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LISTENING 1:

Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.

1. Online shopping is exciting for everybody.A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

2. Paper use increased by 33 % between 1986 and 1997.

3. In the past people bought things on the Internet that needed less packing material, such as clothing and BOOKS.

4. Today people shop online for large products such as _____A. computers B. dishwashers C. freezers

5. An airplane produces _____________________ a car.A. less carbon dioxide than B. the same amount of carbon dioxide as C. more carbon dioxide than

6. Companies give presents to people who shop online. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

7. Nuria Prost doesn’t have positive ideas about buying products on the Internet.A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

8. What is the main idea (message) of the recording?

A. Online shopping costs more than shopping in a store.B. Online shopping is bad for the environment. C. Online shopping has no negative effects on the environment.

LISTENING 2: 2

Listen to a lecture about Aron Ralston, a climber, and answer the questions.

1. Aron wanted to go rock climbing with ______.A) his friends B) nobody C) his family

2. It was the first time Aron went rock climbing.A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

3. Aron told his mother where he was going. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

4. What was the weather like when Aron went rock climbing? BEAUTIFUL / GOOD / FINE / NICE

5. A rock fell on Aron’s right HAND.

6. Aron had a little water and food with him. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

7. Aron made a recording for __________________ A) his family B) his friends C) other climbers

8. Aron decided to cut off the bottom of his arm on the SIXTH (6 TH ) day.

9. Aron used a/an ________ to cut off the bottom of his arm. A) axe B) a small knife C) razor

10. How many feet was it from the top to the bottom of the canyon? 60

11. Aron walked 6 miles to find help.

12. After this experience, Aron DIDN’T give up climbing. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

13. Which one is TRUE? A) Aron DOESN’T climb alone anymore.B) Aron tells somebody where he is climbing.

C) Aron goes climbing with a group of climbers.

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LISTENING 3:

Listen to the recording about aquatic exercise and answer the following questions.

1. Aquatic exercise is becoming popular in the USA and other countries.A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

2. Running is better for knees than swimming. A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

3. Your body is lighter in the water than on land, so _____________.A. It feels easier to exercise in the pool. B. Small children shouldn’t try aquatic

exercise.

C. You lose more weight when you exercise on land.

4. Moving in the water is ____________________moving on land.A. harder than B. not as hard as

C. just as hard as

5. If you don’t know how to swim you can’t do any kinds of aquatic exercise.A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

6. Experts do not recommend aquatic exercise for children.A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

7. In some countries primary schools have started aquatic exercise programs for children.A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

8. Aquatic exercise is recommended to people who are hurt in accidents. A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

9. Most people who try aquatic exercise say it makes them feel _________.A. anxiousB. focused

C. calm

10. Doing aquatic exercise, people can both burn calories and keep cool in the pool.

A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

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LISTENING 4:

While listening to the recording about a fish answer the following questions.

1. Some people like to eat fugu because of its danger. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

2. What do the fugu first do to avoid a hungry fish?A. They try to swim away quickly.B. They try to use the poison in their body.C. They breathe in to look bigger.

3. The poison, tetrodoxin , is found only in one part of fugu. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

After getting training about how to cook fugu, chefs have to (4) PREPARE/COOK THEIR FUGU and (5) EAT IT to pass the test.

6. How many people died in the deadliest year of fugu poisoning? 176 (PEOPLE DIED)

7. Today, most fugu deaths are caused by _______________ .A. Restaurants that don’t have fugu licensesB. Supermarkets that sell fuguC. Untrained home cooks .

8. Chefs have to prepare fugu in 20 minutes in the second test.

9. Which season is the best time to eat fugu? WINTER

10. Uncooked fugu, fugu sashi, is more expensive than a regular fugu dish.

A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

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LISTENING 5:

While listening to a lecture about brain answer the following questions. 1. Scientists are learning many new things about the human brain.

A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

2. According to recent studies which one is NOT true?A. The brain continues to develop during midlife.B. Intellectual power peaks at age forty. C. The human brain has the ability for learning throughout life.

3. How old was the poet Stanley Kunitz when he won the National Book Award?

A. 95B. 90

C. 100

4. Ed Whitlock said that diet was the most crucial factor in his success.

A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

According to scientists the following things have effect on the way our brain ages: What we 5. EAT. How much we study or 6. EXERCISE. Having a 7. POSITIVE mental attitude.

8. Diet doesn’t have any effect on mental activity.

A. TRUEB. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

9. According to doctors how long should a person sleep every night to keep brain working better?

A. At least 9 hoursB. At least 8 hours

C. About 7 hours

According to K. Warner Schaie older people should do 10. PUZZLES and play games like 11. BRIDGE and chess to stay sharp.

12. Exercise improves the circulation of blood, which may help mental functioning.

A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

13. Which statement gives the MAIN IDEA of the lecture?A. If you eat well you can keep your mind active. B. Eating well, exercising and learning will keep your mind active. C. Scientists believe that physical activities are enough to keep your mind active.

LISTENING 6:

While listening to the lecture answer the following questions.

1. The Earth’s climate _______________.A. Has changed many times in the past. B. Stays constant, rarely changing at all.C. Probably won’t change in the future.

2. Global warming is the gradual decrease in the world’s temperature.A. TrueB. False C. Not Mentioned

3. If there wasn’t the greenhouse effect, the world would not be warm enough for plants and animals.

A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

4. Which is NOT true about the greenhouse effect?A. It is necessary for life on our planet.B. It keeps heat and sunlight away from the Earth. C. It could cause problems if it becomes stronger.

5. What could happen if global warming continues?A. Sea levels will fall.B. Plants and animals will suffer. C. The Earth will become cooler.

6. According to most scientists what is the best way to slow global warming?A. To decrease the amount of greenhouse gases which are put into the atmosphere.B. Businesses should invent new technologies that limit the production of greenhouse gases.C. Both A and B.

7. Kevin Trenberth _______________.A. Thinks there is too much emphasis on global warming.B. Believes global warming is a very serious issue. C. Hopes no more countries will participate in the Kyoto Protocol.

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LISTENING 7:

You are going to listen to a lecture about ‘Cowboys’. While you are listening, answer the questions below.

1. The reason why there are fewer cowboys today is:

a) The cowboy way of life is endangered

b) The last cowboys disappeared a long time ago

c) The cowboys don’t usually make a lot of money

2. A few years ago, a __PHOTOGRAPHER_______, Robb Kendrick, talked to modern

cowboys in different regions of North America and took their photographs.

3. One of the cowboys Robb included in his book, Tyrel Tucker, was working on a ____ at

that time.

a) farm b) ranch c) plantation

4. Tyrel had to leave school at the age of 17 because his father needed his help with the

family business.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

5. He and his older brother took care of _2300_______ cattle in Arizona.

6. The food they ate every day were pancakes, sausages, __POTATOES__ and _HAMBURGERS__.

7. Mexican cowboys, vaqueros, started to wear big hats

a) to keep the sun off their faces

b) to protect their legs

c) to become a part of the cowboy culture

8. The other type of Mexican cowboys, charros, ride horses and compete in both national

and international sports.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

9. Manuel plans to work as a vaquero again after his first child is _BORN_____.

10. Cowboys still ride horses because they can get close to the nature.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED11.The job of the cowboy is to

a) protect cattle from dangers

b) keep moving cattle from one place to another

c) grow grass for cattle

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LISTENING 8:

While listening to a lecture about a ship answer the following questions.

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1. How old was Tommy when he built his own telephone? 8 (EIGHT)

2. The SS Central America was sailing from Panama to NEW YORK (THE USA).

3. The SS Central America was carrying a lot of GOLD and miners with their families.

4. When a hurricane hit the ship it was 160 kilometers off the coast.

A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

5. How long did the sailors fight to save the ship?A. 3 days B. 3 hours

C. 3 weeks

6. What did the passengers do to save themselves? A. They tried to swim towards the coast.B. They tried to get into the lifeboats.C. They threw their gold into the sea.

7. What was the total number of the passengers on the ship? A. 425 B. 578 C. 1003

8. What did Tommy do to find the SS Central America?A. He read reports about the accident.B. He tried to figure out the ship’s location.C. He got money from some people to pay for the research.D. All above.

9. Tommy used the sonar in order to locate the shipwreck. A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

10. What did Tommy do with the gold?A. He deposited it in a bank. B. He gave it to the

investorsC. He hid it in a secret

place.

11. Which group of the following DIDN’T want a share from the gold?A. Insurance companies.B. The passengers’ families.

C. Tommy’s workers.D. Tommy’s investors.

12. Which year did Tommy disappear? 2006.

13. Tommy is searching for another shipwreck now.

A. TRUE B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

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LISTENING 9:

Listen to a lecture about being an adult and answer the following questions.

1. The lecturer thinks that there are different ways to define an adult.A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

2. Countries have the same ideas about the legal age of adults.A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

3. A man in India can marry without his parents' permission when he is ______ years old. A. 16 B. 18 C. 21

4. People in Brazil can vote when they are _16_ years old.

5. People can get a driver's license in Russia when they are _________ years old. A. 18 B. 16 C. 14

6. According to the physical definition a person is usually an adult when he or she is 18 years old.

A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

7. The human brain does not stop growing until a person is about __________ years old. A. 18 B. 21 C. 25

8. The last part of the brain to grow (frontal lobe) is the part that helps a person ___________. A. be intelligent B. solve problems

C. learn languages

9. Girls’ frontal lobes usually grow faster than the boys’.A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

10. A person with a job and a ___FAMILY___is an adult according to one definition.

11. According to the social definition a person is an adult when she/she respects other people. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

12. In the developed countries the social definition of an adult is more important than the physical one.

A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

13. We can understand from the ending of the lecture that ______________ A. a person is an adult when his or her body is grown. B. a person is an adult after age 25. C. a person is an adult when she or he acts like an adult

LISTENING 10 :

While listening to a lecture about Vanessa Mae, answer the following questions.

1. Vanessa Mae’s parents were the same nationality.A) TRUEB) FALSE

C) NOT MENTIONED

2. Vanessa was ______4 (FOUR)_________ years old when she moved to London with her parents.

3. Vanessa took her first piano lesson earlier than her first violin lesson. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

4. Which is INCORRECT about Vanessa?

A) She was the youngest student that the Central Conservatory of China accepted.B) She took lessons at the Royal College of Music in Paris. C) The director of Royal College of Music compared her with Mozart and Mendelssohn.

5. Which instrument was Vanessa better at?A) The piano B) The violin C) Both

6. What was the level of the violin classes that Vanessa took in Germany?A) Elementary B) Intermediate C) Advanced

7. When Vanessa made her first professional appearance in Germany she was about ten years old.

A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

8. What did Vanessa call the music that she made with her electric violin?A) Technology-fusion-

acoustic.B) Techno-acoustic-

fusionC) Techno-fusion-

acoustic

9. What is the name of Vanessa’s first album with her new kind of music? (THE) VIOLIN PLAYER

10. What was the reaction of the audience to Vanessa at her concert in Switzerland?

A) They booed her because she didn’t play real classical music.B) 50,000 people got angry and left the concert before it finished.C) They enjoyed the concert a lot and didn’t want her to stop

playing.

11. Vanessa is planning to give a concert with some rock musicians in a big stadium in France.

A) TRUEB) FALSEC) NOT MENTIONED

LISTENING 11 :

Listen to the speaker, who is giving information about a field trip to students and answer the following questions.

1. What is the date of the trip?A) 27 th of May B) 27th of MarchC) 7th of May

2. The students are going to visit an art museum in London.A) TRUEB) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

3. The speaker wants the students to come to the school car park ____.

A) At 8 o’clockB) 15 minutes before 8 o’clock C) At 6.30

4. The speaker thinks that they will see everything in one day.A) TRUEB) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

5. Where will the speaker put the info later?A) On the bulletin boardB) On the class website C) On the class board

6. What is Antenna?A) An exhibition that shows how the

scientific discoveries could change our lives.

B) An exhibition that shows the importance of technological development.

C) A program which helps students learn more about scientific discoveries.

7. How long will the students be free to visit the permanent exhibitions?A) 30 minutesB) 60 minutesC) 90 minutes

8. Which gallery shows the development of the modern industrial world in a creative way?

A) The Secret Life of the HomeB) Making the Modern World C) The Colours of Technology

9. They are going to eat lunch ________.A) In the gardenB) In the picnic area on the first floor C) In the café on the first floor.

10. What is the name of the 3D experience that they are going to have? SPACE STATION

11. What is Fast Forward?A) It is an exhibition about Formula One

cars.B) It is a gallery about the lives of

Formula One pilots.C) It is an exhibition about the use of

Formula One technology in various areas.

12. What can the students do after 3.45?A) They can go homeB) They can visit galleries they want C) They can take a tour in the city.

13. The speaker says that the students will be home by about 8 (EIGHT) p.m.

14. What does the speaker want the students to do before they go on the field trip?

A) To go online and buy tickets for the museum

B) To go online and make reservation at the

C) To visit

LISTENING 12 :

Listen to the recording and answer the questions.

1. The old saying makes a connection between the apple and good health. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

2. When was Ray Kurzweil born? 1948

3. Which is NOT correct about Ray Kurzweil? A. He is famous for his work in technology.

B. He is an inventor.

C. He is interested in space travel. 4. Nanobots are ______________.

A. small machines that will solve problems in the human body B. small machines that will help people with housework.

C. small machines that will predict the life in the future.

5. According to Ray Kurzweil, diet is ONE OF THE TWO keys to live long enough so that he can take advantage of the inventions. What is the second key? EXERCISE

6. According to Ray Kurzweil, what is required to get the toxins out of the body? A. Eating healthy food.

B. Drinking a lot of water. C. Doing regular sports.

7. Ray Kurzweil does NOT drink coffee or soft drinks except for ________. A. tea B. green tea C. Ceylon tea

8. Dr Terry Grossman has been Ray Kurzweil’s family doctor since they met at a science fair.

A. TRUE

B. FALSE

C. NOT MENTIONED

9. Ray Kurzweil believes that people should NOT eat ________.

A. potatoes B. brown rice C. whole wheat

10. Which one of the following does Ray Kurzweil NOT do for his health.

A. Sleeping enough

B. Taking special vitamins

C. Taking a walk in the park 11. In 2009 Ray Kurzweil was 61 years old. What was the “age” of his body? 40

12. What does the Alcor Life Extension Foundation do?

A. It freezes human bodies. B. It gives courses about living longer.

C. It is developing the nanobots technology.

13. You can infer that ________. A. many scientists think Ray’s ideas for living forever are useful

B. if Ray dies, his body may be frozen for many years C. Ray may start to drink coffee in the future

14. This recording is primarily about _________. A. technological inventions of the future

B. healthy diet and exercise tips

C. one man who is trying to live forever

LISTENING 13 :

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You will hear a talk about the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World twice. Answer the following questions while you are listening.

1. The list of the seven wonders of the ancient world was made by a (nationality + job) GREEK HISTORIAN named Herodotus.

2. Herodotus knew a lot about the Asian cultures.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

3. Six of these ancient places no longer EXIST today.

4. The King of Babylon built The Hanging Gardens of Babylon to please his wife who missed the gardens of her home.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED 5. An earthquake destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

6. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the statue of the Greek God Zeus in a temple at Olympia?a) It was made of ivory.

b)It was made of silver. c) It was about twelve meters tall.

7. The Pharos of Alexandria was an ancient LIGHTHOUSE.

8. The Pharos of Alexandria was destroyed by a fire.

TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

9. Two of the 7 ancient wonders were in Turkey. TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

10. The oldest of the seven ancient wonders was in Turkey. TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

11. The Pyramids of Egypt were built…

a) to honour the three Egyptian gods.

b) 5400 years ago.

c) as burial places for ancient kings.

