how they develop, change and what problems occur in them. This urban morphology is linked to the growth of cities as the zones came out of the need to try to leave problems behind in other area.Initially land use zones were based on Bid Rent theory that states that land rent value decreases the further you get away from the urban centre, however further classification using transport networks and physical features (like river, hills and weather patterns) has developed the study of Urban Morphology further. However as more detailed ideas and points are taken into account the models become ever more over detailed.

Description: Models:

Burgess: Based on a study of land-use in Chicago. Burgess suggests that cities grow outwards from the CBD in a series of concentric rings of land-use. The oldest part of the city is at the centre & the newest part on the edge. The quality and size of housing increases with distance from the CBD and the density decreases, although the height of buildings tends to be greatest close to the Central Area, where land-values are high and space is at a premium.

Hoyt:Hoyt's model modified that of Burgess following the development of public transport. His model, also known as the Sector Model, suggests that transport and physical features were important, with industrial areas developing outwards in sectors along main transport routes (roads, rivers and canals) and housing growing up around these.

THE SEGREGATION OF URBAN LAND USE IN ABU DHABI: CASE STUDY

Abu Dhabi has grown from a small ___________ settlement in the _______ to a large modern __________ city. This land use map shows the segregation of different types of land use within the city. The ______ of Abu Dhabi and the historic centre is situated on Abu Dhabi island, close to the Corniche, this _______ ___ area contains the oldest buildings in Abu Dhabi, largely made up of tall ______________, the headquarters of many large industries including _____________ and finance, the oil industry, retail shopping malls and some high ____________ housing/apartments. This is the most expensive land in Abu Dhabi and only large commercial organisations can afford to rent this space. As you move away from the CBD the land value _____________ and so there is an increase in the amount ______________ areas, including some villas and lower density housing. There is a clear industrial area known as ______________ towards the edge of the city, and this is located on ________ valuable land. In recent years, an increase in residential areas have developed on some of the islands such as Sadiyat island, being in a desirable location with good ______________ links increases the value of this land. Yas island has also been developed for ___________________ purposes such as Ferrari World and the Formula 1 circuit. These have become world class attractions on the urban fringe of the city which have led to a secondary ______________ in the land value close to Yas island.

Put the following land uses in the correct column.

built up banking entertainment decreases less

1960s skyscrapers fishing peak density Mussafah

capital transport CBD residential

Large detached houses. Shopping malls. Mostly high order shops e.g. expensive clothes shops. Quite a few lower order shops and services e.g. general grocery stores and laundries. Sewage treatment works Low density housing 3 or 4 floor blocks of flats that aren’t very expensive. Desalination plants Medium density housing. Golf courses High density housing Tall tower buildings Airports Lots of restaurants, hotels, and evening entertainment Offices for businesses. Banks, insurance companies, stock markets, and other financial services. Large gardens Camel race tracks Large highways Hamdan Street. Khalifa City A. Al Bateen The area around the airport – Al Reef etc. Large land uses e.g. motor racing tracks

Fill the table in from the list above using your knowledge of places in Abu Dhabi

CBD INNER CITY SUBURBS URBAN FRINGE

Social and ethnic segregation

Info:In many HIC cities poor quality housing is all grouped together near to the town centre (in the inner city) close to where the industry used to be and the people that lived in these houses used to work. The further the housing is from the centre, the better quality of the housing and better kept the area appears to be. It would be fair to assume that the people living further out are better paid than those living toward the centre as the rents/purchase price for the houses are undoubtedly higher. Therefore the poor usually cluster together in the inner city in order to be close to work and close to the services in the CBD.

NB: The poor of any area are of all races and not just of a particular group. However many ethnic minorities suffer from integration issues and discrimination that makes them struggle to obtain the social and economic status that their skills should allow them to do in their new country.

Causes of Socio-Economic and Ethnic segregation:New immigrants and poor locals normally locate towards the centre of cities in HICs for the following reasons:

Historical reasons, the inner city in many UK cities was designed to deal with the new migrants from the rural areas that came for jobs and did not have much money.

