Vietnam War until 1968
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Transcript of Vietnam War until 1968
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Vietnam War until 1968
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Vietnam• Controlled by France until
WW2
– Japan took it during WW2, opposed by the Viet Minh
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Viet Minh• Vietnamese Communists who
fought for independence
• In WW2, supported by US & China against Japan
• Founded by Ho Chi Minh
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Ho Chi Minh• Vietnamese
Communist Leader
• National hero for fighting for Vietnamese independence
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French claims to Vietnam• After WW2, France tried to regain
control of Vietnam• Indochina War
–Viet Minh defeated French in northern city of Dien Bien Phu
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Geneva Accords - 1954
• Treaty separated Vietnam into N&S–North – Communist–South – Nationalist
• National election to decide which system for unified Vietnam
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Conflict inside Vietnam• SV pres Ngo Dinh Diem feared
communists would win the nationwide election
• Refused to allow the election• US supported him
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Ngo regime
• Vietnam – majority Buddhist–Diem was Christian, had laws passed
that restricted Buddhism
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Vietcong (VC)• Organization of Communists
living in South Vietnam–Worked to overthrow Diem–Assassinated SV officials
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Vietcong (VC)• VC was located in SV
• Communist allies in NV helped• Supply line from N to S nicknamed
“Ho Chi Minh Trail”
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JFK & Vietnam• At first, supported Diem’s rule
– Didn’t want to look “soft on communism” so supported strongest anticommunist
• Then, Diem’s oppression of the people got worse
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Diem & Buddhism• Diem began imprisoning & killing
Buddhist monks
• Some protested by committing ritual suicide
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JFK & Vietnam• US public horrified by repression of
Buddhists in SV
• JFK approved a US / SV coup to overthrow Diem –Diem was assassinated in the coup
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Gulf of Tonkin• US Navy was on patrol in the Gulf
of Tonkin area
• NV shot torpedoes at USS Maddox
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Congress gave LBJ power to expand military presence in Vietnam
• US began bombing targets in north
• War escalated
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US gets involved• Most in US supported involvement in
Vietnam at first–Containment doctrine–1965: 61%
• LBJ’s top advisors urged him to number of US troops
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Troop buildup• Gen William Westmoreland wanted
more US troops– Said US troops would fight better than US-
trained S Vietnamese• Reported battlefield success to
convince them to add troops• Credibility Gap – public eventually
didn’t trust reports
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Gen. William Westmoreland
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Troop buildup• Number of US soldiers in Vietnam
–Mid-1964 16,000–End of 1965 180,000–1967 500,000
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Fighting in the jungle• US had superior weapons, but
jungle was very tough to fight in–Provided cover for VC guerilla tactics–Elaborate tunnel systems allowed for
escape and/or resupply–VC could blend into villages
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Fighting in the jungle• US had superior weapons, but
jungle was very tough to fight in–No front line of advance – attacks
were hit and run everywhere–Booby traps & land mines–Jungle weather–Ridiculous insects
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War of attrition• Gradually wear your enemy down
& destroy morale until they quit–Gen Westmoreland’s main strategy
• Didn’t work at all – Vietcong were way too committed to their cause
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War on rural Vietnamese• Had to keep S Vietnamese from
joining Vietcong cause
• Very difficult because US had to destroy the jungle to win–To fight out in the open–Angered the locals
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Getting rid of jungle• US used Napalm and Agent Orange
to destroy the jungle
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Napalm
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Napalm
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Agent Orange
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Agent Orange
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Morale of US soldiers• US military strategies caused morale
of troops to drop–No end in sight–Many became alcoholics & drug addicts–Draftees were drag on morale
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War at home• Impact on LBJ’s Great Society
programs for the poor–High cost of war = massive debts–$ that would have gone to help poor
went to war–Gov had to raise taxes also
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How the Draft always worked
• Since WWI:• All men register when they turn 18
• Anyone not excluded (usu medical reasons) between 18-26 serves
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How Vietnam War Draft worked
• People got out of it:–Med exemptions (many were bogus)–National Guard–Coast Guard–College deferment
• Most people who avoided service were wealthy & white
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African Americans & Vietnam
• 10% of total population of USA• 20% of Vietnam deaths
• MLK spoke about “cruel irony”–Fighting for others’ freedom & equality
when they didn’t have it themselves