EFFECT OF SOWING DATES AND SPACING ON GROWTH ANDYIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. PARBHANI

KRANTI) UNDER NORTH GUJARAT CONDITION

B R MORWAL1* and M. C. PATELDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURECHIMANBHAI PATEL COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURESARDARKRUSHINAGAR, DANTIWADA

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2010 at Dantiwada

Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar to study the effect on growth and yield of

different sowing dates and spacing on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. Parbhani

Kranti). Sixteen treatment combinations consisted of four dates of sowing viz.,15th

August (D1), 1st September (D2), 15th September (D3) and 1st October (D4) and four plant

spacing 30 cm X 30 cm (S1), 45 cm X 30 cm (S2), 45 cm X 45 cm (S3) and 60 cm X 30

cm (S4) were evaluated in split plot design with three replications. The yield and yield

attributes like number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, plant height, stem girth,

number of leaves, leaf area index and flower parameters were significantly higher under

sowing on 15th August. The magnitude of increase in fruit yield of 15 th August sowing

was 140.9 per cent over 1st October sowing date. Similarly, the spacing 30 cm X 30 cm

(S1) spacing significantly increased plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area

index, length of internodes, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plot as well as fruit

yield per hectare. The treatment combination of 15th August sowing and 30 cm X 30 cm

plant spacing (D1S1) was found significant with respect to fruit yield per net plot.

Key Words: Sowing dates, spacing, fruit yield, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

INTRODUCTION

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] is one of the important annual

vegetable crops of subtropical and tropical regions of India. Okra is a nutritive vegetable

*Corresponding Author

crop, its green and tender fruits provide calcium, iron, vitamin A, B and C. It is an

excellent source of iodine which is useful in controlling goiter diseases. The roots and

stems of okra are used for clearing the cane juice in the manufacture of jaggery and sugar

as an organic blenching agent (Singh, 1988). Its black or brown white eyed seeds are

sometimes roasted, ground and used as substitute for coffee in Turkey (Mehta, 1959).

India is second largest producer of vegetable in the word next to China. India is

also the largest producer of okra in the world. The average production is low in Gujarat

as compared to national average production, which is affected by several factors such as

agronomical, weather parameters, soil and topographic condition. It requires long and

warm growing season and is susceptible to frost. Seeds do not germinate below 6o C

temperature. The optimum range of temperature for seeds germination required 26.7o C

to 30.0o C.

Among agronomic factors, known to augment crop yield, the sowing dates and

plant spacing are considered to be the most productive inputs. The sowing date is known

to influence the performance of genotypes due to interaction with weather conditions that

prevail at different period of growth. Birbal et al. (1995) observed that okra cv. Varsha

Uphar was found tallest and maximum number of fruits per plant under closer spacing.

Whereas, number of pods and pod weight per plant was found highest at wider spacing.

Thus to get highest yield and good quality green fruit, okra is required optimum plant

spacing. With regard to okra cultivation optimum number of plant per unit area is

required to utilize efficiently the available production factors such as water, nutrients,

light and CO2. The growth, yield and quality of okra are greatly influenced by sowing

dates and plant spacing.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

EXPERIMENTAL SITE AND LOCATION

The experiment was conducted at the Sardarkrushinagar, in kharif season of 2010-11.

This located at 72.190 East longitudes and 24.190 North latitude. The soil of the

experimental site was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.18%) medium in

available phosphorus (13.25 kg/ha) and potash (152 kg/ha) with soil pH of 8.4. The

treatments consisting of four levels of date of sowing (15th August 2010, 1st September,

15thSeptember and 1st October) and four levels of plant spacing (f 30 cm X 30 cm (S1), 45

cm X 30 cm (S2), 45 cm X 45 cm (S3) and 60 cm X 30 cm (S4)). Varieties recommended

for this region Parbhani Kranti was sown as per recommended seed rate of 10 kg ha -1, on

16 November 2007. Well rooted farm yard manure @ 20 t per hectare was incorporated

20 days before sowing. The fertilizers were applied as per the treatments. The

recommended dose of fertilizers 80-50-50 NPK kg per hectare applied equally to all

treatments. Half dose of the nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium were

applied in the form Urea, Di-ammonium phosphate and Murate of Potash, respectively.