Cheaper housing Being close to place of work Close to CBD, shops and other services Easy to travel around if you don’t own a car (public transport) Creation of small, hopefully very strong communities of like-minded people. Abundance of lower price rent-able accommodation (many cannot afford to buy from the start). Unfair private housing policies (subtle discrimination – high rent upfront, savings in the bank,

income levels etc.).However wealthier members of the community locate in the outer areas of cities and rural areas due to:

Low land cost, means they can buy bigger plot of land and have gardens etc. They are more privately mobile (cars) so they can get around and do not have to be so close to

work (commuters). The can afford to live in the more affluent areas (most people will want to, but only some can). They will prefer to be in quieter and safer areas to bring up their children. A lot of out of town retailing has been developed in the rural urban fringe, this means that some of

the bigger and better shops are located on the edge of town (big supermarkets etc.) Many new businesses have been developed in business parks on the edge of town, many of the

workers will be from the affluent groups living there as well. Improved access to communication networks like the internet allows many to work from home, so

the need to be close to work decreases. Schools and other services are normally of a higher quality in the outer cities areas, this is on no

part due to a perception that they are (e.g. for schools: more parents want their kids to go there, the school gets more money, improves facilities, attracts better teachers etc.)

Task: Annotate the following map of Abu Dhabi, by using your own knowledge of the city of where different groups of people live and some of the information from above to explain how social and ethnic segregation occurs here.

Can you think of any positive or negative consequences of social and ethnic segregation?

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

Shanty Towns:

Describe four characteristics of a shanty town

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Which type of country has shanty towns? ………………………….

What is the local name for a shanty town in Brazil? ………………………

Why do shanty towns develop?

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Where within a city might a shanty town develop?

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Why might it develop in this area?

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Describe why the growth of shanty towns is seen as a bad thing?

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Case Study of a Shanty town: Rocinha in Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil's south-east coast. It is one of Brazil's largest settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate). The population has also grown as the result of urbanisation. This has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil's rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is caused by a variety of push and pull factors.

The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro's population has led to a severe shortage of housing. Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are unemployed.

Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits. Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.

Favela/Shanty Town Case Study - Rocinha

Rocinha is the largest favela in Brazil. It is located in the southern zone of the city. It is built on a steep hillside overlooking the city, just one kilometer from the beach. It is home to between 60,000 to 150,000 people (though this could be more as it is difficult to keep up to date records for informal dwellings).

Self-help schemes - Rocinha, Bairro Project The authorities in Rio de Janeiro have taken a number of steps to reduce problems in favelas. They have set up self-help schemes. This is when the local authority provides local residents with the materials needs to construct permanent accommodation. This includes breeze blocks and cement. The local residents provide the labour. The money saved can be spent on providing basic amenities such as electricity and water.

Today, almost all the houses in Rocinha are made from concrete and brick. Some buildings are three and four stories tall and almost all houses have basic sanitation, plumbing, and electricity. Compared to simple shanty towns or slums, Rocinha has a better developed infrastructure and hundreds of businesses such as banks, drug stores, bus lines, cable television, including locally based channel TV ROC, and, at one time, even a McDonalds franchise, though it has since closed. These factors help classify Rocinha as a Favela Bairro, or Favela Neighborhood.

Not all people living in Rio de Janeiro are poor. Many wealthy people live close to the CBD.

Task: Answer the following 9 mark question:

Discuss attempts made to improve the problems associated with the development of shanty towns. Reference to examples will help your answer (9)

Ideas/Notes: Use the textbook/revision guide to help you answer this

Problems: Large amount of working age / child bearing migration (because of positive perception of city life) The city does not have the resources / facilities to provide for the migrants (not enough houses / good enough water supply / sanitation) Outer city dwellers working on inside of city. This leads to transport problems.

What has been done to overcome these problems: Government setting up "self help" schemes and stations. These give people services – people build their own houses etc... "Site and Service" Also large development schemes to build flats etc...Charities to help literacy of people for example Health clinics opened – family planning help.