12. It took more than one hundred thousand men, more than 30 years to build the Great Pyramid.

LISTENING 14 :

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Colossus of Rhodes

You will hear an interview with Sam Bennett about his radio programme. Answer the questions while listening.

1. Sam’s programme, Real Men Shop, is at 6.30 in the morning.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

2. What is the program about?a) famous department stores in Britainb) men’s changing shopping habits c) special service given to men only

3. Sam thinks that men’s attitude to shopping has changed over the years in the world.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

4. Selfridges opened in _____1909_____________.

5. Selfridges used to have a special _____room_________ only for _____men_________.

6. What did men do while their wives were doing the shopping at Selfridges?a) eat and drink something at the food hall.b) buy their own clothes.c) read their newspapers in a comfortable hall while waiting.

7.  The founder of Selfridges, Harry Selfridge, was an American businessman.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

8. In the 1970s most married men never used to do the food shopping.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

9. Austin Reed is a menswear company. TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

10. “Shopping girlfriends” used to help married men buy their clothes.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

11.Nowadays men do not avoid doing the weekly shopping in the supermarket.TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

12.14 years ago there were not any skincare products for men. TRUE / FALSE / NOT MENTIONED

LISTENING 15 :

While listening to the interview, answer the following questions. 19

1. Mary writes books only for children.A) TRUEB) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

2. Who was a poet in Mary’s family?A. Her fatherB. Her brotherC. Her mother

3. Mary likes writing her novels using a computer.A. TRUEB. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

4. When did Mary start writing?A. Before she started schoolB. Just after she started school C. After she graduated from university

5. When did Mary fall in love with books?A. When her teacher gave her the books of famous writersB. After she won a writing competition in her schoolC. When her mother took her to the library for the first time.

6. How old was Mary when she wrote her first novel? ___18 (EIGHTEEN) ___

7. Why does Mary read new books first to her children and grandchildren?A. Because she wants to see if they like her new books. B. Because they want her to read her new books to them.C. Because her children and grandchildren can’t read.

8. When Mary writes for adults, she works differently on many things except for_____.

A. descriptionsB. plots C. charactersD. flashbacks

9. Mary says that when someone is writing scripts for television drama they have to think about ___COST______, practicality, timing and popularity.

10. Mary thinks that writing scripts for television dramas is NOT as difficult as writing novels.

A. TRUEB. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

11. Mary says that she would like to write books together with other writers.A. TRUE

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B. FALSE C. NOT MENTIONED

12. According to Mary writing short stories for magazines was exciting because _____.

A. You could earn more money just by writing these short stories

B. You could have a bigger chance to become famous worldwide.

C. You could know what readers thought about your work quickly

13. Mary thinks that young writers should write stories for magazines.A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

14. The title of the book whose final part Mary is working on at the moment is The _____SECRETS __ of the Night.

15. Which adjectives does Mary use to describe Philip Pullman as a writer?A. Amazing and fascinatingB. Fascinating and original C. Magical and heart warming

16. Which one DOESN’T Mary mention as one of the writers who are always returned to?A. Yan Martel B. Jane AustinC. Thomas Hardy

17. Which is TRUE about Andrea Martin?A. She is a teenager who likes reading Mary’s books a lot. B. She wants to know what makes Mary happiest. C. She wants to know what to do to become a good writer.

18. Mary feels that she has been lucky in both life and love.A) TRUE B) FALSEC) NOT MENTIONED

LISTENING 16 :

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While listening to a lecture about first impressions answer the following questions.

1. When two people meet for the first time, they start picking and other before they say a word.

A) TRUE B) FALSE

C) NOT MENTIONED

2. How long does it take for two people who meet for the first time to make a mental picture of each other?

A) A few minutes B) A few seconds C) A few hours

3. Jake didn’t like Caroline when he first met her because…A) She didn’t have an appealing physical appearance.B) She refused his invitation to lunch.C) She didn’t seem to be interested in Jake .

4. The story about Jake and Caroline shows that …A) problems stop communication.B) we can make mistakes based on first impressions. C) they liked each other in the end.

5. What was the function of first impressions thousands of years ago?A) They helped people make decisions in dangerous positions. B) They helped people arrange relations between communities.C) They helped people to decide how to choose good friends.

6. The speaker says that it is possible to learn how to make stronger first impressions. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

7. Professor Helen Trent, a specialist in interpersonal relations, has carried out experiments on the behaviour of good communicators.

A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

8. What does PC stand for? A) Personal ComputerB) Powerful

C) Communicator D) Power Communication

9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the characteristics related to PCs?

A) Smiling with their partnerB) Maintaining eye contactC) Using polite language forms D) Coordinating their body language

LISTENING 17 :

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While listening to a program about William Sidis, answer the following questions.

1. The speaker thinks that William Sidis is a famous person. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

2. The speaker means that Sidis’s name is not as well known as Charles Darwin’s. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

3. Which is correct about Sidis’s birth date?A) He was born on April the second.B) He was born in the late 19 th century.

C) He was born in Russia.

4. What were Sidis’s parents so much interested in?A) Myths B) Psychology C) Education

5. When did Sarah, Sidis’s mother, read him Greek myths?A) Before he slept B) Every day after classes

C) In the morning before he went to school

6. How old was Sidis when he could read The New York Times?A) Six months B) One year C) One and half years

7. Sidis wrote a letter to Macy’s and wanted them to send him some ____________.A) Books B) Toys C) Magazines

8. When Sidis was eight years old he passed the __ENTRANCE__ exam to the one of the best universities in the US.

9. What did he do at the age of nine?A) He gave a lecture on mathematics. B) He passed the entrance exam to a good

university.

C) He wrote an essay for a newspaper.

10. How was the reaction of the media to Sidis after he was in the public eye?A) They put him in a zoo where everyone watched him.B) They put him in the centre of interest. C) They ignored, showed no interest.

11. Which is CORRECT about the kind of life Sidis wanted? A) He wanted to become an academic.B) He wanted to be a famous person.C) He wanted to live a peaceful life.

12. When Sidis died in 1944 he was totally forgotten.A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

13. Which of the following is NOT one of the stories told about Sidis since his death?A) He knew all the languages of the world. B) His genius burned out like an old light bulb.C) He developed some psychic powers. D) He could learn a language in a day.

14. An intelligence test showed that Sidis’s IQ was between 250 and 300.A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

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15. According to the speaker which of the following is something we can learn from Sidis’s life?A) It is better not to escape from fame to be a genius. B) Most geniuses do great work when they are left in peace. C) All the childhood geniuses produce great things as adults.

LISTENING 18 :

While listening to a lecture about Frank W. Abagnale, answer the following questions.

1. Frank W. Abagnale is a global expert on financial CRIME(S).

2. Before Frank W. Abagnale was 22 years old which of the following DIDN’T he try being?

A. A pilot B. A lawyerC. A journalist

3. Con men are people who make other people trust them and steal their money.

A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

4. Abagnale stole $ ______________________ million from people. A. 25B. 2.5 C. 250

5. In how many countries in total did Abagnale fool people around the world? 27 (TWENTY SEVEN).

6. How old was Abagnale when he escaped from home? 16 (SIXTEEN)

7. Why did Abagnale add ten years to his birth date on his driver’s license? A. To go abroadB. To have a job C. To get a certificate

8. For Abagnale, it was not difficult to fool people because he looked OLDER.

9. When Abagnale pretended to be a professor, he taught international relations courses at university.

A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

10. Bankers trusted Abagnale because he managed to look like a professional.

A. TRUE B. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

11. When Abagnale was 21 years old he was caught by police in FRANCE.

12. Abagnale was free after he stayed in prison for five years in the USA because _________. A. he escaped from the prison.B. he accepted to work for the FBI. C. the government decided that he was innocent.

13. For more than 30 years, Abagnale has tried to protect other people from becoming the VICTIM(S) of financial crime.

14. Which of the following does Abagnale do to earn a living these days?A. Writing booksB. Public speakingC. Developing technologies to fight financial crimesD. All above

15. Years later, Abagnale took money from the FBI for the work he had done for them. A) TRUEB) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

16. Abagnale has positive feelings about Joseph Shea, who was responsible for his arrest.A) TRUE B) FALSEC) NOT MENTIONED

17. Abagnale thinks that ____________.A. it is very difficult to commit financial crimes today than it was in the pastB. technology helps police catch the people who commit financial crimes C. today it is easier to commit financial crimes than it was in the past

18. FBI still employs ex-criminals to help them prevent technological crimes.A. TRUEB. FALSEC. NOT MENTIONED

19. Which is INCORRECT about the movie, Catch Me If You Can? A. It was made in 2002.B. Tom Hanks played the role of Abagnale . C. The movie was based on a book written by Abagnale.

20. What is the purpose of the speaker?A. To criticize Frank W. AbagnaleB. To inform listeners about Frank W. Abagnale C. To warn people about financial crimes

LISTENING 19 :

While listening to a lecture about swimmer Michael Phelps, answer the following questions.

1. Which year were the Beijing Olympics held? ____2008_____

2. Which one is NOT mentioned as one of the two keys to Phelps’s success?

A) He always thinks positively.B) He comes from an athletic family. C) He is a great athlete.

3. How tall is Phelps?

A) 1.99 meters B) 1.89 meters C) 1.93 meters

4. Which is CORRECT about the dolphin kick? A) With the dolphin kick a swimmer’s feet never leave the water. B) With the dolphin kick a swimmer’s feet leave the water.C) With the dolphin kick a swimmer’s body never leaves the water.

5. Michael Phelps was very good at Maths when he was a student at school.

A) TRUEB) FALSE

C) NOT MENTIONED

6. “You will never succeed as a swimmer!” Who is the speaker?A) Phelps’s friends B) Phelps’s parents C) Phelps’s teacher

7. What did Phelps realize at a young age?A) Any athlete can win 100 percent of the time.B) Failure is a part of sports.

C) He should quit when he doesn’t succeed.

8. Phelps blames other people for his problems instead of identifying his mistakes.A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

9. How does Phelps use positive thinking in races?A) He focuses only on winning the race. B) He thinks about what to do if he fails.

C) He feels a little anxious in the pool.

11. According to experts what is the ability that most star athletes have in common?A) Thinking fast during the racesB) Staying calm in important moments

C) Using dolphin kick properly in the races

12. Which of the following is a new problem for Phelps?A) Younger swimmers (are better than him).B) (He can’t use) new technologies in sports.

C) His fans (show so much interest).

13. Articles which are written about Phelps DON’T always tell the truth. A) TRUE B) FALSE C) NOT MENTIONED

14. Phelps’s family is trying hard NOT to let success change him. A) TRUEB) FALSE

C) NOT MENTIONED

15. Which one is NOT a message we can get from the lecture?A) In order to be successful hard work is needed.B) Positive thinking is an important component of success.C) The dolphin kick is the key to success in swimming.

LISTENING 20 :

While listening to the recording answer the following questions.

1. The lecture is about _____.A. cleaningB. technology in the home C. the ageing population

2. Robots are _______.A. machines with sensors, a microprocessor and artificial intelligence B. machine that think like a humanC. machines that do repeated tasks

3. The robot dog, Aibo, can _________.A. use a lot of energyB. play gamesC. take pictures

4. Roomba is good when people are _______________.A. washing clothesB. preparing dinnerC. cleaning the home

5. Immobots are _____________.A. worth $ 138 billion todayB. positioned around the house and work as a team C. very good alarm clocks

6. Exoskeletons are suits made of steel and plastic that people put on to increase their physical power.

A. True B. FalseC. Not Mentioned

7. In the next ten years ___________ of people will wear a computerA. 14 %B. 25 %C. 40 %

8. Androids are ___________.A. Very strongB. A long way from becoming reality C. Made in South Korea

USEFUL READING STRATEGIES

PART A: READING STRATEGY: Scanning

Scanning is a very fast kind of reading. You scan when you want to find information quickly. You move your eyes very quickly over the page. You don2t read all the words. You read only the words that help you find the information.

Exercise 1

Scan the newspaper article for the answers to the questions. You have 2 minutes.

1. What is the name of the new car? Reventon2. How many of these cars has Lamborghini sold? 203. Where are most of the buyers from? The Unites States4. Where was the first car shown? At the Frankfurt International Motor Show5. When will Lamborghini start making the Reventon? January6. What’s the name of the company’s chief executive? Stephan Winkelmann

High Speed, Huge Cost: 1 million Euro Car sells out

What’s the price for the very best? If you ask Lamborghini, 1 million euros should do it – before taxes, of

course.The Italian carmaker hopes to show the world that it is indeed the best, with

its new super luxury sports car, the Reventon, shown for the first time at the Frankfurt International Motor Show this week. This car, which looks more like an arrow than any car you’ve seen, will be produced in only a very limited number.

With a price tag of $ 1.4 million, it is the most expensive car ever built. Lamborghini has already sold the 20 cars that it plans to build.

‘As soon as people heard about it, we sold out in four days,’ said Stephan Winkelmann, the company’s chief executive. Most of the buyers were men from the United States, some of whom already own a Lamborghini, according to Winkelmann.

Although it is based on another Lamborghini car, the company engineers copied the lines of a fighter jet, and they reworked the carbon fiber car body to make it look more dramatic. The engine is the same as the LP640 model : a 12-cylinder rocket that can move the car from zero to 100 kilometers per hour, or 60 miles per hour, in 3.4 seconds.

Lamborghini, which is run by Volkswagen’s Audi division, will start making the Reventon in January and deliver them in October.

Exercise 2

Scan the newspaper article for the answers to the questions. You have 2 minutes.

1. Do hurricanes have names? Yes2. What’s the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon? Hurricanes are found in the Atlantic

Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. They are called typhoons in the Pacific Ocean.

3. How do we measure hurricanes? We measure them by categories, from 1-5.4. What is the centre of a hurricane called? The eye5. In what seasons are there hurricanes? In the Atlantic, in summer and autumn. In the North-

west Pacific, all the year around.HURRICANES

What are hurricanes?Hurricanes are very big storms. They usually form in the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes also form in other parts of the world, but they have different names. In the Pacific Ocean, near Japan, China, and the Philippines, they are called ‘typhoons’.

How do they form?Hurricanes rotate anti-clockwise around an ‘eye’. This is the centre of the storm. They move across the warm oceans and grow bigger and stronger. They cause heavy rain, strong winds, and huge waves at sea. Most hurricanes stay at sea, but occasionally they come onto the land. Then they cause a lot of damage to buildings, trees, and cars.

Measuring hurricanesWe measure hurricanes by categories – from 1 to 5. A Category 1 hurricane is the weakest. It has winds of between 119 and 153 kms per hour. A Category 5 hurricane is the strongest. The winds are more than 249 kms per hour. This is a very dangerous hurricane. Fortunately, there are not many Category 5 hurricanes.

Naming hurricanesAll hurricanes have names. In this way, we can track the storms as they move across the ocean. Hurricanes always have men’s or women’s names. The first storm of the season begins with the letter A, for example Andrew. The second begins with with the letter B, for example Bertha, and so on.

Hurricane seasonsIn the Atlantic the hurricane season is the summer and autumn. It starts on 1 June and continues until 30 November. Occasionally, there are hurricanes at other times of the year. The peak is in September. This is when the sea is very warm. This region has about six hurricanes a year. However, in the north-west Pacific there are hurricanes (typhoons) all the year around.

PART B: READING STRATEGY: Skimming

Skimming is reading very quickly to get the general idea from a text. You skim to get the general sense of a passage, not specific details. When you skim, you have a general question about the whole text, such as ‘What is the writer’s opinion?’ or ‘What is the writer’s purpose or general idea?’