The fertilizers were applied before sowing in previously opened furrow manually in each

plot, keeping the different plant spacing. The remaining half dose of nitrogen was

applied as top dressing in the form of urea after 30 and 45 days of sowing, followed by

irrigation. Observations, with respect to vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality

characters were recorded. Five plants were selected randomly from each plot for

immature fruit yield; observations were recorded on the basis of following attributes-

plant population, plant height (cm), stem girth (cm), number of leaves per plant average

length of internodes (cm) at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, days taken to flower initiation, days

taken from flower initiation to fruit harvesting and fruit yield per hectare (q). Leaf area

index was also measured by calculating as per following formula.

Leaf area index =Leaf area per plant (cm2)

Ground area per plant (cm2)

Result and discussion

Effect of sowing dates on growth parameters

Sowing dates i.e. 15th August, 1st September, 15th September and 1st October

significantly influenced the different growth attributes of okra viz., plant height, stem

girth, number of leaves, leaf area index at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. The

maximum plant height i.e. 20.82 cm, 68.72 cm and 96.45 cm, stem girth i.e. 1.82 cm,

4.71 cm and 6.67 cm, number of leaves per plant i.e. 8.76, 24.20 and 25.37, leaf area

index i.e. 0.23, 0.76 and 1.34 at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing, respectively, were

recorded when the crop was sown on 15th August (D3). Whereas, minimum plant height

i.e. 12.83 cm, 38.16 cm and 39.67 cm, stem girth i.e. 1.34 cm, 3.18 cm and 4.51 cm,

number of leaves per plant i.e. 6.06, 15.12 and 6.87, leaf area index i.e. 0.15, 0.51 and

0.41 at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing were recorded when the crop sown on 15 th

August (D3), respectively (Table 1). The highest favourable response with regards

growth and yield might be due to early sowing provides favorable weather conditions for

vegetative growth and development of the crop. These results are similar to the

observations by Hossain et al. (2001, 2004) and Sharma (2002) in okra and confirmed

the findings of present study. Data presented in Table 1 revealed that different sowing

dates differed significantly with average length of internodes at 60 DAS. Crop sown on

15th August recorded significantly highest average length of internodes (6.09 cm) than by

that was sown on 1st September (5.44 cm), 15th September (5.36 cm) and 1st October

(4.75 cm). Whereas, lowest average length of internodes was recorded under the sowing

on 1st October (4.75 cm). The highest average length of internodes recorded with sowing

on 15th August was probably favoured by weather condition at early crop growth. These

findings lend support from the observation in previous work done in same crop by the

researchers (Muhamad et al., 2001; Sharma, 2002; Hussain et al., 2004). Days taken to

flower initiation, days taken from flower initiation to first fruit harvest and days taken to

first picking in okra crop were significantly affected by different sowing dates. The

number of days required for flower initiation (36.13 and 44.95 days), days taken from

initiation to fruit harvest (5.48 and 7.35 days) and days taken to first picking (41.50 and

52.30 days) were recorded under the treatment of okra crop sown on 15th August and 1st

October, respectively (Table 2). This might be due to early sowing provides favorable

weather conditions for flowering patterns of the crop. These findings support to the

observation by Hussain et al. (2006) and Firoz et al. (2008) in okra.

Effect of sowing dates on yield

Initial growth and homogenous development of the crop are important condition

for obtaining optimum yield. Data presented in Table 3 indicate that the variation in

sowing dates caused significant variation in yield characters viz., number of fruits per

plant, fruit yield per plant, and net plot fruit yield per and okra fruit yield per hectare.