Answer:

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The changes taking place at the edge of HIC cities

Match the following words to the pictures below

Retail park Business park Science park Industrial estate ring road

New residential area

CASE STUDY: Changes to the urban fringe of Southampton, UK

Task:

Read the information from the case study on page 163-4 of your textbook. Use the following questions to help you extract the relevant information

Questions Case study information

Where is Southampton and what is its population?

What is a greenbelt? And how did this affect Southampton’s growth after the second world war?

Where did new houses have to be built in Southampton after the war?What are commuter dormitories? Give an example of one in Southampton

Why do parts of Southampton’s greenbelt have very good accessibility?

What is Nursling Industrial park?

Why did Southampton Science Park locate on the urban fringe?

What is Hedge End Retail Park? Describe its characteristics, use the photo to help

What is the function of Adanac Business Park?

Define the terms

Greenfield site: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Brownfield site: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Task: put the numbers in the correct column of the table below to evaluate the use of Greenfield and Brownfield sites.

1. Relatively cheap and rates of house building is faster2. Valuable farm or recreational land is lost3. Wildlife and their habitats may be disturbed or lost4. Services such as water, electricity, and gas will already be available which reduces costs5. Might be more expensive as old buildings have to be cleared first6. Not always a lot of space available for development7. Infrastructure may be older and run down8. It might be a nicer, healthier environment to live in9. Most likely located close to areas of employment so commuting is reduced10. Might be a more polluted run down area which is less appealing to live in11. It encourages urban sprawl12. It reduces the impacts of urban sprawl13. Lots of space available gives more freedom for planning

Greenfield BrownfieldAdvantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage

Urban Deprivation in HICs

Define the term ‘deprivation’ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What is the multiple derivation index and what 7 indicators does it use?

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Urban Deprivation Case Study – LONDON

Describe the pattern (distribution) of urban deprivation in London (general pattern, use data & place names, any anomalies?)

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Urban Regeneration

Outline four characteristics of inner city decline in HICs

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Explain why many inner city areas in HICs have suffered from decline in recent years

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What is the role of Urban Managers (planners, politicians and developers)?Info: urban managers are those people who have the main decision in what happens where in cities. They are made up of Government (national and local), Urban Planners (people who judge the best needs/schemes in particular urban areas) and the Developers (the companies that will be building the scheme for private or public bodies). The interaction between them is very important as if any of them make mistakes it will impact on the whole project and could jeopardise the success of the project.

Roles of Urban ManagersTask: Use the terms to describe each of the roles the three play in urban planning issues:Planners:

Politicians:

Developers:

CASE STUDY: Re-imaging Bradford

Where is Bradford? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe what part of Bradford needed reimaging and why?

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Explain how urban planners, politicians and developers have rebranded Bradford. What methods have been used? Where did the funding come from? How successful has it been?

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The glossary for Urban Environments

What is urbanizationThe growth in the % of a population (of a country) living and working in an urban areaAreas that have been built on – and now form towns and cities

Areas that have very few buildings and are either open wilderness land or farmland, forestry etc.The outward spread of the urban area, often at lower densities compared with the older , more central, parts of the town or city.The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller cities and towns as well as to rural areas.urban area rural area counter-urbanisationurbanization suburbanization,

Changes in the rate of urbanizationThe spread of an urban way of life into rural areas e.g. more and more people living in housing estates and doing tertiary jobs.Cities with more than one million people

City of more than 10 million people

The spread of something over an area – there may be an even or uneven distribution.The reasons people migrate from the countryside to the urban areasA city that has a very large proportion of the country’s population. It is by far the largest city e.g. Paris in France.When people move from the countryside to towns and cities

Rural to urban migration Mega cities, Rural dilution Push and pull factors Millionaire cities Distribution Primate city

The urbanization processThe concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations such as at river crossing points, close to a mineral resource etc. In other words good sites for settlements.As towns and cities grow outwards they sometimes begin to meet and become one enormous and continuous urban area e.g. Dubai, Ajman, SharjiaPeople who travel quite long distances to work everyday

Small settlements in the countryside outside of a city where commuters choose to liveWhere low density housing of the suburbs becomes higher density

by building new houses in gardens or by demolishing large houses and replacing with small blocks of flats.The process by which the creation of one new job will increase the size of the local economy by more than the value of the one job. An upward spiral of economic growth.The economic law whereby there are cost savings for businesses that are larger. The cost of each unit of production falls.The area where people and economic activity are concentrated.

