Randwick Carpentry

Install Flooring SystemsBCGCA3003B

Student Learning Resource

RANDWICK COLLEGECarpentry & Joinery

Publishing Details:

These notes were prepared and compiled by Michael Martin, Randwick TAFE College, to be used in conjunction with existing publicationsas a student workbook / learning recourse. There is a combination of new notes together with extractions from other trade text.

Accompanying Text:

FLOORING / 2007 / V1

These notes should be used in conjunction withConstruction & Transport Division TAFE NSW Publication “CARP 06 Ground Floor Construction”or newer text BCGCA3003B “Install Floor Systems”

First Published August 2007

Copyright of this material is reserved to TAFE NSW Randwick College. Reproduction or transmittal in whole or part, other than for the purposes and subject to the provision of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without the written authority of TAFE NSW.

Conventional Floor Support Systems:With standard 230mm x 230mm brick piers, what is the maximum height they can be built above ground level? ______________________________________________________________________

When building brick piers above this height, briefly describe what must happen. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2

Name the type of and components in the conventional & alternative pier systems shown below.

Tools & Equipment:Name the following tools & equipment used in Floor construction and describe where they would be used.

3

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The name of the nailing tool shown here is

_____________________________________________

Air operated tools are frequently used during floor frame and flooring construction, Don’t end up like this x-ray !! Name as many safety precautions as you can for the safe use of air operated tools.

6

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Types of Construction:Name the three common types of construction used in residential construction (for example brick veneer) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7

Constructing Timber Floor Frames:If there is a spring in the timber bearer, which way should it be installed? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If this is excessive, how do we correct it? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name three ways we can successfully join timber bearers over the top of a pier. ______________________________________________________________________

8

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Below is a typical house plan:

The bearer & Joist layout for this project is shown below, which incorporates some concrete slabs:

9

In a simple point form, describe the procedure for you to lay this timber floor frame. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Project: You are going to build this simple back deck tomorrow with your boss, what tools & equipment do you require?

10

Piers are treated timbers, cast directly into concrete footings.

TASK TOOLS & EQUIPTMENT

Project 2:

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This project has the addition of handrails & stairs. Answer the following questions in regard to this project.

Are there any additional tools required for this job? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What type of fixings is required for external work like this? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the main difference between external decking like this and internal timber floor boards? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you leave a gap between external decking boards and why? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What is the minimum height above ground level that you are required to erect a handrail in residential housing? ______________________________________________________________________

The following two items is an extract from the National Timber Development Council publication “Timber Strip Floors, Fixing & Finishing”

Site Assessment Timber Floors:

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Introduction

Many of the problems encountered by inexperienced floor practitioners can be related back to the critical area of site assessment. The pressures imposed by the builder to install the flooring at an unsuitable stage of the construction process i.e. inadequate sub-floor ventilation, subsoil conditions and potential complications imposed by heated slabs and air conditioning systems can all impact on the performance of the flooring. The practitioner must clearly understand the impact of the site conditions upon the long-term performance of the floor. With a strong knowledge of these issues, the various cause and effects can be relayed to the client to minimise any potential dispute.

Trade Sequencing

Timber floors should be installed only after a building has been fully weather proofed. The roof cladding is on, the windows and external doors are installed and the exterior cladding is completed. This is often termed as “Lock-up” stage where the outer shell of the building is completed and the internal fit out and finishing work is underway.

Wet Trades

Timber floors are often used as a convenient working platform by the various trades involved in the construction of the building. The problem with this approach is that many of these trades involve substantial volumes of water thus impacting on the environment of the building and hence the moisture content of the flooring. Trades such as cement rendering, which may be installed at this stage of the building works, increase the relative humidity of the building to very high levels. It is not uncommon to see condensation running down the inside of the windows as the warm moist air in the building contacts the glass cooled by the external environment. A timber floor in these conditions of high humidity would take up the moisture from the internal atmosphere and increase in size, potentially impacting on the structure of the building. Additionally, large amounts of render may fall onto the floor in the rendering process impacting more directly on localised areas of flooring with a high potential to deeply stain the board. Likewise with floor tiling particularly where the area is large and the tiles are set into sand and cement bed. Large volumes of water are released into the building during the installation and curing period.

From these examples it can be clearly shown that the timber floor should not be installed prior to the completion of these wet trades.

Stormwater

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Inadequate or incomplete stormwater systems can also in many cases the physical connection of the stormwater system to the street or retention storage is not finalised until very late in the construction process. This may potentially allow the stormwater to penetrate into the sub-floor area of the house raising the moisture content of the boards as a direct result. This condition though temporary in terms of being reflective of the prevailing conditions, has the potential effect of cycling boards through a series of wet to dry conditions. An additional problem is that the atmospheric conditions of the subfloor area, as compared to the conditions within the building, vary markedly potentially leading to the cupping of boards.