Fruit yield of okra (net plot as well as per hectare) and their attributes such as numbers of

fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant were remarkably influenced by sowing

dates. The magnitude of increase in fruit yield of net plot under treatment -D1 (15th

August), D2 (1st September), D3 (15th September) was 140.93, 122.98 and 113.46 percent,

respectively, as compared to treatment D4 (1st October). Similar results were also

obtained in case of fruit yield per plant. The magnitude of increase in fruit yield per plant

under treatment- D1 (15th August), D2 (1st September) and D3 (15th September), was 160,

130 and 120 per cent, respectively as compared to those obtained in treatmentD4 (1st

October). Similarly, the magnitude of increase in number of fruits per plant under

treatment- D1 (15th August), D2 (1st September) and D3 (15th September), was recorded

149.73, 137.06 and 114.04 per cent, respectively as compared to those obtained in

treatment- D4 (1st October). The record of higher number of fruit per plant and fruit

yield per plant, per net plot as well as per hectare was maximum in15 th August sown

crop, which might resulted due to the maintenance of optimum plant population and

favorable weather conditions during plant growth in this particular sown date. Better

vegetative growth due to timely sowing would obviously improves the fruit yield which

evidently has resulted from higher values of growth attribute viz., plant height, number of

leaves length of internodes and yield attributes viz., fruit weight, fruit yield per net plot

and fruit yield per hectare. Similar results have been reported by Gogoi et al. (1998).

Muhammad et al. (2001), Islam et al. (2002), Hussan et al. (2004), Hussain et al. (2006)

and Firoz et al. (2008).

Effect of spacing on growth parameters

The growth parameters apparently exhibited close relation with different plant

spacing. Remarkable increase in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index and

length of internodes and decreased in stem girth was observed due to closer plant spacing

i.e. 30 cm X 30 cm. Data present in Table 1 revealed that significantly higher plant

height (17.95cm, 63.43 cm and 76.80 cm), number of leaves per plant (8.41cm and 23.33

cm and 17.67 cm) and Leaf area index (0.29, 0.98 and 1.18) were recorded at 30, 60 and

90 DAS, respectively. These parameters were found maximum under closer spacing i.e.

30 cm X 30 cm (S1), whereas, minimum plant height (13.81 cm, 48.00 cm and 62.12

cm), number of leaves per plant (6.93 and 16.12 and 13.09) and Leaf area index (0.11,

0.36 and

0.74) at 30, 60 and 90 DAS was recorded in sowing on wider plant spacing i.e. 60

cm X 45 cm (S4). However, the maximum stem girth i.e. 1.61 cm, 3.88 cm and 5.70 cm

under recommended spacing i.e. 45 cm X 45 cm (S3) at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing

respectively was recorded with wider spacing. This might be due to increased space and

greater availability of soil nutrients and moisture. An examination of data present (Table

1) revealed that different sowing dates exhibited their significant influence on average

length of internodes. The maximum average length of internodes (5.92 cm) at 60 DAS

was recorded with closer plant spacing i.e. 30 cm X 30 cm (S1) while, crop sowing on 60

cm X 45 cm plant spacing was observed minimum average length of internodes (4.88

cm) at 60 DAS as compared to other plant spacing viz., 45 cm X 30 cm, 45 cm X 45 cm

and 60 cm X 45 cm, respectively. Increase in plant height, number of leaves per plant,

leaf area index and average length of internodes under closer spacing i.e. 30 cm X 30 cm

(S1) in comparison to wider spacing might have helped the efficient utilization of light,

aeration, soil moisture and nutrients. Plant behavior observed under closer plant spacing

is in close conformity with the finding of Soni et al. (2006) and Mahokar et al.(2007) in

okra.

Effect of spacing on yield

The yield parameters apparently exhibited close relationship with the plant

spacing. Fruit yield attributes of okra has a greater importance for helping the

commercial growers. Research conducted in recent past has suggested that the plant

spacing can be utilized with success for increasing the fruit yield per plant, net plot as

well as per hectare. Fruit yield of okra and their attributes such as fruit yield per plant

was significantly increased by plant spacing i.e. 45 cm X 45 cm, whereas; number of

fruits per plant, fruit yield per net plot and per hectare was significantly decreased by

closer spacing i.e. 30 cm X 30 cm. Fruit yield per plant (Table 4.8) was found significant

due to different spacing. Significantly maximum fruit yield per plant(0.15 kg) was

recorded with plant spacing i.e. 45 cm X 45 cm (S3) followed by 30 cm X 30 cm (S1), 45

cm X 30 cm (S2) and 60 cm X 45 cm (S4). This increased fruit yield per plant with

increased plant spacing might be due to plant grown at wider spacing comparatively

received more light, temperature and soil nutrition and moisture for growth and

development and there by produced more yield per plant. Data presented in Table 3

reveal that the maximum number of fruits per plant (23.03), fruit yield per net plot (6.10

kg) as well as fruit yield per hectare (12.85 t) were recorded in the closer spacing of 30

cm X 30 cm (S1). Maintenance of optimum plant stands per unit area and under spacing