Exercise

Skim the article Work and Stress to get the general idea. Choose a heading for each paragraph. There is one extra heading.

Eating healthy food What people want Stressful jobs Jobs that are healthy

WORK AND STRESS

We all need to work in order to live. Some people are lucky with their work. This is because their jobs are healthy. What do we mean by ‘healthy’, and how can we find a ‘healthy job’?

1 (Jobs that are healthy)

Florists, personal trainers, professors, and nutritionists all have healthy jobs according to research. There are many reasons for this. A florist for example, sells flowers and plants to customers. This is a very relaxing work. A personal trainer, on the other hand, is usually very fit. He or she trains other people to lose weight and to keep fit. A nutritionist has a healthy job too. He or she knows all about healthy food and teaches people to eat well.2 (Stressful jobs)

However, research also shows that some jobs are ‘unhealthy’. They cause a lot of stress and worry. For example, a taxi driver drives all day. He often faces traffic jams and difficult passengers too. A fire fighter puts out dangerous fires and sometimes saves people from burning buildings. An MD (Managing Director) runs a large company. It is an interesting job, but it is also stressful. The MD has to keep everyone happy – the staff and the customers.

3 (What people want)

Most people are looking for the perfect job. They want a job that is interesting, with a good salary and not much stress. However, it is difficult to get everything. Healthy, relaxing jobs are usually not very well paid. On the other hand, people with stressful jobs often get good salaries. For example, the head of a big company gets a lot of money, but he or she does not always have good health, or the time to enjoy life.

Before looking for a job, people should think carefully. What is most important for them? Is it money, health, or a job that is interesting? Then they can start their search. They may be lucky – and get everything they want!

PART C: READING STRATEGY: Finding the topic and the main idea.

The main ideas in a text are the ideas or points that the author thinks are the most important. There is usually a main idea in each paragraph of a text. Often you will find it in the first sentence. Other sentences in the paragraph provide supporting details that give specific information about the main idea. To identify the main idea in a paragraph, ask yourself, ‘What point does the author want to make about the topic?’

Example:

In some industrialized countries, people are retiring from work at an early age. This is especially true in Europe, where many workers retire at age 55. In 1970, about half the men aged 55 continued work. Now, only about 10-30 % of that age group continue to work. The reason for this trend is economic. Some European governments wanted people to retire early so that their jobs could go to younger people. But early retirement has created new economic problems. Governments are having trouble paying the pensions and health costs for all the additional retired people.

Topic: Early retirement

Main idea:a. Early retirement starts at age 55.b. In some industrial countries, more people are retiring early.c. The trend to early retirement is creating economic problems in Europe.

The best choice is c. Choice a is too specific. Choice b does not include an important part of the main idea – the economic problems which are the result of early retirement.

Exercises

Read each paragraph and circle the best topic. Write too general or too specific after the topics. Then circle the best main idea.

1. Before the 1600s, alchemy was an important science. In some ways it was like modern chemistry. For example, chemists often mix substances together and heat them over fire. In the same way, alchemists also mixed different substances and heat them. But their reasons for doing this were very different. Modern chemists mix things so they can find out something about the substances. They want to have a better understanding of the world. Alchemists, however, believed they could make something new by mixing things. In particular, they believed they could make gold. They were never successful, of course.

Topic:a. Scientists __too general___b. making gold __too specific___c. alchemists and chemists __topic__

Main ideaa. Modern chemists mix substance together to find out more about them.b. Alchemists believed they could make something new-gold.c. Alchemists were like chemists in some ways, but very different in others.

2. The land in Scotland was once mostly forest, but now it is nearly treeless. Five thousand years ago, forests covered the area. Then around 3,900 years ago, people arrived and began farming. As the population grew, they needed more space for farms, so they cut down trees or burned large areas of forests. By the time the Romans arrived (in about 100) half the forests were already gone. The destruction continued after that. By the 19th century, there were few forests left in Scotland. Today, the Scottish government wants to protect the last forests. It also wants to increase the forest areas by planting new trees.

Topica. new forests in Scotland __too specific__b. forests in Scotland __topic__ c. the history of forests __too general__

Main ideaa. Five thousand years ago, forests covered Scotland.b. Scotland was once mostly forest, but now it’s nearly treeless. c. Scotland has changed a lot over the years.

3. Sports stars in the United States make a lot of money. This is especially true for the most popular team sports, such as basketball, football, and baseball. The best players in these sports get millions of dollars from their teams. They can make even more money from companies that make sports clothes or shoes. These companies will pay a star a lot of money to wear the clothes or shoes that they make.

Topic: __sports stars and money__

Main Idea: __Sports stars in the US. Make a lot of money__

Read each paragraph and circle the best topic. Write too general or too specific after the topics.

1. Large forests are important to us in many ways. They give us wood for paper, building and heating. For many city people, forests are a place to go on vacation. Forests are also home for many kinds of plants and animals. But there is one more reason why forests are important: They help clean the

air. Air pollution is a problem in many parts of the world. It has many bad effects – on people and on the Earth. Scientists believe that air pollution is causing global warming. Without large forests, these problems would be even worse.

Topica. wildlife in forests __too specific___b. large forests __too general__c. the importance of forests __topic__

2. A doctor’s job is not easy. Doctors have to work long hours, all day and often at night, too. During the day, they spend a lot of time with patients in their office. They may also visit other patients in the hospital. Some doctors do operations that take many hours. Other doctors work on studies of new medicines and new treatments. Doctors also have read a lot, and they have to write reports about their patients.

Topica. doctors in hospitals __too specific___b. a doctor’s job __topic__c. difficult jobs __too general__

Read each paragraph and write the topic of each paragraph.

1. The shape of the earth is always changing. These changes have many different causes. Some come from forces below the ground. These forces can cause a volcano, an earthquake, or a tsunami. And afterwards, the land often looks very different. Changes also happened because of the weather. Many years of rain, for example, can wash away dirt and change the shape of rocks. In the desert, the wind blows the sand and changes the shapes of the hills. Finally, water can also change the shape of the land. For example, a river can make a deep cut into a mountain. At the seaside, waves can move the shore inland.

Topic: _Changes in the shape of the earth / Causes of changes in the earth’s shape_

2. Around the world, many people commute (travel) to work by train. Commuting by train can be more relaxing than driving to work. On a train, you don’t have to think about the road. You can read, work, sleep, or talk with other passengers. However, sometimes there can be problems with trains. They may be crowded or late. At times, the passengers can also be unpleasant. For example, some people talk loudly on their cell phones, so it’s impossible to read or sleep.

Topic: __Commuting by train___

Read the paragraphs and write the main idea of each paragraph.

1. Mt. Vesuvius in Italy and Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines are both famous volcanoes, and they are similar in many ways. The Roman city of Pompeii was very close to Mt. Vesuvius. When it erupted in 79, it killed thousands of people, and the city was destroyed. Many people also lived on the sides of Mt. Pinatubo. When it erupted in 1991, about 800 people were killed and 100,000 lost their homes. Both volcanoes also put a lot of ashes into the air. According to scientists, about 10 feet (3 meters) of ashes fell on Pompeii. After Mt. Pinatubo erupted, about 1 foot (833 cm.) of ash fell on the area around the mountain.

Main Idea: Two famous volcanoes, Mt. Vesuvius and Mt. Pinatubo, are similar in many ways.

2. Galileo Galilei is often called the father of modern science. He was born in Pisa, Italy, in 1564. His father wanted him to become a doctor, so at first, he studied medicine in Florence. Then he followed his true interests, studying mathematics and astronomy. In 1592, he became professor of mathematics at the University of Padua. Then in 1610, he returned to Florence and remained there until he died at the age of 78 in 1642. Galileo made many important scientific discoveries. Even more important was his method – the way he worked. He didn’t just guess how things happened. He did experiments and then looked at the results of the experiments.

Main Idea: __Galileo, the father of modern science, had a long life__.PART D: READING STRATEGY - Guessing Meaning from the Context

It’s important to guess the meaning of new words from the context – and not use a dictionary- whenever possible. In order to do so, you should use the contextual clues- clues that are in the context (sentence, paragraph or passage the unknown word is in). It is important that you determine the unknown word’s part of speech (verb, adjective, noun etc.) first.

Exercises

PART A: Read the sentences. Write the part of speech and the general meaning of each underlined word. Use the context clues to help you.

1. George likes to boast about his tennis. He says he can beat any of us! Next week I’m going to play him. I’ll find out if he’s really so good.Part of speech: __verb__General meaning: __to talk too much about what you can do or have done__

2. There was a large pot on the stove. Ivan lifted the lid to see what was cooking. It was a whole chicken and it smelled wonderful.Part of speech: ______________________General meaning: ______________________________

3. When the war started in Vietnam, many people left the country. Hundreds of thousands of them were refugees in Thailand. They had to live in big camps, and life was very hard for them.Part of speech: __noun__General meaning: __people who have been forced to leave their country__

4. Jimmy’s medicine has a nasty taste. He took it the first time, but he didn’t want to take it again. His mother had to put some sugar in it.Part of speech: ___adjective___General meaning: __very bad____

5. During the soccer game, Ruben ran into another player, and they both fell. The other player got up quickly, but Ruben stayed on the ground. He was groaning and holding his knee.Part of speech: ___verb___General meaning: __to make a long, deep sound because you are in pain or not happy_

6. Sandra didn’t understand everything the man said. He was speaking too quickly. But she got the gist. She understood that she’d better leave because it was dangerous there.Part of speech: ___noun___General meaning: __the main idea or meaning____

7. Some politicians were against the new banking laws. They feared that the laws would hinder economic growth.Part of speech: ___verb___General meaning: ___prevent, stop, slow down___

8. A long line of people waited in the chilly midnight air. Some had brought blankets; others danced around to stay warm.Part of speech: ___adjective___

General meaning: __cold____

9. When the war ended, the museum was still standing, but there was scarcely anything in it.Part of speech: ___adverb___General meaning: ___almost none at all___

10. When he won the race at the Olympics, he was at the peak of his career.

Part of speech: ___noun___General meaning: __top, highest point____

PART B: Read the sentences and choose the best explanation for the underlined words.

1. His obnoxious behavior in public caused him to lose most of his friends.a. unclear b. pleasant c. disagreeable d. ordinary

2. Aberrant behavior is often the first noticeable symptom of a mental illness.a. unique b. differing from the normal c. attractive d. humorous

3. When the clock began to strike midnight, everyone knew it was time to terminate the discussion.a. finish b. frighten c. begin d. remove

4. One of the hardest things about learning computers is getting familiar with the jargon words like ‘byte’, ‘download’ and ‘mouse’ come up all the time.

a. titles and duties of certain people c. specialized vocabularyb. code or system for communicating d. humor unique to a particular group

5. At the end of the meeting, the recorder provided a recapitulation of the discussion.a. opinion b. summary c. contradiction d. reminder

6. Emily Dickinson displayed a number of eccentricities. For years she wore only white dresses and rarely left her house.

a. strange characteristics c. lively personality traitsb. childlike actions d. costumes

PART C: Read the texts below and answer the questions.

1. Few typhoons are considered to be fortunate events. Most cause great damage and destruction as they build in strength over the ocean before moving across land. What exactly is a typhoon? Typhoons and their kindred storms, called hurricanes when they occur in the Atlantic Ocean, are the most powerful storms on earth. It is common for hurricanes to sustain winds over 100 miles per hour for days. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew had winds that reached 200 miles per hour.

1. Which word could best replace ‘kindred’?a. related b. strong c. childlike d. identical

2. The word ‘sustain’ means…a. stop b. destroy c. relieve d. support

2. If you are like many people your age, the major sartorial decision you make each morning is which pair of jeans to wear. Well over 600 million pairs were sold in 1992 alone, making jeans the best-selling pants in the world. Denim is one of the last legitimate connections to our past. Throughout their hallowed history, jeans have never gone out of style.1. ‘sartorial’ could best be explained as …..

a. relating to orderliness c. intellectual

b. quick d. relating to clothing

2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ‘legitimate’?a. confused b. genuine c. illegal d. happy

3. Which word or words could best replace ‘hallowed’?a. highly respected c. meaninglessb. useless d. remote

3. All was quiet. Abraham Lincoln was about to emerge from the crowd, mount the podium, and raise his right hand to take his second oath of office. The weather was dark and gloomy. Lincoln’s tall, gaunt appearance seemed in perfect keeping with the gray of the sunless sky. When the crowd saw their president, the solemnity of the event caused them to applause. It rose to a powerful roar, then just as quickly subsided. At that exact moment the sun broke through the gray cloud that had shrouded the scene since early morning and sunlight shone on the speaker’s platform. Many people who witnessed the scene and recorded it in their diary saw this as an omen of good things to come in Lincoln’s second term.

Find words in the text with the following meanings:a. become less and stop: subside__ d. thin, pale: __gaunt__b. seriousness: solemnity__ e. sign (n.): __omen__c. come forth: __emerge__ f. cover or hide: _shroud__

4. Anyone who has experienced an earthquake will never forget it. The first reaction to the sudden, violent shaking is usually confusion. Then as plates tumble from shelves and crash to the floor and lights overhead began to sway, one begins to comprehend what is happening. Even though scientists have learned a great deal about the cause of earthquakes, they remain one of the most unpredictable of all natural disasters. After working on the pattern of earthquakes over long periods of time, scientists know that earthquakes are not simply random events. Instead, they follow a pattern and generally happen along fault lines. They also know that certain areas of the earth are more likely to produce earthquakes than others.

Find words in the text with the following meanings:a. The regular way in which something happens: __pattern__b. move from one side to another, swing: _sway__c. understand: __comprehend__ e. happening without any plan: _random__d. a lot: __a great deal__ f. fall down: _tumble__

PART E: READING STRATEGY: Understanding Pronoun References

Instead of using the same noun over and over in a passage, writers use pronouns to avoid repetition. Good readers keep the referent-the original noun- in mind and when they encounter the pronoun that refers to it. This helps them read faster and with better understanding. Readers should ask questions to themselves in order to identify the pronoun.

Example:

1. Because people can’t control matters such as wind, weather, and the fish supply, they turn to magic.

Ask a question to identify the pronoun: Who turns to magic? people

Answer: The pronoun ‘they ‘ refers to people.

2. Coupled with the recognition of kinship, exogamy has adaptive advantages. It creates ties between spouses’ groups of origin.

Ask a question to identify the pronoun: What / who creates ties between the spouses’ groups of origin? Exogamy

Answer: The pronoun ‘it ‘ refers to exogamyExercises:

1. In 1907, Italy’s first woman doctor, Maria Montessori, disagreed with the way traditional schools taught children. She believed that school should focus on children’s emotional and physical needs as well as on their academic needs.She: _ Maria MontessoriTheir: children’s

2. Students in many countries work very hard to get into the best universities. This is not easy because the universities only admit a small number of students.This: _getting into the best universities

3. Parents choose homeschooling for many reasons. They may want to emphasize religious instruction, or they may disagree with standardized testing.They: __________parents____________________They: ________________parents_________________

4. The fastest growing type of alternative education is distance learning. This is not surprising because it is so convenient.This: __ distance learning being the fastest type of alternative education________It: __distance learning

5. The students agreed to collaborate on their final project. They thought this was the best way to finish it quickly.They: _studentsThis: _collaborating (on their final project)It: _final project

6. When the developers of Google first launched the Web site, no one expected it would expand so quickly.It: _Google Web site__

7. Primary education is compulsory in most countries, and it is usually free. This means that most children have the opportunity to gain at least basic literacy skills.It: _primary educationThis: __primary education being compulsory and free

What do the following pronouns refer to?