The stormwater system must be complete or effectively directed away from the sub-floor area.

Sub-Floor Ventilation

The provision of adequate sub-floor ventilation is essential for the long-term performance of the floor. In many cases, the sub-floor ventilation requirements are also impacted by the adequacy of the site drainage with more ventilation required the damper the sub-floor conditions. Where conditions are damp and the potential for any additional sub-soil drainage is limited, the installation of an impervious plastic membrane over the ground in the sub-floor area reduces the moisture vapour permeating into the floor. The membrane joins should be lapped a minimum of 300mm and tape sealed with an up turn at the perimeter and internal walls and stumps/piers. Sealing around these is not critical however any care taken in sealing these areas will improve the overall effectiveness of the membrane. Care should be taken to avoid water ponding on top of the membrane. Any solid water draining onto the surface of the membrane will mitigate any effectiveness of the system. Where damp conditions prevail - the source needs to be identified and rectified.

The table detailed below covers the various requirements for sub-floor ventilation showing the actual effective area of opening for the various vent types commonly used. It is important to understand that sub-floor ventilation should flow - without having any “dead” pockets of air. Dwarf walls within the sub-floor area should have adequate openings so as not to restrict this flow of air. The ventilation openings must not be covered or restricted with objects either within the sub-floor or externally by gardens or other objects. This is a housekeeping issue, which should be pointed out to the occupants and/or builder.

See sketch over page:

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Sub-floor ventilation flow

Table 1 Sub-Floor Ventilation and Clearance

Climate Zone(Refer

Appendix A)

Minimum sub-floor ventilation(mm2/m of wall)

Minimum height from ground surface(mm)

No membrane Ground sealed withimperviousmembrane

Termite Inspectionnot required

Termite Inspectionrequired

(see note)

1 2000 1000 150 400

2 4000 2000 150 400

3 6000 3000 150 400

Note: On sloping sites, 400 mm clearance may be reduced to 150 mm within 2m of external walls.

Sub-Floor Ventilation:

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What is the standards requirement for under floor ventilation for residential housing? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The following is a table of underfloor ventilation available:

Movement in Timber Floors:

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Timber is a natural product and will absorb and loose moisture during its life. Consequently, strip flooring will always exhibit some movement between individual boards. During dry weather, small gaps may appear between individual boards. These gaps will tend to close up during periods of higher (air) moisture content. The selection of finishes can also impact upon the ability of the floor to make these movements evenly and without “edge” bonding of groups of boards producing unsightly randomly spread large gaps.

Localised movement of timber i.e. in a certain area of the house or room can be caused by heat sources such as heaters, direct sunlight through windows and glazed doors, hot air released from electrical equipment or other sources of heat. Generally the exposure needs to be for relatively prolonged periods for this localised shrinkage to occur.

Air-conditioning may also impact upon the movement of boards depending on the frequency of use by reducing the air moisture/humidity levels in the room. With prolonged use, the boards will tend to acclimatise to the air-conditioned environment, which is generally drier than the prevailing conditions. The boards may subsequently shrink leaving gapping between boards. If the environment is to be continuously air-conditioned, boards must be acclimatised to these dry conditions, or specified appropriately.

Wet Board / Dry Board Movement

Project 3

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Plywood sheet flooring lay to upper storey of dwelling above:

Can you see any obvious OH&S issues with this project? If so name them.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How should the fixings be placed on sheet flooring, give a brief description. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Typically, as well as fasteners, what else do we use to assist fixing sheets to floor joists? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do we define deep floor joists? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

On the following page, draw a simple sketch to show how we can trim the floor joists on an upper floor to accommodate an opening such as a stair well.Floor Opening Sketch below:

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Brickwork calculations:19

Brickwork calculations take into account, length calculations similar to your footing calc’s. Also the number of skins of brickwork.

Review and / or complete the following:

(No. = Number of ½ bricks thick or Skins)

Bricks = L x H x No. x 50

=

=

=

(No. = Number of ½ bricks thick or Skins)

=

=

=

=

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You should know the difference between, isolated piers and engaged piers when working out brick quantities. Look at the following sketch to assist you with this.