(S1) 30 cm X 30 cm might have helped for more vegetative growth and number of plant

per unit area in closer plant spacing so that ultimately an increase in fruit yield per net

plot and yield per hectare. Similar results were reported by Patel et al. (2004), Poonam et

al. (2006) and Soni et al. (2006)

Interaction effect of sowing dates and spacing on yield

Interaction effect between sowing dates and plant spacing was found significant

with regard to fruit yield per net plot as well as per hectare. The maximum fruit yield per

plot (7.40 kg) as well as per hectare (15.22 t) were observed under treatment

combinations of 15th August as sowing dates with 30 cm X 30 cm spacing (D1S1) as

compared to rest of the treatment combinations (Table4 & Fig. 1,2). This might be due to

favorable and congenial weather conditions, sowing dates and spacing 30 cm X 30 cm

and harvesting more solar radiations resulting higher yield of the crop. This result

corroborates with the finding of Sajjan et al. (2002) and Bajpai et al. (2004) in okra.

CONCLUSION

From the experimentation, it can be concluded that for securing higher yield okra should

be sown on 15th August (D1) with (S1) 30 cm X 30 cm plant spacing in North Gujarat

Agro - climatic conditions.

References

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and sowing dates on growth and seed quality of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus

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47-51.

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planting configuration on phenology and yield of okra. Ann. Bangladesh Agric.,12 (2): 1-

8.

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incidence of yellow vein mosaic virus and shoot and fruit borer in okra. Haryana J.

Agron.,14(1):72-76.

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Lucknow.

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Table 1: Effect of sowing dates and spacing on plant growth attributes of kharif okra Plant Population Plant height Stem girth (cm) Leaf area index Average length

of internodes/plant

Date of Sowing 30 DAS Harvesting 30 DAS

60 DAS

90 DAS

30 DAS

60 DAS

90 DAS

30 DAS

60 DAS

90 DAS 60 DAS(cm)

D1 (15th August) 99.26 91.94 20.82 68.72 96.40 1.82 4.71 6.67 0.23 0.76 1.34 6.09

D2 (1st September) 99.03 91.26 16.00 63.28 81.18 1.66 3.84 5.74 0.20 0.66 1.11 5.44

D3 (15th September) 98.77 89.06 14.39 52.12 62.79 1.58 3.65 5.07 0.17 0.59 0.93 5.36

D4 (1st October) 98.63 88.63 12.83 38.16 39.67 1.34 3.18 4.51 0.15 0.51 0.41 4.75S.Em.± 2.15 2.30 0.43 1.48 1.66 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.15C.D. at 5% NS NS 1.50 5.12 5.73 0.15 0.34 0.57 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.51Spacing(S)S1 (30cm x30cm) 99.18 91.96 17.95 63.43 76.80 1.61 3.88 5.70 0.29 0.98 1.18 5.92

S2 (45cm x 30cm) 99.10 90.08 16.44 57.86 73.38 1.56 3.80 5.26 0.21 0.70 1.04 5.50

S3 (45cm x 45cm) 98.86 89.54 15.82 52.99 66.75 1.89 4.20 6.23 0.15 0.49 0.83 5.34

S4 (60cm x45cm) 98.54 89.32 13.81 48.00 62.62 1.34 3.49 4.79 0.11 0.36 0.74 4.88

S.Em± 2.10 1.89 0.42 1.45 1.49 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.13C.D. at 5% NS NS 1.21 4.21 4.34 0.18 0.29 0.41 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.39S1 (30cm x30cm) 99.18 91.96 17.95 63.43 76.80 1.61 3.88 5.70 0.29 0.98 1.18 5.92interactionS.Em± 4.20 3.77 0.83 2.89 2.99 0.12 0.20 0.28 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.27C.D. at 5% NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.03 0.10 0.15 NSC.V. % 7.35 7.24 9.01 9.01 7.39 13.26 8.85 8.86 9.53 9.35 9.54 8.50