1. Art attempts to take something spiritual and make it visible. __SOMETHING SPIRITUAL__

2. The creature’s catlike eyes identify him as the infant man-jaguar. ___THE CREATURE__

3. Masks do not appear casually in the community. Rather, people call on them during difficult times.___MASKS___

4. An image from Tibet shows the Buddha sitting in meditation. He is the largest figure and faces front. ____THE BUDDHA__

5. The bodhisattvas have postponed their goal of Nirvana because they want to he6. lp other people to reach that goal. _____THE BODHISATTVAS___

PART F: READING STRATEGY :Making Inferences (Answering Implied Detail Questions Correctly)

Writers do not always directly state certain information. Readers need to make an inference. An inference is a good guess, usually based on some information in the text and what the reader knows about the topic. Making inferences can help you to better understand a text.

In everyday life, you often make inferences.

Examples:

A friend from Chicago is supposed to arrive by plane this afternoon. You hear that there are terrible snow storms in Chicago. You make inference from this:Planes will probably not be able to fly out of Chicago, and your friend won’t come today.

You read an article in the newspaper about tourism in Turkey. It says that the number of foreign visitors has increased greatly. You make an inference from this:Turkey might be a good place to look for a job in the tourist industry.

Exercises:

Read the conversations. Make inferences to answer the questions. More than one answer may be possible.

A: Do you think it’ll be late? B: Stop worrying, dear. I’ll be just fine. A: But look at all that rain and wind. B: They didn’t say anything when you checked in. A: I know, but the weather’s getting worse. Let’s go ask again. B: We don’t need to. See, it says up there that your flight’s on time. A: I’m sorry, honey. You know I don’t like flying! And I’m nervous about my meeting. B: Why don’t you take the train next time?

Answers may vary.

1. Where are these people? _________________________________________________2. Who are they? __________________________________________________________3. What are they doing? ____________________________________________________4. Do you think A is the husband or the wife? ____________________________________5. What can you infer about A? _______________________________________________6. What do you think will happen next? _________________________________________

A: I heard someone say she’s from Italy. B: Italy! She doesn’t look like she’s from Italy. A: Why do you say that? B: She’s blond. I think of Italians as dark haired. She look more… A: All I know is she’s very good looking. B: She sure is. A: Look, she’s just standing there now. Let’s go talk to here.

B: Are you kidding? Why would she want to talk to us? A: Why not? She might want to meet some sophomore students. She’s a freshman, you know. B: Maybe, but she was just talking to Jack Summers. A: The captain of the football team? B: Yeah, him. A: Well, he’s not there now. Come on, this is our last chance. B: Too late. He’s back again.

Answers may vary.

1. Where are these people? _________________________________________________2. Who are they? __________________________________________________________3. What are they talking about? _______________________________________________4. What can you infer about A? _______________________________________________5. What can you infer about B? _______________________________________________6. What do you think will happen next? _________________________________________

Read the following texts and answer the questions.

Dinosaurs are everywhere. You see them in movies, books, museums, and TV documentaries. They show up as stuffed toys or on T-shirts. These prehistoric beasts may be extinct—no longer living—but they're definitely not forgotten!It's been a long time since dinosaurs roamed and ruled Earth. Scientists say the last ones died about 65 million years ago. We know the dinosaurs are gone, but no one knows exactly why. After all, no one was here to witness what happened! Most scientists believe dinosaurs died out after a gigantic meteorite hit Earth's surface and drastically changed the planet's climate. Birds and mammals that were protected by feathers and fur, were better able to adapt to the weather changes than cold-blooded dinosaurs.Other scientists say dinosaurs aren't extinct, they just look different! These experts believe the prehistoric beasts changed and developed into birds! Still other scientists say that Earth's warmer weather caused more male than female dinosaurs to develop. So, they say, dinosaurs died out because there were no more females to increase the population!How do scientists know what dinosaurs looked like? There were no cameras millions of years ago, so dinosaurs are the only ones who know . . . and they're not talking! Scientists get clues from dinosaur fossils, and infer the rest.Bones, footprints, and other remains are evidence of how big dinosaurs were and how they moved. To figure out how they looked with their skin on, scientists look at animals that live today. Because dinosaurs were lizard-like, scientists can infer that dinosaurs looked a lot like modern-day lizards. And since modern lizards are brown, gray, or green, then dinosaurs probably were, too! That's why dinosaur pictures and museum models have the same colors as today's lizard populations.Scientists are always discovering new things about dinosaurs. In recent years, fossils were found in Antarctica, proving that dinosaurs lived on every continent. Experts also figured out that Stegosaurus had only one spread-out row of plates down its back, not two individual rows. And fossils of the smallest and the largest dinosaurs have been found. What will scientists discover next?

1. From the first paragraph, you can infer that…a. you can see dinosaurs only in museums.b. all dinosaurs were very tall.c. the author doesn't like dinosaurs.d. people of all ages are interested in dinosaurs.

2. Scientists found a rare blue lizard in Colombia, so you can infer that…a. the scientists were looking for missing people.

b. some dinosaurs might have been blue.c. no dinosaurs had ever lived in Colombia.d. the lizards built nests near the top of a volcano.

3. Since scientists are always discovering new things about dinosaurs, you can infer that…a. they still might not have found the smallest or biggest dinosaurs.b. science is no longer interested in looking for fossils.c. prehistoric people left written records with descriptions of dinosaurs.d. when scientists make inferences, they are always right.

4. What can you infer from the fact that Stegosaurus has just one row of plates?a. Stegosaurus wasn't as old as scientists thought.b. Old pictures and museum models of Stegosaurus had to be changed.c. Someone stole the other row of plates from a museum.d. Stegosaurus means "roof lizard."

5. What can you infer about lizard eggs?a. Cooler temperatures should produce more female lizards.b. Hot weather should produce female lizards.c. Cold temperatures will produce more male lizards.d. Hot weather will produce more orange lizards.

6. What can you infer about scientists?a. They never watch TV.b. All scientists study about dinosaurs.c. They don't always agree.d. They never make mistakes.

All toadstools are mushrooms, but not all mushrooms are toadstools! That's because toadstools are mushrooms that are either poisonous or have a bad taste. There are more than 2,000 mushroom species, and there's no simple test to tell the poisonous ones from those safe to eat! You just have to learn to recognize which is which.

Most toadstools aren't deadly if eaten, but they're likely to make you very sick. For example, the Jack-o'-Lantern toadstool, whose bright orange cap glows in the dark, might give you an upset stomach or diarrhea. But some toadstools have deadly poison, and no amount of cooking can get rid of it. They damage the liver and kidneys, and unless the eater gets immediate treatment, he or she will die. That's why experts warn, never eat a mushroom you find growing anywhere unless you know it's the safe kind.

Some of the loveliest toadstools are deadly. For example, the fly agaric has a bright yellow, orange, or red cap with white bumps on top. Some people cut up this deadly beauty, sprinkle it with sugar, and tempt pesky flies to drop in for a meal. If they do, they get the specialty of the house: instant death!

1. Which can you infer about mushrooms?a. They are all poisonous.b. They grow on soil.c. They are all yellow.d. They are all toadstools.

2. After reading the article, what can you infer about blue mushrooms?a. They are extremely poisonous.b. They are always safe to eat.c. They will upset your stomach.d. I don't have enough information to infer anything.

3. Which can you infer about mushrooms?a. They are very expensive.b. They are all flat.c. People cook them.d. They only grow under the ocean.

PRACTICE:

TEXT 1: Read each paragraph. Ask yourself, “What is the topic? What is the

writer’s idea about the topic?” Choose the best main-idea statement by circling the letter in front of it.

Mushrooms1. When people think of mushrooms, they

usually think of one kind. This is the kind you see in pictures and read about

in stories. It has a white bottom and a red top. However, mushrooms can be found

in many different sizes, shapes, and colors. Some mushrooms are very small. They are so small you cannot even see them with just your eye. Other mushrooms are very, very large. For example, one mushroom that grows underground can be the size of a football field. There are mushrooms that look like big balls and mushrooms that look like sticks. Some are white, others are

yellow, orange, brown, black, or even purple. a. There are mushrooms in many countries around the world. b. The mushrooms in stories are white and red. c. There are many different sizes, shapes, and colors of mushrooms. 2. Mushrooms look like plants, but they are not plants. Plants make their own food from water and sunlight. Mushrooms cannot make their own food. They need to get their food from somewhere else. Mushrooms usually find their food in plants, especially dead plants. In fact, you usually find mushrooms on dead leaves or wood. In one way, however, mushrooms are like plants. They have a kind of seed. This seed, called a spore, falls from the mushroom. It may be blown far away by the wind, or it may fail straight down. When it lands on the ground, another mushroom grows there. a. Mushrooms are both different from and similar to plants. b. Mushrooms grow on dead leaves or wood. c. Mushrooms are like plants because they have seeds called spores.

3. Many people go looking for mushrooms in the forest. Some of these people want to find

mushrooms to eat. All around the world, people love to cook and eat wild mushrooms. You have to be very careful about wild mushrooms, however. Many kinds of mushrooms are not good to eat. They may even make you sick. People also look for mushrooms for other reasons. Scientists want to find mushrooms so they can study them and understand them better. Some people are just interested in seeing mushrooms where they grow. Some even like to photograph them. a. You can find many different kinds of mushrooms. b. Some people like to cook and eat wild mushrooms. c. People look for mushrooms for several reasons. TEXT 2:

1 Italians know and love good food. It's at the heart of their culture. They don't like to rush through meals, either. So, many of them think that fast food is a terrible idea.

2 In 1986, something happened in Italy. An American fast food restaurant—a McDonald's—opened in Rome. Many Italians were surprised and angry. They thought, "This is an attack on Italian culture!" One man, Carlo Petrini, decided to fight back. "Fast food is the enemy," he said. In 1989, Petrini started a group called Slow Food. Today, about 70,000 people belong to the group. They live in forty-five countries around the world. More people join every day.

3 The members of Slow Food have many ideas in common. There are a lot of problems with food today, they say. Fast food is one of them.

For one thing, it's not healthy food. Also, it's the same everywhere. "That's boring," they say. They want to keep traditional cooking with all its variety.

4 Slow Food members worry about a second problem, too. Some types of plants and animals are getting to be very rare. They include, for instance, a kind of tree in Morocco, a special type of Austrian cow, and wild rice in the United States. The world is in danger of losing them completely. Slow Food doesn't want to let them disappear, so they're working with farmers to keep them alive.

5 There's a third problem. Big companies produce much of our food today. They sell their products in many places, so

they want products that can travel well. Big growers want the kinds of fruit and vegetables that look good after a long trip. But how do their apples, lettuce, and tomatoes taste? That's less important to them. So now we have more trouble finding good-tasting food.

6 Today, it's common to eat foods from far away. Food travels an average distance of 1,300 miles to reach dinner tables in the United States. In the past, people got their food from farms and factories in their local area. Slow Food members say, "People should buy more local food. It's fresh, and it's part of our culture." One American, Gary Nabhan, decided to try this. For one year, all his food came from plants

and animals near his home in Arizona. One local animal is the rattlesnake. Nabhan ate that, too! In his book Coming Home to Eat, he says it tastes just like chicken.

7 Fast food is reaching more and more parts of the world. But Slow Food is getting its message to more and more people, too.

TASK 1: Read these sentences. Write TRUE, FALSE, or NM (NOT MENTIONED).

1. __TRUE__The group Slow Food started after a McDonald's opened in Rome.2. __NM____The Italian government helped the Slow Food members.3. __FALSE_Slow Food members want everyone to eat Italian food.4. __FALSE_Slow Food says there are too many types of food in the world.5. __TRUE__Foods from big food companies usually travel long distances.

TASK 2: Who or what do the following words refer to?

1. This (paragraph 2): OPENING OF A MCDONALD’S IN ROME.2. Them (paragraph 3): PROBLEMS WITH FOOD.3. They (paragraph 5): BIG COMPANIES.4. This (paragraph 6): BUYING LOCAL FOOD.

TASK 3: Read the text again and answer the questions.

1. How do Italians feel about good food?THEY LOVE IT.

2. Why were many Italians angry when a McDonald's opened in Rome?THEY THOUGHT IT WAS AN ATTACK ON ITALIAN CULTURE.

3. Why do the members of Slow Food think that fast food is a problem?IT’S NOT HEALTHY / IT’S THE SAME EVERYWHERE / IT’S BORING.

4. What do the members of Slow Food do to keep some plants and animals alive?THEY WORK WITH THE FARMERS.

5. Why do big companies want products that travel well?THEY WANT TO SELL THEM IN MANY PLACES.

6. What do Slow Food members think about local food? IT’S A GOOD IDEA TO BUY LOCAL FOOD, BECAUSE IT’S FRESH AND A PART OF THEIR CULTURE.

TASK 4: Write questions to the following answers.

1. WHEN DID THE FIRST MCDONALD’S OPEN IN ROME ? In 1986.

2. WHEN DID PETRINI START A GROUP CALLED SLOW FOOD ? In 1989.

3. WHERE DID PEOPLE GET THEIR FOOD IN THE PAST ? From farms and factories in their local area.

4. IS FAST FOOD REACHING MORE AND MORE PARTS OF THE WORLD ? Yes, it’s reaching more and more parts of the world.

TEXT 3:

The Secret to a Long Life

1 What is the secret to a long life? The oldest known person on record is a French woman, Jeanne Calment. She seemed to disprove the idea that healthy living was the answer. Although Calment smoked for 100 years, she lived to the age of 122. She believed her long life was thanks to her diet.

2 The average life expectancy for all people in the world today is 63 years. This figure changes widely from country to country. Japan has the world's highest life expectancy; 85 for women and 78 for men. More than 20,000 of its population have celebrated their 100th birthday. Researchers believe part of the reason for this lies in the healthy Japanese diet and their good health care system.

3 People who live in developed countries generally live longer than those who live in poorer parts of the world. Factors like war, disease, quality of diet, and access to health care all affect life expectancy. When a country's health care and education improve, life expectancy goes up.

4 Another important factor is gender. Women, on average, live longer than men. Over 80 percent of people who live beyond the age of 100 are women. The reasons for this are not fully understood. Some scientists believe that women are born with genes that help them live longer than men. Others argue that men often lead more risky lifestyles that put them at greater chance of dying than women. They have more dangerous jobs. Also, men generally drive more, and also smoke more than women. Men are even killed more often than women.

5 Another area that researchers have looked at is marital status. They have not found a clear difference in life expectancy between married women and single women. However, one British study found that married men appeared to live longer, on average, than single men. This may be because married men tend to have a healthier lifestyle than single men. They eat more healthily, and, on average, take fewer risks.

6 Jeanne Calment did not seem to worry about taking risks. At the age of 85, she learned fencing. At the age of 100, she was still riding a bicycle. She gave up smoking when she was 121, but not for health reasons. She couldn't see clearly enough to light the cigarettes herself, and she was too proud to ask other people to do it for her. Perhaps the secret to her age was that she never got bored with life.

TASK 1: Who do the underlined words refer to?

1. Those (paragraph 3): PEOPLE2. They (paragraph 4): MEN3. They (paragraph 5, second line): RESEARCHERS4. They (paragraph 5, ): MARRIED MEN

TASK 2: Answer the following questions.