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Calculate the number of bricks required, using the following plans:

Exercise 1

Dwarf Wall length:

a) =

b) =

c) =

d) =

e) =

f) =

g) =

h) =

Total _______________

Length =Height =No. Skins =

Total bricks in dwarf wall:

=

=

=

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Exercise 1 continues

Engaged Piers:Formula = x

=

=

Total Number of Bricks:

=

=

Exercise 2

Dwarf Wall Length: a) =

b) =

c) =

d) =

e) =

f) =

g) =

h) =

Total __________________

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Exercise 2 continues

Length =Height =No. Skins =

Total bricks in dwarf wall:

=

=

=

Engaged Piers:Formula = x

=

=

Isolated Piers Formula = x x

=

=

Total Number of Bricks:

=

=

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Bearer & Joist Calculations:Before you carry out these calculations, review the following pictures and the formula’s shown:

25

Calculate the following:

Number of Bearers Width of Building + 1 Spacing of Bearer

Note: Measurements given are to the outside of wall frame

Exercise 3

Calculate the number of bearers for the building shown below, maximum spacing 1800mm, and bearers to run the long way of the building.

No. of Bearers =

=

=

=

Length of Bearers =

=

Timber Order =

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5.400

3.600

Exercise 4

Calculate the number of bearers for the building shown below, maximum spacing 1800mm.

Typically Bearers to run the long way of the building.

No. of Bearers =

=

=

=

Length of Bearers =

=

Timber Order =

27

7.200

5.400

The formula for number of bearers when there is an L – shaped Building:

Area 1

Width of Room + One Spacings

Area 2

Width of Room + O (Note: you don’t add any for the Spacings second area)

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Exercise 5

Calculate the number and length of bearers for an L – Shaped brick veneer cottage, bearers are at 1800 centres and the dimensions shown are relevant to bearer lengths, not the perimeter.

Number of Bearers area 1:

Number of Bearers Area 2:

Timber Order:

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9900

5000

3400

5200

Exercise 6

Calculate the number and length of bearers for an L – Shaped brick veneer cottage, bearers are at 1800 centres and the dimensions shown are relevant to bearer lengths, not the perimeter.

Number of Bearers area 1:

Number of Bearers area 2:

Timber Order:

30

15200

4800

7000

3600

Remember the formula for number of joists:

( Internal room size + One ) + One for each external wall Joist spacing

Do this example calculation and count the joists as you go indicated with the arrows to prove how the formular works.

Now carry out the calculations on the following pages.

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For the purpose of these next exercises we will assume we are dealing with cut in strip flooring and all walls are load bearing.

Note: Again, measurements given are to the outside of wall frame

EXERCISRE 7

Calculate the number of joists needed for a 1 room building shown below, the walls are 100mm thick and the joists are spaced at 450mm centres.

Typically Joists run the short way of the building.

No. of Joists = Room Size + 1 (for each room) + (external walls)

=

=

=

=

=

The timber order will be =

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5.400

3.600

EXERCISRE 8

Calculate the number of joists needed for a 1 room building shown below, the walls are 100mm thick and the joists are spaced at 450mm centres.

Typically Joists run the short way of the building.

No. of Joists = Room Size + 1 (for each room) + (external walls)

=

=

=

=

=

The timber order will be =

33

9.600

5.400

Exercise 9

Calculate the quantity and timber order for joists, spaced at 600mm centres in following sketch:

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Joists for L – shaped buildings

The formula is the same, but split the room as you did for the bearers and then calculate the long joists first and then the short joists and then combines the two for a timber order.

Calculate the number of joists at 600 centres for this room with the help of your teacher:

Long Joists: Timber Order:

Short Joists:

35

Split the room

Long Joists

Short Joists

Exercise 10

Calculate the number and order for joists for the following, being 100 x 50 RS F11 Hardwood at 600 centres.

Long Joists:

Short Joists:

Timber Order:

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Assignment:

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Strip Flooring Calculations:When calculating quantities of milled sections, such as flooring, a loss of coverage on the sawn size is brought about by the forming of tongue & grooves, called milling waste. To make allowance for this, the actual amount the board will cover on the floor is used; this is known as “effective cover”. In the case of flooring this amount is the finished width of the board, less the tongue.

Look at the sketch below:

When working out quantities of floor boards to suit a particular room in a house, we calculate the amount of boards using effective cover per square metre of floor area, see the simple description below.

1.0 x 1.0 = 1.0m²= 1.0m = 1000mm

For the purpose of the example, let’s say our floor boards have an effective cover of 86mm, therefore:

1000 or 1.000 = 11.627 86 .086

Which means you can lay 11.627 lineal metres of floor boards per / m² of floor area

Carry out the calculations on the following page:

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1.0m

1.0m

How many floorboards will it take to cover a room 12.0m x 4.670m with floorboards with an effective cover of 102mm?

How many boards will it take to cover a room 8.500m x 4.600m with a board’s effective cover of 86mm?

39

From the floor plan shown below, calculate the number of floor boards required, with an effective cover of 90mm, for rooms 1 & 2 shown below.

Show all working:

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Room 1

Room 2

Room 3

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