Primary source - a first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event (more accurate) ex. Artifact Secondary source- a second hand source of info.

Prehistory- the time before written records.

Early Man- Started in Africa- First men were Homo Sapiens.

Paleolithic and Neolithic, the Bronze Age

Paleolithic- Old Stone Age, Stone tools, fire, nomads, & they lived in clans, Hunter Gatherers Invented fire, used simple stone tools, developed oral language, and produced cave art.

Neolithic- New Stone Age, farming, writing, advanced tools, clans, Stonehenge started and finished during

the Bronze Age. Invented agriculture, domesticated animals, invented weaving = better clothing. Invented pottery for keeping water and invented written language = history.

Bronze Age(3000 BC)1st major civilizations

Carbon dating - used by archaeologists to date organic artifacts and fossils.

Archaeologist- Study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils and artifacts. Example: Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site

Mesopotamia- first type of writing cuneiform Fertile Crescent (Tigris River above the Euphrates) Phoenicians created the Alphabet. Persian Gulf

Sumerian Culture:-Government

● Sumerians invented the city-state ● Hammurabi’s Code- First set of defined laws

within a civilization, developed in Babylon ● Sumerians were polytheistic

● Large temples at the center of each city-state = ziggurats

● They invented the wheel, sail, the plow, 1st to bronze,1st writing (cuneiform), 1st book, 1st map, sun dial.

Other major rivers were Nile River in Egypt 3500 B.C. first civilization formed in Mesopotamia=Sumerians

Egypt & Kush-Nile riverDeveloped 365 day calendar Northern Africa in Sahara desert along the Nile river.Hieroglyphics - Written language-Government

● Pharaohs, Dynasties, Theocracy

China-Silk Road Trade Routes, traded porcelain, silk, and paper. Yellow River, Great Wall of China

isolated from asia its geography is unique culturemongol empire, and Calligraphy

● Shang Dynasty - Writer records, palaces, elaborate tombs

● Social classes Ruling class, king, nobles warrior, then peasants

● Chinese writing is with thousands of characters.

India- Indus and Ganges River, Hindu Kush and Himalayas Mountains, Arabian sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal.

Geography of India- Indian subcontinent, Isolated by Mountains; Hindu Kush in West, Himalayas in East, River Systems; Indus & Ganges, Monsoons; Seasonal winds bring rains.

Hinduism● Aum, or Om.

- Seen as the sound of the universe = Meditation● Polytheistic● All powerful spiritual force of Hinduism =

Brahman● Vedas and Upanishads = sacred holy books of the

Hindus.● Caste system

- A system of social division in India that determines occupation! You are born into your caste and may not change your caste.

Mauryan Empire- Politically unifies India, Greatest leader; Asoka, Spread of Buddhism, Free hospitals

Gupta Empire- “Golden Age”, Mathematics; Zero, Decimals, Medical Advances; Set bones, Literature; Mahabharata, Ramayana. Mauryan empire had a king named Asoka whose religion was Hinduism, but he later converted to Buddhism.

Harappan Civilization-Indus River Valley, Planned Cities; Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro,

Hinduism- Religion in India, Aryan influences, Caste System, Belief in Reincarnation; role of karma, Holy books; Vedas and the Upanishads-were the holy books, Spread along trade routes to other parts of Asia, Dominant religion of India today.

Buddhism- Animistic worship, Founder Siddhartha Gautama, follow the 8 Fold Path to Nirvana- The 4 Noble TruthsPhoenicians- They made the first alphabet. They are the trade Civilization of Mediterranean Coast.

Hebrews- Abraham (founder) Jerusalem, 1st monotheistic religion,

Judaism- Hebrews, Star of David, Monotheistic, TorahAbraham- Creator Moses- Led Hebrews out of Egypt, The Ten Commandments

Confucianism- Influenced by China G- GoodR- RespectA- Ancestor WorshipP- PolitenessE- Education

Taoism/Daoism- Humility SimplicityNature GreeksPeloponnesian War- a war fought between Athens and Sparta, ending in a victory for Sparta, end of the Golden Age

Persia- Persian Empire- Empire covering parts of 3 continents, having a Royal Road, Imperial Bureaucracy, and Tolerance of conquered people, Zoroastrianism (good vs. evil) RITZ

Greece- Athens & Sparta, Golden Age, Columns (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)

Greek Gods and GoddessZeus- King of the godsHera- Queen of the gods, married to Zeus, but also his oldest sister, god of women, marriage and birth.Athena- Goddess of wisdom, Zeus and Hera’s daughter.Poseidon- God of Water, Zeus brotherAphrodite- Goddess of beauty and love.Artemis- Goddess of the moon and hunt.Apollo-God of sun, music, and light.Persian War, Greece vs. Persia

Zeus, Hera, Athena, Aphrodite, Artemis, Apollo

Parthenon- Temple for Athena

Rome- Aqueducts, Roads, Polytheistic, Gods named after planets Roman EmpirePunic wars- Rome v.s. Carthage, Rome wins and gains control of Mediterranean Sea tradeGreco-Roman Culture Were protected by the Alps.