1. How long do men live on average in Japan?78 YEARS

2. Two possible reasons for long life in Japan are… a. THE HEALTHY JAPANESE DIET b. GOOD HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

3. Two of the factors which affect life expectancy are…a. WAR, DISEASE b. QUALITY OF DIET, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE

4. Write two of the possible reasons why women live longer than men.

a. MEN LIVE RISKY LIVES;HAVE DANGEROUS JOBS b. WOMEN ARE BORN WITH GENES THAT MAKE THEM LIVE LONGER

5. A research showed that married men live longer. What can be the reason?THEY HAVE HEALTHIER LIFESTYLES;TAKE FEWER RISKS AND EAT HEALTHIER

6. What was strange about Jeanne Calment? Write two of them. a. SHE LEARNED FENCING AT THE AGE OF 85 b. SHE WAS STILL RIDING A BICYCLE AT THE AGE OF 100. c. SHE GAVE UP SMOKING AT THE AGE OF 121

7. Calment gave up smoking when she was 121 years old. What was the reason?SHE COULDN’T SEE CLEARLY

8. What might be the reason of Calment’s long life?SHE NEVER GOT BORED / SHE HAD AN INTERESTING LIFE

TASK 3: Match the words in bold (one is extra!) with the definitions.

1. DISEASE illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health.2. GIVE UP to stop doing a regular activity or job.3. MARITAL connected with marriage.4. GENDER the physical and/or social condition of being male or female.

TEXT 4:SLEEP

Many people think that nothing happens when they sleep. Doctors have studied sleep for many years. They think that a lot happens when people sleep.

Doctors say that people have five stages of sleep. People usually go through each stage about every 90 minutes. During the first two stages, you sleep lightly. If someone calls you or puts his or her hand

on you, you wake up quickly. Your body rests quietly. You breathe more slowly than when you are awake. Your heart beats slowly. During stages three and four, you sleep deeply. If someone puts his or her hand on you, you don't wake up. Your heart beats more slowly than in stages one and two. You don't hear sounds. Lights don't wake you up. The last stage of sleep is called REM (Rapid Eye Movement). During REM sleep, your eyes move under your eyelids. You breathe faster, and your heart beats faster than in stages one through four. All of these things happen because you are dreaming. Doctors say that everyone dreams. Some dreams are short; some are long. Some people are good at remembering their dreams; others forget theirs.

Some people need more sleep than other people. Some people get enough rest with only four or five hours of sleep a night and some may require twelve hours of sleep. That is, they may need a twelve hour-sleep. Americans worry a lot about sleep and use some medicines.They spend at least 25 million dollars a year on sleeping pills. Doctors say this is a bad idea. After you use sleeping pills for about fourteen days, they don't help you any more. Some sleeping pills won't let you go into sleep stage four; others won't let you go into REM sleep, so you don't get a good night's sleep with sleeping pills. They may be dangerous.

Why do we need sleep? Is it bad for you if you don't sleep for some time? Doctors say you won't be sick, but you will be sleepy and

sometimes tired the next day. What can you do to help yourself sleep? Drink a glass of warm milk. Don't drink coffee or alcohol. Don't eat a lot of food before bedtime. Don't exercise before bedtime. Don't lie in bed and worry about your problems.

TASK 1: What do the following refer to in the text?

1. others (paragraph 2) refers to other PEOPLE.2. this (paragraph 3) refers to USING SLEEPING PILLS/SPENDING MONEY ON PILLS.3. They (paragraph 3) refers to SLEEPING PILLS.

TASK 2: Match the following definitions with the highlighted words in the text.

1. REQUIRE (v.) to need or make necessary.2. BREATHE (v.) to move air into and out of the lungs3. STAGES (n.) parts of an activity or periods of development.4. PILLS (n.) small solid pieces of medicine which a person swallows without chewing.5. BEAT (v.) to (cause to) make a regular movement or sound.

TASK 3: Mark the following statements as TRUE, FALSE, or NOT MENTIONED.

1. TRUE In general, stages of sleep change in about every 90 minutes.

2. FALSE During the fourth stage of sleep, you will probably wake up if you hear music.

3. TRUE In stages three and four, your heart rate is the slowest.

4. NO INFO Walking while sleeping has become another serious problem in recent years.

5. FALSE Because some people don't dream at all, they don't go through the REM stage.

6. TRUE For some people four hours of sleep a night is enough.

7. NO INFO Sleeping long hours may sometimes cause health problems.

8. FALSE You will get seriously ill if you don't sleep for a few days.

TASK 4: Answer the following questions according to the text.

1. Why do a person's eyes move during the REM stage of sleep? BECAUSE THAT PERSON IS DREAMING.

2. Why don't sleeping pills help people to sleep well? SOME PILLS DON’T LET YOU GO TO STAGE FOUR; SOME OTHER PILLS DON’T LET YOU GO INTO REM SLEEP.

3. How can we know that someone is in the REM stage of sleep? (TWO ARE OK!) a. THAT PERSON BREATHES FASTER. b. HEART BEATS FASTER. c. EYES MOVE UNDER THE EYELIDS.

TASK 5: Mark the best choice.

A possible title for this passage can be _____________

a) What Happens When You Can't Sleep? b) Dangers of Sleeping Pills c) All You Want to Know About Sleep d) Reasons Why People Need Sleep

TEXT 5:

1 One of Hitler’s dreams was to increase the number of car owners in Germany, so he employed Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, the well-known constructor, to design an affordable and reliable car for the people. Hitler and Porsche often had arguments, but Porsche was afraid of him, so he stayed in the project and continued his work in the Wolfsburg car factory in Germany. In 1938, the factory produced the first cheap car “for the people”. It included all the characteristics that Hitler ordered. The engine was at the back of the car and it had quite a specific shape: it was very round and it looked like an insect. That

was the reason why it was called “Beetle”.

2 During World War II, the Germans used the Wolfsburg car factory to make all terrain cars – Kubelwagens – and airplanes for the army. However, as soon as the war ended, the Beetle production started again and the Beetle immediately became even more popular than Ford’s ‘T’ model, which was the most modern and popular car in the world at that time. The great success started with the import of Beetles to Holland in 1947. By 1972, the total number of Beetle cars produced increased to over 15,000,000.

3 Then, sales started to go down because the Beetle was still a 1940s design although there were some small changes in the engine. In the end, the Beetle lost the war against technology. In 1974, the new Golf model replaced the Beetle in Wolfsburg car factory. The car designers decided to make a car completely different from their original Beetle model. In 1975, Volkswagen introduced this new Golf in the United States where it was called the ‘Rabbit’.

4 Over the years, the Germans produced many models of Volkswagens, using the Beetle and Golf as a starting point and including many other concepts and standards. The mass media advertised all the family of Volkswagen cars: Passat, Jetta, Polo and Derby. There were vans and various types of trucks. They were produced in Emden, Osnabruck, Wolfsburg and other German cities. Today many people say that Volkswagen is one of the most comfortable and powerful cars in Europe.

5 The production of the Beetle in Germany ended in 1978. However, in the early 1980s, there were still millions of Beetles on the

road. People formed Beetle Clubs all around the world thinking that the Beetle would never disappear. Around 1990, there were fewer Beetles on the road. Today, it is almost impossible to see the Beetle in the streets, but the owners of the few remaining Beetle models still try to keep their small cars in the best possible condition. They enjoy driving the Beetle because it has a history behind. This makes it very special to them. TASK 1: Mark the following TRUE, FALSE or NOT MENTIONED.

1. FALSE Porsche’s car was called “Beetle” because its engine was located at the back.

2. TRUE The Beetle production stopped during World War II.

3. FALSE The Rabbit was quite similar to the Beetle.

4. NOT MENTIONED Passat and Jetta have become the most popular models of Volkswagen.

5. FALSE The mass media advertised the Beetle more than the other Volkswagen cars.

6. TRUE Today, there aren’t many Beetles in the streets.

TASK 2: What/who do the following words refer to?

1. he (paragraph 1): (DR. FERDINAND) PORSCHE 2. it (paragraph 5): (THE) BEETLE

TASK 3: Match the definitions given below with the words in bold in the text.

1. IMMEDIATELY (adv) now or without waiting or thinking.2. OWNER (n) someone who has something.3. RELIABLE (adj) that can be trusted.4. ADVERTISE (v) to make something known generally or in public, especially in order to sell

it.5. REPLACE (v) to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place

of something or someone else.6. INSECT (n) a type of very small, air-breathing animal with six legs.

TASK 4: Answer the following questions shortly.

1. Hitler and Porsche often had arguments but Porsche didn’t leave the project. Why?

(BECAUSE) PORSCHE (HE) WAS AFRAID OF HITLER.

2. Why did they call the car ‘Beetle’?

(IT WAS VERY ROUND AND) IT LOOKED LIKE AN INSECT.

3. Why did the Beetle lose the war against technology?

(BECAUSE) THE BEETLE WAS STILL A 1940S DESIGN. / IT WAS NOT MODERN.

4. When did they stop producing the Beetle in Germany?

(IN) 1978.

5. What is so special about the Beetle?

(BECAUSE)THE BEETLE (IT) HAS A HISTORY BEHIND.

TEXT 6:THE YANOMAMI OF THE AMAZON

1 The Yanomami people live in the Amazon forest between Venezuela and Brazil. They live in the tropical forest far away from other people. There are about 20,000 of them in 200 villages. Before scientists visited them, they didn't know anything about other people in South America, about the government, or about modern life. They did not know they lived in Brazil or Venezuela. They lived in their own world.

2 All of the Yanomami's materials and food came from the forest. There was really no need for clothes so they only wore a few leaves for clothes. The Yanomami people of the Amazon have survived for thousands of years by hunting and fishing in the Amazon River. There wasn't enough area in the forest for farming so they didn't grow any crops at all. They ate bananas and palm fruit and the animals they hunted. As they ate healthy food, they never got ill. They used stone axes and bamboo knives to hunt

and fish with.

3 In the late 1940s, scientists started to visit the Yanomami often. They wanted to study them for an unusual reason. The Yanomami are some of the most violent people on earth. They get angry quickly and stay angry for years. They always fight and kill each other so there is always a war between villages. Scientists want to know why the Yanomami make war when other groups of people live together and do not make war.

4 Now the lives of the Yanomami are changing very fast. Visitors from the modern world are teaching them to eat different kinds of food with salt and fat. This food makes the Yanomami sick. It is bad for them. Now they make war on other villages with metal knives and guns. They have clothes now. Every time they get something new, they want more modern things. However, the modern things are killing the Yanomami. In the 1970s, gold was discovered in the area and many modern companies went there for gold. There were about 80,000 miners from big cities in the area by 1987. They worked under the ground to find gold. The miners brought many diseases like hepatitis and tuberculosis. These diseases killed many of the Yanomami people. They also cut down trees in the forest for wood. In 1991, Brazil and Venezuela made the Yanomami land into a park so no one

can mine for gold or cut trees on this land any more. The Brazilian and Venezuelan governments want to save the Yanomami.

TASK 1: What do the following words refer to? 1. Paragraph 1, "they" refers to THE YANOMAMI (PEOPLE) 2. Paragraph 3, "They" refers to SCIENTISTS

TASK 2: Mark the following as TRUE, FALSE or NM (NOT MENTIONED).

1. TRUE There are 200 Yanomami villages in the area between Venezuela and Brazil.

2. TRUE Scientists study the Yanomami to understand why they fight and kill each other.

3. FALSE After modern companies went to the area, the Yanomami stopped fighting.

4. NO INFO The Yanomami are trying to found their own state.

5. FALSE Many Yanomami died because people from other tribes brought diseases.

TASK 3: Find the words for the following definitions.

1. FOREST (paragraph 1) (noun): a large area of land covered with trees and plants.2. HUNT (paragraph 2) (verb): trying to catch and kill an animal or bird for food.3. UNUSUAL (paragraph 3) (adjective): different from others of the same type in a

way that is surprising, interesting or attractive.4. DISEASE (paragraph 4) (noun): illness of people, animals, plants.

TASK 4: Fill in the table according to the text.

The Yanomami in the Past The Yanomami in the Present

Clothes to wear (1) LEAVES. usual clothes

Food (2) BANANAS, (3) PALM FRUIT, fish and animals they hunted

different kinds of food with salt and fat, fruit & fish

Hunt / fight with stone axes and bamboo knives

(4) metal KNIVES, (5) GUNS.

Health/Diseases very healthy, never got ill. (6) HEPATITIS and(7) TUBERCULOSIS.

TEXT 7:

Read the article. Put the missing sentences in the correct spaces. There is one extra sentence!

The California Gold Rush

In January 1848, James Marshall and John Sutter were building a mill in the hills of the Sacramento Valley in California. Marshall found some gold in the Sacramento River. _________E______ (1). A few days later, the Sacramento River was full of boats carrying people from San Francisco to look for gold. In the next few months, news about the gold traveled quickly across the country. By January of 1849, people were coming to California from all over the United States and from other countries, too.

About 100,000 people, mostly men, took part in the Gold Rush of 1849. _____C________ (2). Some people went by boat to Panama in South America. Then they took a horse and wagon across Panama and took another boat to San Francisco. _______B_________ (3). This was a long, dangerous and expensive way to travel. Many others traveled all the way across

North America by horse and wagon. ____F________ (4).

There are two ways to find gold. The easiest way is to find it in rivers. This is how Marshall found his gold. River gold is mixed with small, dirty stones. The gold is dirty, too, so you usually do not see it at first. ______I__________ (5). The other way to find gold is by digging underground. This is much more difficult and dangerous. Workers dig a deep hole in the ground. Then they go down into the hole and dig out rocks with gold in them. ____A______ (6).

The Gold Rush led to big changes in California. _____D______ (7). In a very short time, new towns were started and small towns became cities. San Francisco, for example, grew from a town of 200 to a city of 50,000 in eight years. The people who moved to California, which became known as the "Golden State," all had a dream. They believed that if they could find gold, they could get rich quickly. _______G_________ (8).

A. Strong chemicals are used to get the gold from the rocksB. Others made a longer sea trip all the way around South America. C. They made the long trip to California in several different ways.D. The biggest change was in the population

E. That spring, a neighbor went to San Francisco and told people there about the gold.

F. This was less expensive, but it was a very long, difficult, and dangerous tripG. In fact, people began to think of California as a place where anything could

happen. H. The gold miners lived in tiny houses made of cloth and old pieces of

wood. I. However, you can wash the stones in the river and then you can see the gold.

TEXT 8:

The New York City Marathon: A World Race

1 The New York City Marathon was started by a man named Fred Lebow. It began in 1970 as a small, unimportant race. Only 127 people ran, and just 55 of them finished. They ran around Central Park four times. Few people watched them run. However, over the years, the marathon grew and became more popular.

2 Today, people come from all over the world to run in the marathon. Runners must be at least 18 years old, but there is no age limit. In fact, the oldest runner was an 89-year-old man. Recently, more than 27,000 people ran in the New York City Marathon. Large crowds cheered the runners and offered the participants cold drinks and encouragement.

3 The course of the marathon has changed, too. Instead of running around Central Park, the participants go through

the five boroughs of New York City: Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. The marathon begins at the base of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in Staten Island. The runners go across the bridge into Brooklyn. Then they go up through Queens and into the Bronx. The marathon finishes in Central Park in Manhattan. The complete course is 26 miles, 385 yards, and takes the best runners less than 3 hours.

4 Although it has changed since 1970, the New York City Marathon is always exciting. Through the years, many unusual events have happened during the marathon. For example, Pat Tuz and John Weilbaker got married a few minutes before the race. Then, they ran the race with their wedding party. Some people run the whole marathon as a family. Other people run the race backwards.

5 In the fall of 1992, Fred Lebow, the founder of the New York City Marathon, slowly ran his last race. He was very ill with cancer, but he did not want to stop running. In October 1994, Fred died. However, the New York City Marathon, and all its excitement, will continue for many years to come.

TASK 1: Answer the following questions.

1. Describe two ways that the New York City Marathon has changed. THE COURSE OF THE MARATHON HAS CHANGED / IT HAS BECOME MORE POPULAR

2. What is the main idea of this passage? a. The New York City Marathon began in 1970. b. The founder of the New York City Marathon was an important man. c. The New York City Marathon is a very popular and exciting race.