Table 2 : Effect of sowing dates and spacing on days taken to flower initiation, days taken to flower initiation to first fruit harvest and

days taken to first picking in kharif okra

*Corresponding Author

Treatment Days taken to flower initiation (days)

Days taken from flower initiation to first fruit harvest

(days)

Days taken to first picking (days)

Date of SowingD1 (15th August) 36.23 5.48 41.10D2 (1st September) 40.51 6.33 46.64D3 (15thSeptember) 40.94 6.40 47.34D4 (1st October) 44.95 7.35 52.30S.Em.± 0.97 0.18 1.23C.D. at 5% 4.36 0.63 4.26C.V. % 8.28 9.85 9.13SpacingS1 (30cm x30cm) 40.22 6.10 45.82S2 (45cm x 30cm) 40.37 6.33 46.67S3 (45cm x 45cm) 40.91 6.70 47.51S4 (60cm x45cm) 41.03 6.43 43.38S.Em.± 0.76 0.18 1.17C.D. at 5% NS NS NSInteraction (D x S)S.Em. ± 1.52 0.35 2.34C.D. at 5% NS NS NSC.V. % 6.47 9.55 8.64

Table 3: Effect of sowing dates and spacing on fruit yield (kg net plot-1) and fruit yield (t ha-1) in kharif okra Treatment Fruit yield (kg net plot-1) Fruit yield (t ha-1)

Date of SowingD1 (15th August) 4.79 9.45D2 (1st September) 4.01 8.25D3 (15th September) 3.70 7.61D4 (1st October) 2.90 6.71S.Em.± 0.16 0.34C.D. at 5% 0.54 1.17C.V. % 14.17 1.47SpacingS1 (30cm x30cm) 6.10 12.72S2 (45cm x 30cm) 4.32 9.10S3 (45cm x 45cm) 3.24 6.91S4 (60cm x45cm) 1.74 3.32S.Em.± 0.09 0.18C.D. at 5% 0.25 0.53Interaction (D x S)S.Em. ± 0.17 3.63C.D. at 5% 0.51 10.57C.V. % 7.87 7.85

Table: 4. Interaction effect of sowing dates and spacing on fruit yield (kg net plot-1) and fruit yield (t ha-1)

Sowing dates (D)

Spacing (S)

Fruit yield (kg net plot-1) Fruit yield (t ha-1)

S1

(30 x30 cm)S2

(45 x30 cm)S3

(45 x45 cm)S4

(60 x45 cm)S1

(30 x30 cm)S2

(45 x30 cm)S3

(45 x45 cm)S4

(60 x45 cm)

D1 (15th August) 7.40 5.26 3.91 2.61 15.22 10.82 8.05 3.73

D2 (1st September) 6.43 4.61 3.38 1.62 13.22 9.48 6.96 3.33

D3 (15th September) 6.05 4.21 3.05 1.49 12.44 8.67 6.27 3.06

D4 (1st October) 4.54 3.20 2.62 1.24 10.50 7.42 6.06 2.86

S.Em. ± 0.17 0.3.63

C. D. at 0.05 % 0.51 1.06

C. V. (%) 7.87 7.85

D1 D2 D3 D4 S1 S2 S3 S4 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

4.794.01 3.7

2.9

6.1

4.32

3.24

1.74

9.45

8.257.61

6.7

12.71

9.95

6.91

3.32

Fruit yield (kg/net plot)

Fruit yield (ton/ha)

SpacingDate of sowing

Fig 1: Effect of sowing dates and spacing on fruit yield (kg/net plot) andfruit yield (ton/ha) in kharif okra

D1 D2 D3 D4 S1 S2 S3 S4 0

5

10

15

20

25

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.1823.03

21.08

17.54

15.38

21.619.8

18.5417.08

0.16

0.13 0.13

0.1 0.1

0.13

0.15

0.12

Fig. 2 : Effect of sowing dates and spacing on, number of fruit per plant and fruit yield per plant (kg) in kharif okra

Number of fruits per plant Yield of fruits per plant

Date of Sowing Spacing

Yield of fruits per plant (kg)