Pax Romana- peace and prosperity in Roman Empire, 200 years

1st Triumvirate :Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

2nd Triumvirate:Octavian, Marc Antony, LepidusAugustus 1st Emperor of Rome = Rome becomes a dictatorship for 500 years.Spoke Latin = Romance languages, Spanish, French, Italian

Roman Gods and Goddesses: think of planets.Venus, Jupiter, Pluto, Diana, Mars, Juno, Minerva, Neptune, Saturn

Major Gods and Goddesses

Greek Roman

Aphrodite VenusApollo Apollo

Ares MarsArtemis DianaAthena Minerva

Hades Pluto

Hera JunoHermes Mercury

Poseidon NeptuneZeus Jupiter

Byzantines- East Side of the Roman Empire when the Roman Empire fell- Preserved Greco-Roman culture, Constantine.

Russia- Influenced by the Byzantines (Cyrillic, Orthodox Christianity, Onion Domes) Ivan III Ivan the Great 1st Czar of Russia

Islam- 5 Pillars (faith, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage), monotheistic, language: arabic, Koran holy book, Hajj, Muhammad = main prophet, Allah = GodMuslim Empire- 5 Pillars1.)Faith-belief in one god2.)Prayer-5 times daily facing mecca3.)Alms-giving to the poor through a special tax4.)Fasting-don't eat during daylight hours5.)Pilgrimages-Hajj; trip to Mecca

Middle Ages- 500 - 1500 after the fall of the western Roman Empire, Feudalism (Lords, Vassals, Serfs) Black Plague, Joan of Arc burned on the stake by the Catholic Church. Four major trade routes silk road, indian ocean, Trans-Saharan,and the Mediterranean trade network.

● Charlemagne- 1st Holy Roman Emperor, spread Christianity, united Western Europe, Revived Culture, Referred to as “The Father of Europe.” He strengthened Royal Power.

● Vikings- Scandinavians who invaded Europe and one tribe settled in Russia

● Magyars- Asian nomads who invaded into Europe and eventually settled in Hungary

● Angles & Saxons- 2 Germanic Tribes that invaded into and settled England

● Lords- Medieval land owner● Vassals- Medieval nobles granted land in

exchange for allegiance and military service● Knights- Medieval warriors who live by a strict

code of Chivalry● Serfs- Medieval peasants who live and work on

the land of a noble, no rights or power● Manors- Individual farms in Medieval society,

center of Economy, self sufficient.

· Effects of Germanic Invasions in Europe— Disruption of Trade— Downfall of cities— Population shifts— Decline of learning

Renaissance- Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Machiavelli (The Prince), Raphael.

· The Rebirth of Classical Art and Learning in Europe

· Began in Italy

Africa- Aksum King Ezana, christianity, gold and salt trade, great zimbabwe, Mansa Musa (one of the richest and , most powerful kings),

Japan- Archipelago, trades with Korea & China, Calligraphy, Pagodas, Shintoism (Ethnic religion), is influenced by Korea, Buddhism (From China->Korea->Japan), Animistic, Worship: nature, ancestors, the emperor, japan is an archipelago in the pacific ocean of the coast of china and korea,Feudalism, samurai and japanese knights, philosophy worships nature.

Japanese Pagoda

Aztec, Mayan, and Inca Empires: Human Sacrifice and lama Sacrifice.

Inca- Located in south AMERICA, Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains.

— Located in the Andes Mountains of South America— Machu Picchu— Terraced farming— Road System-- Polytheistic- reincarnation-- made medical advances in anesthetics and successful skull surgery-- very organized civilization- assigned jobs, marriages

Made lama sacrifices

Aztec- Located in modern day Mexico.— Central Mexico— Tenochtitlan = capital— Made human sacrifices everydayCalendar stone

Mayan- Located at in Central America

— Yucatan Peninsula— Polytheistic = pyramid temples- Chichen Itza-- Developed a 365-day calendar-- Many different city-states with their own rulers-- Temples used by priests to perform religious ceremonies and sacrifices

Lets use the list of people we used yesterday and put them with their proper civilization or country.