3. Only 127 people ran, and just 55 of them finished. Just means a. because b. only c. more than

4. Over the years means… a. as the years went by b. one year after c. many more years

5. There is no age limit means… a. people of any age can run b. older people cannot runc. anyone older than 18 years old can run

6. The course of the marathon has changed, too. In this sentence, course means …a. direction b. class c. reason

7. The participants are… a. the crowd b. the runners c. the organizers

8. __ True __ False The fastest runners can finish the race in 3 hours or more.

9. __True __ False Pat Tuz and John Weilbaker ran the marathon backwards.

10.__True__ False Fred Lebow ran his last race in 1994.

11. In the fall means… a. when someone fell down b. the time before winter c. the beginning of the year

TASK 2: The following chart shows the number of participants in the New York City Marathon from 1970 through 1994. Look at it carefully, and then answer the questions that follow.

1. More than 3,000 people ran in the New York City Marathon in 1976. a. Yes b. No

2. More than 18,000 people ran in the New York City Marathon in 1985. a. Yes b. No

3. More than 27,000 people ran in the New York City Marathon in 1991. a. Yes b. No

4. More than 27,000 people ran in the New York City Marathon in 1994. a. Yes b. No

5. The largest increase in the number of runners occurred from 1976 to 1979. a. Yes b. No

TASK 3: The following chart shows the finishing times of the men and women participants in the New York City Marathon from 1970 through 1994. Look at it carefully. Then read the sentences that follow. Fill in the blank with the word women or men to make the sentence correct.

a. In 1970 only MEN ran in the Marathon.

b. In 1985 the winning time for MEN was 2.2 hours.

c. In 1979 the winning time for WOMEN was 2.5 hours.

d. In 1994 the winning time for WOMEN was 2.2 hours.

TEXT 9:

Gandhi's Path

1 Mohandas K. Gandhi was born in 1869 to Hindu parents in Gujarat in Western India. It was not until much later in his life that the name Mahatma was given to him. This name came from a poet and means "great soul." Gandhi did not actually approve of the name, but it stuck.

2 While growing up, Gandhi could only be called a shy and serious boy. His parents belonged to the merchant caste of Hindus, and his father worked for the British government, which ruled India at that time. However, Gandhi's first real friend was a boy from that lower caste of Hindus, the untouchables. The untouchables always worked in the worst jobs, and this boy came to Gandhi's house to clean the latrines. Gandhi never understood why these people should be treated so badly by others. He spent much of his life trying

to help them and living like them as an example for other Hindus.

3 When Gandhi was nineteen, his parents sent him to England to become a lawyer. It was in England that Gandhi began to seriously study other great religions of the world. He read the Bible. He studied the lives of Buddha and Mohammed. He also read for the first time the Bhagavad Gita, an important spiritual text for all Hindus. From all this study of different religions, Gandhi formed his own philosophy of religion. He still thought of himself as a Hindu, but tolerance for other religions became a guiding force in his life.

4 Gandhi completed his law degree in England and then went to South Africa to practice. South Africa was a British colony at that time, but the laws for British citizens and Indians living in South Africa were very different. Gandhi spent twenty-one years in South Africa standing up for the rights of Indians there. Before he left South Africa in 1914, Gandhi

had succeeded in getting the government to recognize Indian marriages and to do away with the special tax that Indians had to pay in order to vote in South Africa.

5 When he arrived in India in 1914, Gandhi found he already had quite a few people supporting his political actions. It was never his dream to enter politics, but five years later Gandhi became the head of the Indian National Congress which was trying to free India from British rule. Gandhi continued to make waves by leading several nonviolent protests and began fasting to make his point stronger. During a protest in April of 1919, 379 protesters were shot and killed by the British. It was a terrible tragedy, but Gandhi refused to meet violence with violence. He continued fasting and urging nonviolent protest of British rule, wanting no harm to British people or destruction of British property. Thousands of people began to follow him as a political leader and a holy man.

6 On August 15, 1947 India became a free nation. However, Gandhi found little reason to celebrate. India was now divided by religion. India became a Hindu country. Pakistan was divided from India and became a Muslim country. Both countries, the new and old, began fighting almost immediately. Gandhi began fasting on January 13, 1948 to protest the fighting between Hindu and Muslims. Five days later, the leaders of India and Pakistan agreed to peace and Gandhi stopped fasting.

7 Less than two weeks later, Gandhi was shot by a narrow-minded Hindu fanatic who did not agree with Gandhi's philosophy of tolerance for all religions. He was dead at the age of 78.

TASK 1: Mark each statement as either TRUE, FALSE or NOT MENTIONED according to the reading.

1. FALSE _Gandhi liked to be called Mahatma. 2. TRUE _ Some protesters were shot by the British during Gandhi's lifetime. 3. TRUE _ The untouchables were the lowest caste in India. 4. NOT MENTIONED The British government decorated Gandhi with a medal after

independence.5. FALSE Gandhi died in his sleep. 6. FALSE Gandhi was happy when India became a free country.

TASK 2: Choose the best answer.

1. Why did Gandhi have sympathy for the untouchable caste? a. Because he met many untouchables while he was in jail b. Because he needed their help to fight the British c. Because his childhood friend was part of that caste d. Because his family was part of that caste

2. What did Gandhi study while he was in England? a. English b. Law c. Medicine d. Philosophy

3. Which of the following did Gandhi do while he lived in South Africa? a. He fought for Indian rights. b. He helped people find spouses. c. He studied about Buddha and Mohammed. d. He studied law.

4. Why did Gandhi enter politics? a. It was his dream. b. He was invited by the President of India. c. He wanted to free India. d. He thought the politicians needed help.

5. Which of the following did Gandhi NOT do while he was protesting British rule? a. He tried to change unfair laws. b. He did not eat for long periods of time. c. He organized people to march with him. d. He threw rocks at British soldiers.

TASK 3: SUMMARY: Fill in the blanks with words from the list. Use each word only once.

AND BACK BELIEVED CELEBRATE FASTLAWYER RIGHTS RULE SHOT VIOLENCE

Gandhi was a man who BELIEVED (1) that all people should live simply in peace. He studied to be a LAWYER (2) in England and worked for a time in South Africa. He started fighting for Indian's RIGHTS (3) while he was in South Africa. When he went BACK ( 4) to India, Gandhi continued to fight for people's rights under British RULE (5). He was put in jail many times, but Gandhi never used VIOLENCE (6). After India became a free country, Gandhi felt no reason to CELEBRATE (7) because Pakistan divided itself from India AND (8) the two countries started fighting. Gandhi began to FAST (9) in order to stop the two countries from fighting. A Hindu fanatic SHOT (10) Gandhi and killed him.

TEXT 10:

PROFITS WITH PRINCIPLES

1 Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop, was trained as a school teacher. She didn't know anything about the cosmetics industry when she opened her first small shop in Brighton, England, in 1976. But she had good ideas, and people liked her products. Her business grew quickly. Because of her energy, determination, and vision, Anita Roddick has become an international success story. She is one of the five richest women in England. Today, there are over 1,300 branches of The Body Shop in forty-five countries around the world.

2 The Body Shop manufactures and sells over 400 different naturally based products. Anita learns how people from traditional cultures use plants and herbs from their environment to take care of their bodies. In Sri Lanka, for example, she learned that women rub fresh pineapple on

their skin to make it softer and smoother. With that knowledge, she created a face product using pineapple. In Polynesia, she learned about many of the uses of cocoa butter. It makes the skin softer and the hair shinier. Cocoa Butter Hand and Body Lotion is one of The Body Shop's best-selling products.

3 The philosophy of The Body Shop is different from the philosophy of most cosmetics companies. It does not promise miracles or everlasting youth. The Body Shop develops its line of high-quality, sensible products by using traditional wisdom, herbal knowledge, and modern technology.

4 The Body Shop does not believe in profits without principles. A respect for the environment is one of The Body Shop's most basic principles. The company uses as little packaging as possible to conserve natural resources and reduce waste. Customers are encouraged to bring their old containers to the shop to refill them. If they do this, they get a discount on their next purchase. The Body Shop is also strongly opposed to animal testing in the cosmetics industry. It never tests its products or ingredients on animals.

5 Helping communities in need is another principle. All employees are encouraged to do volunteer work with local groups. The Body Shop gives employees four hours off each month to do their community work. Some projects include working with homeless people and AIDS victims. The Body Shop also provides educational programs for its staff and customers.

6 The Body Shop has set up trade partnerships with communities in need around the world. "Trade Not Aid" is a cornerstone of the company. For example, The Body Shop has made an agreement with the Kayapo Indians, who harvest Brazil nuts in the Amazon rain forest. The Body Shop uses these nuts in one of its products, Brazil Nut Oil Conditioner for hair. The agreement has several goals. One is to protect the plants the Kayapo Indians harvest from the rain forest. Another goal is to make sure that the Kayapo get the economic benefits from any commercial development in their area. There are similar agreements with communities in India, Mexico, Nepal, Tanzania, and Zambia.

7 Although some of Anita Roddick's ideas for The Body Shop seem unusual for the business world, she must be doing something right. In 1994/5, The Body Shop's International profits were over $34 million.

TASK A: Mark the statements TRUE, FALSE or NOT MENTIONED.

1. FALSE Anita Roddick studied business in school. 2. TRUE The Body Shop is a very successful business. 3. NOT MENTIONED The Body Shop lost a lot of money during the first decade of the 21st century. 4. TRUE Many of the ideas for The Body Shop's products come from traditional cultures around the world. 5. FALSE The philosophy of The Body Shop is similar to the philosophies of most other cosmetics companies. 6. TRUE One of The Body Shop's most important principles is respecting the environment.

TASK B: Answer the following questions shortly. 1. When did the first Body Shop open? 1976 2. How many branches of The Body Shop are there in the world now? OVER 1,300 3. How many countries have branches of The Body Shop? 45 4. Approximately how many kinds of products does The Body Shop make and sell? OVER 400

5. Where did Anita learn about the uses of cocoa butter? IN POLYNESIA.

6. Where do the Kayapo Indians live? IN BRAZIL (AMAZON RAINFOREST) 7. What were The Body Shop’s recent international profits in 1994/5? OVER $ 34.000.000. TASK C: Answer the following questions

1. In what ways does The Body Shop show its respect and concern for the environment? Give two examples.

COMPANY USES LITTLE PACKAGING CUSTOMERS CAN BRING THEIR OLD CONTAINERS TO REFILL. NO ANIMAL TESTING

2. What types of things does The Body Shop do to help communities in need? Give 2 examples.

VOLUNTEER WORK BY EMPLOYEES WORKING WITH HOMELESS PEOPLE AND VICTIMS OF AIDS. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR STAFF AND CUSTOMERS. PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITIES IN NEED AROUND THE WORLD. (KAYAPO INDIANS)

TASK D: Circle the correct choice.

1. The Body Shop is part of the_____ industry. a. traditional b. cosmetics c. environment

2. The company tries to ______natural resources by using as little packaging as possible. a. conserve b. spend c. oppose

3. Many of the_____ for The Body Shop's products come from different countries around the world. a. goals b. cultures c. ingredients

4. The Body Shop___________ over 400 kinds of skin and hair products. a. manufactures b. buys c. protects

5. The Body Shop________ the use of animals for testing in the cosmetics industry.

a. trains b. opposes c. believes in

6. Customers who use The Body Shop’s products do not expect __________. a. miracles b. wisdom c. profits

7. Many of The Body Shop's employees do __________ work in their communities. a. commercial b. traditional c. volunteer

8. When customers bring in their old______ to the shop for refills, they get a discount. a. products b. containers c. cosmetics

9. One goal of The Body Shop's trade partnerships is to ______the Amazon rain forest. a. oppose b. manufacture c. protect

TEXT 11:

Read the article and answer the questions

DO YOU KNOW YOUR RIGHT BRAIN FROM YOUR LEFT?

1 The human brain is divided into two sides, or hemispheres, called the right brain and the left brain. The two hemispheres work together, but each one specializes in certain ways of thinking. Each side has its own way of using information to help us think, understand, and process information.

2 The left side of the brain controls language. It is more verbal and logical. It names things and puts them into groups. It uses rules and likes ideas to be clear, logical, and orderly. It is best at speech, reading, writing, and math. You use this side of the brain when you memorize spelling and grammar rules or when you do a math problem.

3 The right side of the brain is more visual and creative. It specializes in using information it receives from the senses of sight, sound, smell,

touch, and taste. This side of the brain likes to dream and experiment. It controls your appreciation of music, color, and art. You use this side when you draw a picture or listen to music.

4 Although we all use both sides of our brains, one side is usually stronger or dominant. Some people are more "left-brained," and others are more "right-brained." Our dominant side influences the kinds of jobs and hobbies we have. Politicians, artists, architects, and musicians depend on their right brains. Accountants, engineers, doctors, and lawyers usually rely on their left brains.

Task A: Which of the following topics are discussed in the article? Put a check mark next to those topics.

1. ___√_____the side of the brain that is more logical 2. _________the size and weight of the human brain 3. ___√_____the side of the brain that is more creative 4. ___√_____the types of people that are usually right-brained or left-brained 5. _________the part of the brain that controls muscular activity 6. _________diseases of the brain

Task B: Answer the following questions by writing the number of the paragraph on the lines provided.

1. Which paragraph describes the left brain? (_____2__________)2. Which paragraph explains that the human brain is divided into two sides? (____1______) 3. Which paragraph discusses the kind of people who are usually left-brained or right-brained? (____4______)4. Which paragraph describes the right brain? (_____3_______)

Task C: Mark the following statements TRUE, FALSE or NOT MENTIONED.

1. TRUE The human brain has two sides.

2. FALSE Everyone is more right-brained than left-brained.

3. TRUE The right side of the brain is more creative.

4. TRUE When you solve a math problem, you use your left brain.

5. NOT MENTIONED Women are usually more left-brained than men.

6. FALSE Both sides of the brain specialize in the same things.

7. TRUE Artists use their right brain more than engineers do.

8. FALSE When you paint a picture, you use your left brain.

Task D: Read the following descriptions of four different people. Decide who you think is left-brained and who is right-brained. Write Left next to the descriptions of left-brained people and Right next to the descriptions of right-brained people.

1. RIGHT Daniel' s hobby is drawing cartoons. He loves surprises and hates following a strict schedule. He is very sensitive and likes to find new ways of doing things.

2. LEFT Dr. Curley is very careful about keeping his appointments. He is always on time and does things in an orderly way. Every day, as soon as he gets home from work, he takes his dog for a walk and goes jogging for a half hour.

3. LEFT Debbie is a lawyer at a big law firm in New York. Her language skills are very good. She is a very logical person. She gets up, eats, and goes to sleep at the same time every day.

4. RIGHT Ian Baker is the mayor of a small city. He is always looking for creative ways to solve the city's problems. In his spare time, he enjoys going to concerts and playing the piano.

Task E: Complete each sentence with a word from the list.

HEMISPHERES RULES DOMINANT SPECIALIZES MEMORIZEINFORMATION LOGICAL VERBAL CREATIVE ************

1. Artists are CREATIVE people. 2. Our brains have two HEMISPHERES. 3. The left side of an accountant’s brain is probably DOMINANT. 4. English spelling RULES are very complicated. 5. VERBAL People have good language skills. 6. Each side of the brain uses INFORMATION in a different way. 7. The right side of the brain SPECIALIZES in using knowledge it gets from the senses. 8. The lawyer gave a LOGICAL argument. It made sense. 9. It is difficult to MEMORIZE all the English grammar rules.

TEXT 12:

1 Paul Foot was a famous British journalist. He was born in 1937 to a famous family. Both his grandfather and uncle were politicians. He went to a public school which he hated, and studied at Oxford where he wrote articles for a student newspaper.

