Video production. OBJECTIVES Explore the elements of Visual Composition; Explore the elements of...

Video Video productionproduction

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES Explore the elements of Explore the elements of Visual Visual

CompositionComposition;;

Examine the Examine the Language ElementsLanguage Elements of of moving pictures;moving pictures;

Acquire knowledge to Acquire knowledge to Compose an Compose an Entire SceneEntire Scene SeamlesslySeamlessly;;

Learn how to maintain Learn how to maintain ContinuityContinuity, and , and avoid common mistakes in building avoid common mistakes in building Image Image SequencesSequences..

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Introduce the Introduce the Three Stages Three Stages of Video Production: of Video Production: Preproduction, Production and Preproduction, Production and PostproductionPostproduction;;

Explore techniques for Explore techniques for Developing Ideas and Developing Ideas and Program ConceptsProgram Concepts;;

Organize Organize Strategically Strategically for writing effective for writing effective Stories and TreatmentsStories and Treatments;;

Understand the Understand the Dramatic StructureDramatic Structure;;

Survey the Survey the Creative ProcessCreative Process of of writing writing Stories Stories and Scriptsand Scripts..

THE THREE STAGES OF THE THE THREE STAGES OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESSPRODUCTION PROCESS

PreproductioPreproductionn

ProductionProduction

PostproductioPostproductionn

THE IDEATHE IDEA Personal ExperiencePersonal Experience

Monitor the NewsMonitor the News

AdaptationAdaptation

Composite CharactersComposite Characters

Copyrighted Material Copyrighted Material

The Public DomainThe Public Domain

THE CONCEPTTHE CONCEPT

Often called the Often called the ““log linelog line””

For Example:For Example:

Shakespeare struggles to overcome Shakespeare struggles to overcome his writerhis writer’’s block by seeking a muse s block by seeking a muse and he discovers true love.and he discovers true love.

The result: The result: Shakespeare in LoveShakespeare in Love

THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF WRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENTWRITING AND STORY DEVELOPMENT

The OutlineThe Outline


The Scene OutlineThe Scene Outline


NotebooksNotebooks Bulletin BoardsBulletin Boards

THE TREATMENTTHE TREATMENT


Produced for Produced for CirculationCirculation

Sales ToolSales Tool

NarrativeNarrative version of your program version of your program that reads like athat reads like a Short Story Short Story


Use Use VisualVisual and and Descriptive Descriptive LanguageLanguage

Get the reader Get the reader HookedHooked and keep the and keep the reader reader EngagedEngaged

Written in the Written in the PresentPresent tense tense Single-SpaceSingle-Space format format Place Place Line BreaksLine Breaks to denote to denote

Changes in Time and LocationChanges in Time and Location

THE DRAMATIC STRUCTURETHE DRAMATIC STRUCTURE

ExpositionExposition Inciting IncidentInciting Incident ComplicationsComplications

(Rising and Falling Action)(Rising and Falling Action) CrisisCrisis ClimaxClimax ResolutionResolution

CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

ProtagonistProtagonist

AntagonistAntagonist

Ensemble CastEnsemble Cast

Supporting CharacterSupporting Character

THE CREATIVE PROCESS OF THE CREATIVE PROCESS OF WRITINGWRITING

Write your Write your IdeasIdeas down down How do they look after How do they look after a few daysa few days?? Share your work with Share your work with

FriendsFriends and and Seasoned WritersSeasoned Writers Activate the imagination in Activate the imagination in

Indirect WaysIndirect Ways MusicMusic is a powerful tool is a powerful tool

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION: THE FRAME: THE FRAME

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION: ASPECT : ASPECT RATIORATIO

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION: RULE of : RULE of THIRDSTHIRDS

REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACESPACE

Depth and PerspectiveDepth and Perspective

ScaleScale

ForegroundForeground and and BackgroundBackground

Light Light andand Shadow Shadow

HeadroomHeadroom and and NoseroomNoseroom

Mise en SceneMise en Scene

AngleAngle

REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL REPRESENTING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACESPACE

Depth and PerspectiveDepth and Perspective

SHOT TYPESSHOT TYPESLONG SHOT (LS)LONG SHOT (LS)

SHOT TYPES SHOT TYPES MEDIUM SHOT (MS)MEDIUM SHOT (MS)

SHOT TYPESSHOT TYPESCLOSE-UP (CU)CLOSE-UP (CU)

SHOT TYPESSHOT TYPES EXTREME CLOSE-UP (ECU)EXTREME CLOSE-UP (ECU)

MORE SHOT TYPESMORE SHOT TYPES

Medium Long ShotMedium Long Shot (MLS) (MLS)