The area where there is relatively little economic activity or wealth generated.Cities with great status, power and influence and are very well connected to the rest of the world – the 3 main ones are London, New York and Tokyo. conurbation Periphery CommuterUrbanization of suburbs Multiplier effect Core Dormitory settlements Global or world cities Agglomeration Economies of scale

The problems of rapid urbanizationDIY housing illegally built on wasteland . The land is not owned by the residents The same as shanty towns

Jobs that are done by people on an individual or small scale basis e.g. shoe cleaning – no contract. No set wages.Jobs that are done for set wages, and where a working contract between the employee and the employer exists.Traffic jams causes by the rapid growth of car ownership so that there are too many cars for the present road system.The quality of the air, the visual or aesthetic appeal of the city, the amount of pollution of the sea or water courses, the pollution of the ground etc. The amount of green spaces in the urban area.Where cities continue to expand in an unrestricted and often unplanned way so that their physical size becomes a problem.Inadequate road system, sewage system, water supply, electricity supply etc. Often caused by the very rapid growth of the population and spatial extent of a city.Environmental quality Congestion Shanty townsFormal sector Urban sprawl Squatter settlements Informal sector Lack of infrastructure

The segregation of urban land usesThe separation of something, in this case land uses like commercial ones are separated from residential ones. They are in different parts of a cityAn area of land that has mostly one type or category of land use e.g. detached housesThe commercial centre of the city. Usually replaced the historic

core as the city grew. Full of shops, offices, banks, hotels etc.The idea that land values throughout a city vary a great deal. The higher the demand for the land the more expensive it will be. Businesses are generally willing to pay high prices for very accessible land if it The point in a city where the land values are higher than the surroundings- this is usually at very accessible places such as the intersection of roads.The grouping together of something. The opposite is when something is scattered or dispersed.A business that requires a lot of investment before it can operate. This is probably because a lot of machinery needs to be bought first. Labour intensive industries are those that require a lot of workers.This is the road that goes around the outside of a city such as the M25 around London. It improves access from one side of the city to the other.The original place where the settlement started. The original settlement site. Where the city grew out from.A road that goes around the outside of the CBD. This reduces traffic in the CBD and shortens journey times for people travelling across the CBD.The land use zone that was where the city first expanded. In many European and American cities this included a lot of factories and houses for the workers. There were also some large houses for richer people.The land use zone that is mostly residential land uses. Either semi-detached or detached housing. There are some shops selling low order or convenience goods.This land use zone is on the edge of the city. It contains a lot of farm land or open land. Land values are low so land uses that require a lot of land or are not pleasant to live near are located here.An area of almost only housing.

The ease of getting to somewhere. A very accessible place is a place that is easy and quick to get to.Suburban ring Land use zone CBD ,central business districtCapital intensive Clustering Historic core Inner city ringUrban fringe Residential area Segregation Urban land market Accessibility Outer ring road Peak land value intersection Inner city ring road

The segregation of people in citiesThe system of classifying the wealth and status of people so that a person or family can be said to belong to a certain classification.One’s ethnic background or race e.g. Black African, Chinese, Arab, CaucasianAn area that is inhabited by an overwhelming majority of people of one ethnic background which is an ethnic minority in the city as

a wholeA racial type that is fewer in number than the dominant racial type.The designs and styles of buildings that can be associated with the period of the British Empire and the occupation of many parts of Africa and Asia.Factors that encourage ethnic minorities to choose to be separate from the rest of the population of the city.Actions that are taken by the dominant population to encourage ethnic segregation.A very similar (but more accurate and refined ) concept to that of social class. British colonial architecture Ghetto Social class EthnicitySocio-economic group External factors Ethnic minorityInternal factors

Shanty townsThe name given to shanty towns in Brazil

The name given to shanty towns in India

Houses that are built by the people that occupy them.

