NutritionImportant Historical Figures in relation to nutrition:

Justus von Liebig: 1832- significant contributions to the analysis of organic compounds. Studied oils in bitter almondsAntoine- Laurent Lavoisier: Major contributions to chemistry- Law of conservation of massClaude Bernard: French physiologist- studied the physiology of digestion, metabolism, vasodilation, vasoconstriction Emil Fischer: Organic chemist- Major contributions to our understanding of the structure of organic molecules.

The Importance of Good Nutrition:

Good nutrition enhances your quality of life and helps you prevent disease. It provides you with the calories and nutrients your body needs for maximum energy and wellness.

Nutrition: Process by which the body takes in and uses foodNutrients: Substances in foods that your body needs to grow, to repair, and to provide energyCalories: Units of heat that measure the energy used by the body and energy supplied to the body by foods.

What influences your food choices?1. Hunger and Appetite:

Hunger: Natural need to eat and not starve. Appetite: A desire to eat.

2. Emotions: Stress, Anger, Happy, Sad, Boredom, etc,

3. Environment: Family and Friends

4. Cultural and Ethnic Background: Race, Religion, Heritage

5. Convenience and Cost: Where you live, On the go lifestyle, Family income

6. Advertising: Health messages, Influence your looks

6 GROUPS OF NUTRIENTS: • Carbohydrates• Proteins• Fats• Vitamins• Minerals• Water

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the starches and sugars present in food. They are classified as either simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates are sugars. Examples include:

glucose fructose lactose

Sucrose= ________+ ___________Maltose=________+____________

Complex carbohydrates are starches. Examples include:

• whole grains • seeds• legumes

Fiber is an indigestible complex carbohydrate that helps move waste through the digestive system.

Role of Carbohydrates: • Body’s preferred source of energy.• Body converts all carbohydrates to glucose, a simple sugar. • Glucose is not used right away and it is stored as glycogen.• Too many carbohydrates will cause the body to store the excess as fat.

Blood Sugar• __________________= low blood sugar• Blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.• ___________________= high blood sugar• Blood sugar increases to below normal levels.• Body cannot make enough insulin

ProteinsProteins are nutrients that help build and maintain body cells and tissues.• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. • There are 22 amino acids. • We require 9 amino acids in our body= essential amino acids

Proteins are classified into two groups: complete and incomplete.• Complete proteins contain amounts of all nine essential amino acids.

Sources include:*Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, and many soybean products.

• Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.Sources include:

*Beans, peas, nuts, and whole grains.

Role of Proteins:• Proteins have many functions:• Help make new cells.• Help make and repair tissues.

• Help make enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.• Provide energy.

Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions of organisms

o = speed up or slow down reactions but never become part of the reacting compounds or their production

Thousands of enzymes are present in every cell They have a highly specific an specialized structure Examples:

o Digestive enzymes- amylase, maltase, protease, lipase

Proteins are dependent on temperature; therefore, the function depends upon its environment.

Proteins can become denatured- change of molecular shape due to temperature, pH, or radiation.

Extreme conditions- fried egg (irreversible) All humans function best at temperatures near 37 degrees however a stomach enzyme

functions best at a low pH while others need a neutral pH.

Fats• Fats are a type of lipid, a fatty substance that do not dissolve in water.• The building blocks of fats are called fatty acids • Fatty Acids are classified as two types• Saturated:

• Animal fats and tropical oils• High intake is associated with an increased risk of heart disease

• Unsaturated:• Vegetable fats• Associated with a reduced risk of heart disease

• Fatty acids that the body needs, but is unable to make are called essential fatty acids• Transport vitamins A, D, E, and K• Sources of linoleic acid- essential fatty acid that is needed for growth and healthy skin• High intake of saturated fats is linked to increased cholesterol production • Excess cholesterol can lead to an increased risk of heart disease

Cholesterol

• Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body.• Cholesterol helps to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. • Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol

also is found in some of the foods you eat.• Cholesterol travels through your bloodstream in small packages

called lipoproteins.• These packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on

the outside.• Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol

throughout your body: • low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

• high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

1. LDL cholesterol - “bad” cholesterol. • A high LDL level leads to a build-up of cholesterol in your arteries.

2. HDL cholesterol - “good” cholesterol.• Carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. • Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.

Vitamins are compounds that help regulate many vital body processes that include:

1.Digestion 2. Absorption 3. Metabolism 4. Circulation

1. Water Soluble: Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and pass easily into the blood during digestion. Body does not store so they need to be replenished regularly. Includes vitamins C, B1 ,B2, Niacin, B6, Folic acid, and B12.

2. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed, stored, and transported in fat.

Your body stores these vitamins in your fatty tissue, liver, and kidneys.

Excess buildup can be toxic. These include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Minerals:Minerals are substances that the body cannot manufacture but are needed for forming healthy bones and teeth and regulating many vital body processes.Important minerals include:

Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Iron

Water helps to maintain many bodily functions. Lubricates your joints and mucous membranes.

o Enables you to swallow and digest foods. Absorb other nutrients, and eliminate wastes.

o Perspiration helps maintain normal body temperature. Water makes up around 65% of the body. It’s important to drink at least 8 cups of water a day to maintain health.