2 At the time he was studying law and, although he never worked as a lawyer, he was always interested in the subject. In later years, he used his knowledge of the law to help people who were sent to prison unfairly. In 1961, after finishing his studies, he went to work as a journalist in Glasgow, Scotland. This was his first full-time job and, while

there, he met workers from local factories and talked to them about their lives and jobs. From then on, he fought for

workers’ rights against big businesses and the government.

3 In 1967, Paul Foot started working full-time for the twice-monthly publication, Private Eye. This is a well-known newspaper in Britain which publishes stories other newspapers are too scared to print. Paul Foot was paid much less for this work than for his work with normal, daily papers, but he didn’t mind because he was given much more freedom to write what he wanted. He enjoyed the people he worked with and found out that he and the owner had both been to similar schools and had similar, unhappy, childhoods. He left Private Eye twice to work on different publications but, both times, he returned again to the paper he always loved best.

4 Paul Foot won several awards. He was journalist of the year in 1972 and 1989 and he worked hard on stories which no-one else was interested in. He died in 2004, but his memory lives on. In 2005, Private Eye and another newspaper, The Guardian, started up the Paul Foot Award for journalism. Six British journalists whose work over the year has been important are chosen for the final. Five of them receive a prize of ₤1,000 and the overall winner gets ₤5,000.

5 The winners aren’t always well-known or working for national newspapers. Although the first two winners were from The Daily Mail and The Sunday Telegraph, the third, in 2007, was a journalist on the Doncaster Free Press newspaper, a small weekly newspaper from a town in the north of England. That was for her articles on a local education organisation which cost millions of pounds but didn’t provide a good service for local students. Her work was typical of what Paul Foot thought of as a ‘real’ journalist. She shared a small office and was only on a part-time contract, but by meeting people and asking the right questions, she slowly managed to put a story together that shocked everyone who read it.6 These days, when newspapers are full of celebrity gossip, fashion tips and ‘news’ about the latest reality or talent show, the Paul Foot Award helps us to remember what journalism should be about. Stories that matter, stories that can change the world.

TASK A: Circle the best alternative to complete the sentences.

1. Paul Foot studied law at university but heA) wasn’t interested in the subject.B) never used his knowledge of law.

C) chose a   different career. D) didn’t finish his studies.

2. He became interested in workers’ rightsA) in his first job. B) at university.

C) at school.D) while working for Private Eye.

3. Paul Foot went to work for Private Eye becauseA) he didn’t have a job.B) the salary was good.

C) he liked the owner.D) they let him write what he wanted.

4. The Paul Foot Award startedA) before he died.B) in the year that he died.C) one year after he died. D) two years after he died.

5. Not all the winners of the Paul Foot AwardA) are journalists.B) are famous. C) are British.D) write about important topics.

TASK B: Mark the following statements TRUE, FALSE or NM (Not Mentioned).

1. FALSE Paul Foot worked as a lawyer for some time after leaving university.

2. FALSE His first full-time job was in Oxford.

3. FALSE Private Eye is published every week.

4. NM The British government started an investigation about Private Eye.

5. TRUE The 2007 Paul Foot Award winner didn’t work full-time.

6. FALSE The author of the article thinks that today’s newspapers print a lot of important

stories.

TASK C: Find the words whose definitions are given below.

1. UNFAIRLY : (paragraph 2, adv.) not treating people in an equal way, or not morally right. 2. SCARED : (paragraph 3, adj.) frightened or worried.3. OVERALL : (paragraph 4 , adj.) In general rather than in particular, or including

all the people or things in a particular group or situation.4. PROVIDE : (paragraph 5. v.) to give someone something that they need.5. GOSSIP : (paragraph 6, n.) conversation or reports about other people's private lives

which might be unkind, disapproving or not true.

TASK D: Who/what do the following words refer to?

1. There (paragraph 2) : GLASGOW (,SCOTLAND)2. The paper (paragraph 3) : PRIVATE EYE3. Them (paragraph 4) : SIX BRITISH JOURNALISTS (WHOSE WORK OVER THE

YEAR HAS BEEN IMPORTANT)4. She (paragraph 5) : THE THIRD WINNER (OF THE PAUL FOOT AWARD)

TEXT 13:

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

1 I grew up in a small farming town in the American Midwest. It was the 1970s, and my family lived in an old three-story house on an acre or so of land on a quiet, tree-lined street.

It was one of those small towns where everyone knew each other, and people seldom even bothered to lock their doors.

2 There was nothing special about my childhood. It was the childhood of thousands of other kids, growing up in a small town in the rural U.S. My friends and I ran barefoot all summer long. We swam in the creeks and ponds, and played hide-and-seek in the woods. It was a safe, simple, and peaceful way to grow up.

3 In my teens, I started to realize that there was a whole word outside of our little town. The more I learned about that world, the more I craved to leave, to go out on my own, explore, and create my own story. After graduating from university, I did just that. I packed my bags, traveled halfway around the world, and never looked back.

4 I have lived in Tokyo, Japan, for over twenty years now. For the most part, it has been an amazing adventure, and I am thrilled every day to wake up and know that I am a part of one of the world’s biggest and most exciting cities.

5 Over the years, I have only returned to Ohio a few times for weddings, funerals, or the occasional side trip when I happen to be in another part of the U.S. for business or some other reason. It is always wonderful to catch up with family and old friends, to eat my mother’s cooking, and fill my lungs with the fresh air of the countryside.

6 I returned to my hometown this past summer. The trip was only ten days long, and besides visiting family and friends, it was pretty uneventful as usual. But as I looked around the place where I had grown up, I realized something. Even though I have traveled thousands of miles over the years, even though I now spend my days using a language my family cannot understand, and even though I now call a place on the other side of the planet ‘home,’ there will always be a part of that quiet, little Ohio town in me. Somehow, just knowing that feels really great.

1. Which of the following is not true about the writer’s childhood? A. He grew up in the 1970s. B. He grew up in an old house on an acre of land. C. He grew up on a quiet, tree-lined street. D. He grew up in a large, Midwestern American town.

2. What can we infer about the phrase “people seldom even bothered to lock their doors” in paragraph 1?

A. The town had a lot of crime. B. The town was very safe. C. No one went out at night in the town. D. People didn’t have locks on their doors.

3. Which of the following is not mentioned as a favorite childhood activity of the writer? A. Playing hide-and-seek B. Running barefoot C. Swimming in creeks and ponds D. Playing with thousands of other children

4. When did the writer start to think about leaving his hometown? A. After university B. When he was a teenager C. When he was out on his own D. When he was halfway around the world

5. In paragraph 3, “craved” is closest in meaning to _____. A. imagined B. considered

C. desired D. excited

6. In paragraph 4, we can infer that the writer _____. A. feels he made a great decision to leave when he did B. wishes he had chosen somewhere closer to his hometown C. regrets his decision, but has learned to live with it D. was unsure at first if he would like living abroad

7. Which of the following does the writer use to describe living in Tokyo? A. Wonderful B. Quiet and uneventful

C. An amazing adventure D. Really great

8. Which of the following does the writer not mention doing when in Ohio? A. Doing business B. Visiting family and friends C. Enjoying fresh air D. Eating his mother’s cooking

9. What did the writer say he realized during his last trip to his hometown? A. He no longer speaks the same language as his family. B. He calls Tokyo his ‘home,’ even though he wasn’t born there. C. Life in Ohio is pretty uneventful, despite his long time away. D. Even though he no longer lives there, he still feels a connection with Ohio.

10. What is the overall tone of the reading? A. Personal and narrative B. Serious and informative C. Funny and entertaining D. Sad and depressing

TEXT 14:

We all know that every successful student needs to study. However, having good study habits can be more difficult than you might think. Here are ten study habits of successful students. Work to develop these in your studies and you may just see the results you have been hoping for.

1. Try not to study for too long at one time. Studying for long periods can make you tired and may make your studying less effective. Study for short times, and take short breaks to refresh your mind.

2. Plan specific times to study. Rather than just studying whenever you have a free moment, set aside specific times throughout the day or week only for study.

3. Study at the same time each day. Establish a routine in your studies. Just like sleeping or eating, set aside a specific time each day to study. That way, your mind will be prepared when it is time to study.

4. Set goals for your study time. By being very clear about what you hope to accomplish, your study time will have more value.

5. Stick to your plan. Once you have decided when to study and what your goals are, do not procrastinate or delay. Focus and get started.

6. Complete the assignment that you find most difficult first. Since the most difficult assignment will require more effort, start with that one. Then the others will seem even easier.

7. Review your notes before getting started. By reviewing, the information you need for an assignment will be fresh in your mind when you begin.

8. Get rid of distractions. Turn off the television and your mobile phone. Tell friends not to call during the time you have set aside to study. There will be time to talk once you have accomplished your goals.

9. Sometimes two heads really can be better than one. So for some assignments, find a partner or group to study with. You may be able to help each other work through an assignment and achieve better results.

10.Review your assignments over the weekends. We all need a break, and the weekends should be fun. However, taking a few minutes to review your work once you have stepped away from it might help you be better prepared for the week ahead.

Use these ten study habits throughout your education, and they will become part ofyour normal routine. TASK A: Answer the following questions.

1. The reading passage is primarily about _____. ← A. how much time you should study every week← B. how good study habits can help you get a good job← C. how to set up good habits for studying ← D. how to get better scores on tests

2. According to the passage, studying for long periods at a time _____.← A. makes your studying less effective ← B. is better right before sleeping

← C. is a good way to refresh your mind← D. is best done after a break

3. You should set a time each day to study, _____. ← A. so that you can have more free moments← B. so that some days are set aside only for studying← C. just like for eating and sleeping ← D. whenever you have a free moment

4. According to the reading, setting goals for your study time _____.← A. will help you stick to your plan← B. will let you study with a clear head

← C. will help you focus← D. will bring more value to your work

5. If you complete the most difficult assignment first, _____. ← A. it will require more effort← B. the other assignments won’t seem as hard ← C. you may not have time for the easier ones← D. you won’t be likely to delay your studying

6. You should review your notes _____.← A. after completing an assignment← B. with every fresh assignment

← C. when you begin an assignment ← D. to make each assignment easier

7. According to the reading, you should tell your friends _____. ← A. not to call you during your study time, so that you can focus ← B. to turn off the television when you’re trying to study← C. to call you on your mobile phone after studying← D. to set aside time to talk to you

8. The reading suggests that studying with another student _____.← A. is always better than studying alone← B. is better than studying in a group← C. can be helpful for some assignments ← D. will always give you better results

9. The rules suggest that on weekends, _____. ← A. you need to take a complete break from studying ← B. you need to study so you won’t forget your assignments← C. you should step away from your studying sometimes for breaks← D. you should review your assignments for just a few minutes ←10.From the passage, we can infer that _____. ← A. good study habits require that you follow all ten rules← B. setting good study habits can help you even after you’re out of school ← C. it’s difficult for most students to set good study habits ← D. these rules work better in university than in high school

TASK B: Read the following definitions and find the words in the related paragraphs.

1. SPECIFIC (adj.) (para 3) clear and exact2. ACCOMPLISH (v) (para 4) to finish something successfully or to achieve something.3. GOAL (n) (para 8) an aim or purpose. 4. BREAK (n) (para 10) a time away from work or your regular activity.

TEXT 15:

1 In 1977, a young Harvard graduate named Irene Pepperberg brought a one-year-old African gray parrot into her lab, and attempted something very unusual. At a time when her fellow scientists thought that animals could only communicate on a very basic level, Irene set out to discover what was on a creature’s mind by talking to it. The bird, named Alex, proved to be a very good pupil.

2 Scientists at the time believed that animals were incapable of any thought. They believed that animals only reacted to things because they were programmed by nature to react that way, not because they had the ability to think or feel. Any pet owner would probably disagree. Pepperberg disagreed, too, and started her work with Alex to prove them wrong.

3 Pepperberg bought Alex in a pet store. She let the store’s assistant pick him out because she didn’t want other scientists saying later that she’d deliberately chosen an especially smart bird for her work. Most researchers thought that Pepperberg’s attempt to communicate with Alex would end in failure—after all, his brain was only about the size of a walnut.

4 However, Pepperberg’s experiment did not fail. In fact, over the next few years, Alex learned to imitate almost one hundred and fifty English words, and was even able to reason and use those words on a basic level to communicate. For example, when Alex was shown an object and was asked about its shape, color, or material, he could label it correctly. He could understand that a key was a key no matter what its size or color, and could figure out how the key was different from others.

5 Pepperberg was careful not to exaggerate Alex’s success and abilities. She did not claim that Alex could actually ‘use’ language. Instead, she said that Alex had learned to use a two-way communications code. Alex seemed to understand the turn-taking pattern of communication.

6 Although African gray parrots usually live to an age of fifty or so, Alex died suddenly when he was just thirty years old. However, in his short time on Earth, Alex helped to prove to many that animals are capable of far more complex communication than many scientists had ever expected.

7 Alex’s last words to Pepperberg were, “You be good. I love you.”

TASK A: Circle the best alternative.

1. The reading passage is primarily about _____. ← A. how animals communicate with humans← B. one woman’s successful experiment to communicate with a bird ← C. how parrots are smarter than other animals← D. how Irene Pepperberg proved her fellow scientists wrong

2. Irene Pepperberg did an experiment with a parrot _____. ← A. in her lab B.at home C. in a pet store D. in nature

3. According to the reading, other scientists believed that animals _____. ← A. could only communicate in nature← B. had the ability to communicate with pet owners← C. could communicate if they were programmed to do so← D. didn’t have the ability to think

4. In paragraph 3, “deliberately” is closest in meaning to _____.← A. naturally B. on purpose C. cleverly D. honestly

5. Most researchers thought that Irene’s experiment _____. ← A. would prove that the bird’s brain was

larger← B. would discover an especially smart bird

← C. would not succeed ← D. would attempt to communicate with her

6. From the reading, we can infer that a brain the size of a walnut _____.← A. is not very large ← B. is too large for a parrot’s head← C. is believed to be large enough to communicate← D. is smaller than other parrot’s brains←7. Which of the following statements is an opinion? ← A. Many scientists don’t believe animals can communicate. ← B. Irene Pepperberg’s experiment was very unusual. ← C. A parrot’s brain is about the size of a walnut. ← D. Irene Pepperberg had the store’s assistant pick out the parrot.

8. Which of the following is NOT true about Irene’s parrot Alex?← A. He learned to use almost 150 English words. ← B. He could label a number of objects. ← C. He was able to have complicated conversations. ← D. He could understand how one object was different from others.

9. Which of the following is true about Irene’s experiment? ← A. She exaggerated Alex’s abilities. ← B. She thought she had proved that Alex could ‘use’ language. ← C. She believed that Alex had learned a turn-taking communication pattern. ← D. Only she could understand Alex’s code of communication. ←10.From the passage, we can infer (form an opinion or guess) that _____. ← A. Alex communicated that he may have actually loved Irene ← B. most parrots die when they’re 50 years old ← C. humans cannot understand how to communicate complex ideas to animals ← D. Alex’s life was more complex than most people had expected

TASK B: Read the definitions given below. Find the words in the related paragraphs.

1. FELLOW (paragraph 1) (adj) describes someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same situation as you.

2. PROVE (paragraph 2) (n) to show that something is true.3. COMMUNICATE (paragraph 3) (v) to share information with others by speaking, writing,

moving your body or using other signals.4. IMITATE (paragraph 4) (v) to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to

copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something.5. EXAGGERATE (paragraph 5) (v) to make something seem larger, more important, better

or worse than it really is.6. CAPABLE (paragraph 6) (adj) able to do things effectively and skillfully, and to achieve

results.