A scheme whereby small amounts of money are lent to poor people who want to start their own business in a city in and LIC. Often an NGO and a local bank work togetherPlaces like Berrini and Jardines that have developed on the edge of Sao Paulo. These may encourage migrants not to live in the main city.These are Non-Governmental Organisations like Greenpeace. Many of them are involved in trying to improve people’s lives in LIC’s. NGO’s DIY housing Bustees Edge cities microlending Favelas

Changes at the edges of cities in HIC’sLand that is available for development but has not been built on beforeShopping done on the edge of cities, usually near to the junctions of highways where the accessibility from the suburbs and other towns is very good.Massive shops or hypermarkets where the economies of scale have meant that retail businesses have become bigger. Shops selling groceries and food now sell non-food items such as clothes as well. The variety and volume of goods sold has increased.

Out of town centres where there are lots of large shops together with a vast amount of parking space. They sell medium to higher order goods.These are where modern light manufacturing and distribution businesses are found. Once again they are most often on the edge of cities next to highway junctions.These are where the head offices of companies are grouped together. This provides an advantage for them since they can trade and communicate with one another easily and quickly.This is where a number of research and development businesses are grouped together. They are often near to universities and frequently collaborate with them on the development of new technologies.These are villages in the rural –urban fringe or sometimes in rural areas outside of the city entirely. They are where people who travel a long way to the city each day to work, choose to live.This is the ring of land outside of the city that is very difficult to build on because planning permission will not be given. Further urban sprawl.Retail parks Business parks Green belt Greenfield sites Commuter dormitories Out-of-town retailing Industrial estates Superstores Science parks

Deprivation in cities in HIC’sWhen a person’s well-being falls below an acceptable level. Very much related to the wealth, health and education level of that person.A measure used for deprivation. It includes 7 variables – income, employment, health etc.Countries that were once part of the British Empire but have now become independent but choose to preserve strong links with the UK e.g. Australia and New Zealand.The modes of transport that move large numbers of the public together e.g. buses, metro, trams, railways.The process which makes it hard for children to break out of the poverty trap. Usually poverty can be seen in the same family from one generation to the next.Cycle of poverty Deprivation Public transportCommonwealth countries Multiple deprivation index.

Urban rebrandingHouses that are built joining one another in straight streets. This was the cheap accommodation built for the working class in inner city areas during the industrial revolution in the UK. They often form a grid-iron street pattern.The bull-dozing and demolition of old buildings e.g. terraced houses and their replacement with newer housing e.g. tower blocksThe investment of capital (money) in the revival of old, urban

areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuildingChanging the image of an urban area and the way people view it e.g. most of the general public may have a perception of a town that is a run-down old industrial place and not a nice place to visit. The image is changed so people want to visit it e.g. Bradford.People who make important decisions affecting urban areas such as planners, politicians and developers.The stimulation of the local economy e.g. after deindustrialization by building tourist attractions in an inner city area. Also the improvement of the local environment by improving old buildings, adding green spaces etc.When an area is regenerated and re-imaged.

Factories built in towns in the north of England for making cloth goods – mostly during the industrial revolutionHigh quality housing for higher socio-economic groups. The houses are grouped together and surrounded by a wall and entered by a gate for protection.The process of improvement by individual of an area, usually an inner city area. Professional people, who want to live in inner cities have been buying cheap, run-down houses and improving them so that a whole area becomes improved.Land that has been built on previously- usually this is available in the inner city due to deindustrialisationBuildings that have been abandoned and left empty. Often these are old factories. They slowly begin to fall into a very poor condition.Redevelopment Gated communities DeindustrializationRe-imaging Terraced houses GentrificationBrownfield sites Dereliction Regeneration Urban managersTextile Mills Rebranding