Mesopotamia- Fertile Crescent

India- King Ashoka

China- Qin Shi Huangdi was emperor, Egypt- Theocracy pharaoh with the power of a god, hieroglyphics, pyramids, polytheistic

Hebrews- Abraham, Moses

Greece- Athena, Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Artemis, Apollo, Pericles, Alexander the Great, Draco the Lawgiver, Solon the Reformer, Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides, Phidias, Archimedes, Hippocrates, Euclid, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, & Philip II of Macedon.

Rome- Juno, Apollo, Minerva, Venus, Marc Anthony, Diana, Jupiter, Julius Ceasar, Augustus Ceasar, Virgil, Ptolemy

Byzantine- Justinian, Constantine Islam- Muhammad

England- William the Conqueror, Henry II, John I

France- Hugh Capet, Joan of Arc,

Spain- Ferdinand, Isabella, Philip II of Spain

Russia- Ivan III (The Great)

Renaissance- Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Nicolo Machiavelli, Gutenberg

ReviewByzantine - preserved Greco Roman culture. When Rome fell culture went away. Preserved in Libraries. In Constantinople.

East Side of the Roman Empire. When west rome fell, byzantine empire comes to life.

Justinian was a Byzantine Emperor. Made the Justinian’s Code. Made a huge domed church built. Hagia Sophia

The Great Schism- Split in the Christian church. In Rome Christianity was the most popular religion. West falls. East flourishes. In West Rome, Catholicism. In East, East/ Greek Christian Orthodox. They differed. Major areas where they differed, was where was the “seat of power”. West ruled by pope. East had Patriarch who “worked” for Emperor. In 1054 both groups are arguing and the “Icon Controversy”. Great Schism is the split of Christianity.

Byzantines made Mosaics ^^^

Influence on Russia. When catholics send missionaries to Russia and East Europe. They go tell everyone about their religion. orthodox sends to russia. Cyrillic Alphabet. Russian orthodox. Onion Domes on Christian Churches.

Fall of the Byzantines. Fall in 1453. They fall to Ottoman Turks. They take over Constantinople. (run by Constantine) Byzantines become Ottoman Empire.

RELIGIONS AND LOCATIONS :)Hinduism in India.

Buddhism - in India but spreads to china to japan. Then spreads to southeast asia by Asoka Empire.

Judaism- In Israel. Judaism spreads all over the world because of Diaspora. Diaspora spread of Judaism.

Christianity - Israel. In West we had Catholic

Islam- Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Middle East, Southern Spain, North Africa, South Africa.

Confucianism China D/Taoism-ChinaShintoism- Japan

Wailing Wall- Judaism.

Christianity- Gothic Cathedral

Orthodox Christianity- Hagia Sophia

Islam- Kabba, Dome of the Rock.

Shintoism- Torii Awesome looking wall thing which is below

Torri

Battle of Tours. When muslims expanded they went to Spain. Ferdinand and Isabella

RIVER VALLEYS

Began in Neolithic and go to Bronze Age.

Fertile Crescent- Two rivers, Tigris, Euphrates. There is Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia- Sumerians created worlds first city states, first writing (cuneiform), world’s first civilization, Hammurabi’s Code, First laws.

Egypt- on the nile river. Theocracy. Kings were called Pharaohs. Writing was Hieroglyphics. They made pyramids. Mummified their dead. .

India- Indus and Ganges Rivers, Hindu Kush, Himalayan Mountains. Aryans bring Hinduism to India.Mauryan empire, buddhism, hospitals, roads, vets. Gupta empire- zero, round earth, textiles, setting bones. Indus Valley are Harappa, Mohenjo Daro.

China- Huang He (yellow) river, Dynasties. Ancestor Worship. Calligraphy. Great wall of China and the Silk Road. Name of first emperor is Qin Shi Huang Di

. Written languages- First was Cuneiform. Made by Mesopotamians, looks like Golf Tees

Hieroglyphics: written language of Egypt. Pictures Bird

Calligraphy from the Chinese.

Arabic from Islam

Phoenicians developed alphabet.

Romans speak latin, romance languages

Byzantines spoke Greek

NATIVE AMERICANS- all have calendars, math, polytheistic, agriculture, writing

Mayans- from Yucatan Peninsula, city states, Chican Izta

Aztecs- central Mexico, Empire Capital is Tenochtitlan, Human Sacrifice

`Incas- Andes Mtns. South america, Terrace farming, Road

System. Machu Picchu.

GREEK DUDES !

Gov’t- Pericles leader of Athens, Draco, Solon, made Athens more democratic

Poetry- Homer (the Iliad and odyssey)

Philosophers- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Math- Euclid, Pythagoras

Medicine- Hippocrates (Sick Hippo, Put him in a crate & take him to the doctor, to get medicine)

Science- Archimedes

Sculpture- Phidias

Drama/Tragedies- Aeschylus, Sophocles