TEXT 16:

1. The Taj Mahal is the mausoleum with the grave of Queen Mumtaz Mahal at its lower chamber. It is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that no other construction carries its architectural beauty. It is the most architecturally beautiful monument that anyone has ever seen. Taj Mahal means "Crown Palace" and it is absolutely amazing. It is the most wonderful tomb in the world.

2. It was built by the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, in memory of his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal. She died while she was accompanying her husband in a campaign to stop a rebellion. The death affected the emperor so badly that all his hair and beard grew

snow white in a few months at a young age.

3. When Mumtaz Mahal was still alive, she extracted four promises from Shah Jahan: first, that he would build the Taj Mahal; second, that he would marry again; third, that he would be kind to their children; and fourth, that he would visit the tomb regularly, on the anniversary of her death. He kept the first and the second promises.

4. The construction of Taj Mahal began in 1631 and was eventually completed in twenty-two years. Twenty-thousand people were employed to work on it. The material was chosen meticulously and brought in from all over India and central Asia. More than a thousand elephants transported it to the construction site.

5. The dome- the circular roof- is made of white marble with precious stones; that is, valuable stones. The colors of the precious stones in the marble perform their magic with the light of the moon and the sun. They reflect distinct colors and change the view of the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is pinkish in the morning sun, milky white in the moonlight and golden when the moon fully shines. It is believed that these changes are the representatives of the moods of a woman.

6. Different people have different views of the Taj Mahal but it is clear that the Taj Mahal is a monument of love. As an architectural masterpiece, nothing could be added to or subtracted from it.

TASK A: What/who do the following refer to?

1. its architectural beauty (para.1) : the architectural beauty of (THE) TAJ MAHAL2. it (para.4) : (THE) MATERIAL (OF TAJ MAHAL)3. they (para.5) : THE PRECIOUS STONES IN THE MARBLE

TASK B: Find words in the text that mean the following.

1. took (para.3) (v) : EXTRACTED2. finally (para.4) (adv) : EVENTUALLY3. different (para.5) (adj) : DISTINCT

TASK C: Mark the following statements True or False.

1. FALSE Shah Jahan had white hair because he was very old.

2. TRUE According to the writer, the Taj Mahal is absolutely perfect as a construction.

TASK D. Answer the following questions. 1. Write two adjectives that the writer uses to describe the Taj Mahal.

a) (THE MOST) (ARCHITECTURALLY) BEAUTIFUL b) (ABSOLUTELY) AMAZING c) (THE MOST) WONDERFUL

2. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as he had promised. What else did he do as he had promised?HE MARRIED AGAIN.

3. What do the changes of colors of the Taj Mahal represent? (THE CHANGES OF COLORS REPRESENT) (THE) MOODS OF A WOMAN

TEXT 17:

1 One of the best female athletes in the world is Canadian Chantal Petitclerc. She holds world records and has won many gold medals. Chantal has had amazing success although she cannot walk.

2 Chantal is a wheelchair racing specialist. When she was 13 years old, she lost the use of both legs in an accident. Chantal was not very athletic as a child. However, after her accident she decided to find a physical activity to stay in shape, so she took up swimming. She started wheelchair racing in 1987. In her first

wheelchair race, at the age of 18, she finished last. This did not stop her. Instead, Chantal fell in love with the sport and started training.

3 Five years later, Chantal took part in the Paralympic Games. In the Paralympics, the best disabled athletes around the world compete against each other. Like the Olympics, the Games take place every four years. At her first Paralympics, in Spain, Chantal won two bronze medals. She has also taken part in the 1996, 2000, and 2004 Paralympic Games. So far, Chantal has won 11 Paralympic medals and set three world records.

4 Chantal's achievements have made her famous in Canada. In 2004, a Canadian magazine named her "Canadian of the Year." Despite her fame and success, Chantal seems to have a very normal life. She is serious about training, but she doesn't let it take over her life. She never trains after six o'clock at night. Her favorite activities include reading and watching movies. She also likes having quiet dinners with friends. She lives in an apartment in Montreal, Canada, with her boyfriend. She says they are both very independent. They share household chores, like cooking, fifty-fifty. She says she learned most household jobs in a wheelchair. She can't even imagine what it's like to take out the trash or to go shopping standing up.

5 Chantal was at the University of Alberta when she first decided to start training for the Paralympics. She was studying for a history degree. She wanted to finish her studies, but she had to make a choice between staying at the university and training for the Paralympics. Chantal is happy with her choice, but she would like to finish her degree some day. Given what she has done with her life so far, it should be easy for her to take on another challenge.

TASK A: Match the words in bold with the definitions.

1. ACHIEVEMENT something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing.2. CHORE piece of work which is often boring or unpleasant but needs to be done

regularly.3. DISABLED lacking one or more of the physical or mental abilities that most people

have.4. TAKE UP (TOOK UP) to start doing a particular job or activity.5. TRASH rubbish; something you throw away.6. FEMALE belonging or relating to women

TASK B: Answer the following questions.

1. After the accident, what sport did Chantal do first? SWIMMING2. How did the accident change her sport life? BEFORE THE ACCIDENT SHE WASN’T

INTERESTED IN SPORTS. BUT SHE WANTED TO START A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFTER THE ACCIDENT.

3. How did Chantal feel after she finished last in her first wheelchair race? IT DIDN’T STOP HER; SHE LOVED THE SPORT VERY MUCH.

4. What kind of people take part in the Paralympics THE DISABLED.5. How many Paralympics has she taken part in? 46. What kind of a daily life does she have? A NORMAL DAILY LIFE; SHE LIKES

READING, WATCHING MOVIES, HAVING DINNER WITH FRIENDS. 7. Why didn’t she finish her studies at university? SHE HAD TO MAKE A CHOICE:

STAYING AT UNIVERSITY OR TRAINING FOR THE PARALYMPICS. SHE CHOSE THE SECOND.

8. What’s her plan for future? SHE WANTS TO FINISH HER STUDIES IN HISTORY AT UNIVERSITY.

TASK C: Who or what do the underlined words refer to?

1. This (paragraph 2): FINISHING LAST2. The sport (paragraph 2): WHEELCHAIR RACING. 3. They (paragraph 4): CHANTAL AND HER BOYFRIEND.4. The choice (paragraph 5): TRAINING FOR THE PARALYMPICS.

TEXT 18:An Amazing Woman

1 Ruth Simmons was born in a very poor family. Today, she's the president of a famous American university. How did she do it? It's an amazing story.

2 The story begins on a farm in Grapeland, Texas, in 1945. Ruth was born that year. Her parents were farmworkers, and she was the youngest of their twelve children. They weren't able to give the children many things, and Ruth never had any toys. For Christmas, she didn't receive any presents at all except a shoebox with an apple, an orange, and some nuts. However, in Grapeland, Ruth wasn't really aware of being poor. Then the family moved into the city, to Houston. In the city, being poor was much harder.

3 Ruth's mother kept the family together. She had no education, "but she was very wise," Ruth remembers. "She taught us about the real value of being a human being, what mattered and what didn't matter." Ruth's mother didn't have big dreams. She just wanted to see her children grow up. This was not a simple wish. At that time, there was segregation in the United States. Life was dangerous for African Americans, especially in the South. Ruth remembers living in fear. "If you looked at someone the wrong way, you could be killed."

4 At age five, Ruth fell in love with school. She was a bright child, and she was lucky to have some excellent teachers. No one in Ruth's family had much education, but her teachers encouraged her to go to college, and Ruth was brave enough to try. They also gave her money and even a coat to wear.

5 At first, Ruth studied theater. But what kind of career could she have? She says, "Remember I grew up in the South; I couldn't even go to theaters." So she studied languages instead. Later, she married, had two children, and began a career as a college teacher and administrator. Soon people began to notice her and respect her abilities.

6 In 1995, Ruth became president of Smith College, a famous American college for women. Ruth was the first African American to lead a college like this one. Suddenly, her story was on TV and in newspapers all over the country. Six years later, she accepted another challenge. She became the president of Brown University.

7 Ruth believes in the power of education. "Learning can be the same for a poor farm kid like me as it is for the richest child in the country. It's all about cultivating one's mind, and anybody can do that. So it doesn't matter what color your skin is, it doesn't matter how much money your father has, it doesn't matter what kind of house you live in. Every learner can experience the same thing." As President Simmons will tell you, education can change your life.

TASK A: Read these sentences. Write TRUE, FALSE or NOT MENTIONED.

1. TRUE Ruth Simmons is the president of a famous American University.2. TRUE She grew up in a very poor family.3. TRUE While she was growing up, she always planned to go to college.4. TRUE She grew up during a dangerous time for black Americans.5. NOT MENTIONED Ruth’s children had the same difficulties as Ruth. 6. FALSE She always wanted a career as a college president.7. TRUE Ruth's message is, "Education can change any person's life."

TASK B: Answer/Ask questions.1. How many brothers and sisters did Ruth have? ELEVEN2. Who was the central character in Ruth’s family? MOTHER3. HOW OLD WAS RUTH WHEN SHE FELL IN LOVE WITH SCHOOL ? She was five years old. 4. How did Ruth’s teachers help her? THEY ENCOURAGED HER/ GAVE MONEY/GAVE A

COAT5. Which year did Ruth become the president of Brown University? IN 2001

TASK C: These sentences are about the reading. What is the meaning of each boldfaced word or phrase? Circle a, b, or c.

1. Ruth Simmons has led a very unusual life. Her life story is amazing. Amazing means:a. common and expected b. surprising and wonderful c. ordinary and boring

2. Ruth's family was poor, and she never got any presents as a child. A present is:a. something one person gives to another b. an idea for something fun to do c. something to eat or drink

3. At first, being poor didn't matter. Ruth wasn't aware of being poor. Aware of means:a. happy about and proud of b. excited about and interested in c. knowing and understanding about

4. Although she had no education, Ruth's mother was very wise. Wise means:a. able to make good decisions b. afraid of many things c. polite to other people

5. She taught her children the true value of things in life. The value of a thing is:a. where it comes from b. its history

c. how much it's worth

6. Ruth and many other African Americans lived in fear of being killed. Fear is:a. the feeling of being afraid b. a memory of something c. a place or an area

7. Ruth was a bright child, so she did well in school. Bright means: a. hungry b. intelligent c. angry

8. She was nervous about college. She had to be brave to try it. Brave means:a. ready to face danger b. too afraid to do something c. crazy, like a fool

9. People noticed Ruth's abilities and respected her work. Notice means: a. produce or make it b. become aware of c. joke about

10. Ruth now leads a famous American university. She is the president. Lead means:a. study or learn b. discover or find out c. show others what to do

TASK D: Read these questions and check the correct box.

QUESTION YES NO DOESN'T SAY.1. Was Ruth Simmons born in the United States? √2. Did she have younger brothers and sisters? √

3. As a child, was she aware of dangers for black Americans? √

4. Did she enjoy and succeed in school? √5. Did Ruth's parents encourage her to go to college? √

6. Did her teachers help her go to college? √7. Was planning a career in theater a wise idea for her? √

8. Did she study at Harvard University? √9. Was she the first woman to lead a famous college in the US? √

10. Was her story on TV? √

TEXT 19:A Musical Genius

1 Music teachers in England are surprised by a young man in England who can play very difficult piano pieces just a few minutes after he hears them. Why else are they surprised? He does not read music!

2 Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by composers such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them.

3 He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes1 in his head. Two years

ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.

4 His teachers were amazed that he memorized this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.

5 His teachers say Samuel is unbelievable. They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesn’t even realize that what he can do is special.

6 Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played piano and I played guitar for six years. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me—I hear the notes and can memorize them—each individual note.” says Samuel.

7 Experts say that Samuel has ‘note perfect memory,’ which means he can play very difficult pieces of music just by listening to them. They say that people with this kind of memory are extremely rare.

8 Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists2 cannot play it. Samuel says, “It’s all about the ability to memorize—I guess I have that ability.”

9 However, Samuel’s ability to memorize doesn’t stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then Samuel could retell3 the story word for word.

10 Samuel is still only a teenager. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.

1. In college, Samuel studies _____. A. only law B. only music

C. both law and music D. none of these

2. Samuel learns music by listening to it _____. A. in parts B. while sitting at a piano

C. and writing it down D. by himself

3. The word “composers” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____. A. musical groups B. music players

C. music writers D. music teachers

4. Samuel’s teachers cannot _____ how well he plays piano. A. belief B. believe

C. believing D. believable

5. Samuel can’t understand why _____. A. everyone is surprised at his piano ability B. why his teachers want him to study music

C. he can’t read music like his teachers D. there are so many notes for him to learn

6. The word “memorized” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _____. A. tested B. practiced

C. wrote down D. learned perfectly

7. The following statements are true EXCEPT: _____. A. Samuel’s mother played piano B. Samuel’s mother taught him to play piano

C. Samuel played the guitar for six years D. Samuel grew up with music

8. The word “individual” in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to _____. A. written B. one of a group

C. heard D. a person

9. Not many people have a _____ like Samuel’s. A. remember B. remembered

C. memory D. memorize

10. In paragraph 7, in “just by listening to them,” the word “them” refers to _____. A. notes B. memories

C. pieces D. lessons

11. The word “impressed” in paragraph 8 is closest in meaning to _____. A. happy B. surprised

C. listening D. studied

12. Samuel recently performed a piece at his college _____. A. with other pianists B. without memorizing the music

C. that was too difficult for him to play D. with more than 1,000 notes

13. Samuel is now studying a music piece that even many _____ pianists can’t play. A. professional B. teacher

C. student D. amazed

14. Samuel could also hear a story and _____ it word for word. A. retell B. retells

C. retelling D. retold

15. In the passage, all of these are true about Samuel EXCEPT: _____.

A. He’s still a teenager B. He wants to go back to studying only law C. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future D. He wants to keep playing music

TEXT 20:

Margaret Mead: The World Was Her Home

Margaret Mead was a famous American anthropologist. She was born on December 16, 1901, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She lived with her parents, her grandmother, and her brother and sisters. ___E_____ (1) They believed that education was very important for children. They also believed that the world was important. __G__ (2) When she was a child, Margaret's family traveled often and lived in many different towns. Margaret was always interested in people and places, so she decided to study anthropology in college to learn about different cultures. ____D___ (3) It was even more unusual for women to study anthropology.

Margaret graduated from college in 1923. She wanted to continue her education in anthropology, so she decided to go to American Samoa to study about young women there. __F (4) Margaret wanted to learn about Samoans so that the world could learn about them, too.

Margaret lived in Samoa for nine months and learned the language. She talked with the Samoan people, especially the teenage girls. ___A__ (5) When Margaret returned to the United States, she wrote a book about the young Samoan women she studied. The book was called Coming of Age in Samoa, and it was very popular. As a result, Margaret Mead became very famous. ____C___ (6) Because of Margaret's book, anthropology became a popular subject.

Margaret Mead studied many different cultures in her life. ____B___ (7) She was a remarkable woman of the world.

TASK A: Complete the article with the sentences given below

A. She ate with them, danced with them, and learned many details about their peaceful culture. B. She continued to work, travel, write, and teach until she died in 1978.C. Before Margaret wrote her book, not many people were interested in anthropology.D. At that time it was not very common for women to study in a university.E. Her parents were both teachers, and her grandmother was a teacher, too.F. Many people did not know about the culture of American Samoa.G. Margaret learned many things from her parents and grandmother.

TASK B: Match the definitions with the underlined words from the article.

1. REMARKABLE (adj) worthy of note or attention.2. ANTHROPOLOGY (n) the study of the human race, its culture and society and its

physical development.3. GRADUATE (v) to complete school, college or university correctly.4. DETAILS (n) information about someone or something.5. FAMOUS (adj) known and recognized by many people