Medium Close-UpMedium Close-Up (MCU) (MCU)

Two-ShotTwo-Shot

Three-ShotThree-Shot

MORE SHOT TYPESMORE SHOT TYPES Objective PerspectiveObjective Perspective

Subjective PerspectiveSubjective Perspective

Point-of-viewPoint-of-view Shot Shot

Over-the-shoulderOver-the-shoulder Shots Shots

OverheadOverhead Shot Shot

MOVING SHOT TYPESMOVING SHOT TYPES

An element in a motion picture can be An element in a motion picture can be defined by its location in defined by its location in FourFour DimensionsDimensions: its place in : its place in WidthWidth, , HeightHeight, , DepthDepth, and , and TimeTime..

MOVING SHOT TYPESMOVING SHOT TYPES

PanPan

TiltTilt

ZoomZoom

DollyDolly

Tracking Tracking (Trucking) (Trucking)

FrameFrame ShotShot SceneScene SequenceSequence ActAct FeatureFeature,, Episode Episode,, oror Program Program SeasonSeason SeriesSeries

BUILDING BLOCKS OF VISUAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF VISUAL PROGRAMSPROGRAMS

CutCut

Fade – inFade – in

Fade – outFade – out

DissolveDissolve

WipeWipe

TRANSITIONSTRANSITIONS

THE MASTER SCENE THE MASTER SCENE METHODMETHOD

Master Shot

• Captures all of the Relevant Action

• Gathers other shots to provide Variety

• Directs the audience’s Attention


“Photos Courtesy of William Olsen; Illustration by Jesse Knight”

CONTINUITYCONTINUITY

Physical ContinuityPhysical Continuity• Continuity ErrorsContinuity Errors• Script SupervisorScript Supervisor

Temporal ContinuityTemporal Continuity• Overlapping ActionOverlapping Action• Jump Cuts Jump Cuts

Spatial ContinuitySpatial Continuity• Position JumpsPosition Jumps• EyelinesEyelines

The LineThe Line

CONTINUITYCONTINUITY

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF THE MOTION PICTURESTHE MOTION PICTURES

Pre-CinemaPre-Cinema• Persistence of vision - 130 A.DPersistence of vision - 130 A.D• Magic lantern -1600sMagic lantern -1600s• Thaumatrope - 1825 Thaumatrope - 1825 • Zoetrope -1834 Zoetrope -1834 • Series photography – 1878Series photography – 1878

Eadweard Muybridge Eadweard Muybridge

FILMFILM• 35mm film35mm film

• 16mm16mm

• 8mm8mm

• Super-16Super-16

• Super-8Super-8

• 70mm70mm

VIDEOVIDEO

• 19261926

First public First public demonstration of a demonstration of a video systemvideo system

• 19271927

First video First video broadcastbroadcast

VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVIDEO STORAGE: Videotape

• 2-inch reel-to-reel2-inch reel-to-reel

• 11 ””

• U-MaticU-Matic

• VHSVHS

VIDEO STORAGE:VIDEO STORAGE: VideotapeVideotape• Digital BetacamDigital Betacam

• DVC-ProDVC-Pro

• Mini-DVMini-DV

• DVCamDVCam

• Digital-SDigital-S

• Digital-8Digital-8

VIDEO STORAGE VIDEO STORAGE Drive and Optical StorageDrive and Optical Storage

• Memory cardsMemory cards

• Hard drivesHard drives

• In-camera read-write media (DVD)In-camera read-write media (DVD)

VIDEO SYSTEMSVIDEO SYSTEMS

• NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) -NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) - ““Standard TelevisionStandard Television””

525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio525 lines; 4:3 aspect ratio

• High-Definition Video –High-Definition Video –1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio1,080 lines; 16:9 aspect ratio

• PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) –PAL (Phase-Alternating Line) – 625 lines of horizontal resolution625 lines of horizontal resolution

• 24P24P – – 24 frames per second using progressive 24 frames per second using progressive

scanning scanning

THE CAMERA TEAMTHE CAMERA TEAM • Director of Director of

photography (DP)photography (DP)

• Camera operatorCamera operator

• Focus pullerFocus puller

• Clapper/LoaderClapper/Loader

• Dolly gripDolly grip

• Second unitSecond unit

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASImaging for Digital VideoImaging for Digital Video

• CCDCCD – Charge-Coupled Device – Charge-Coupled Device

• CMOSCMOS – Complementary – Complementary

Metal-Oxide-Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorSemiconductor

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASLensLens

Magnification:Magnification:• Compound Lenses Compound Lenses

(zoom lenses)(zoom lenses)• Prime Lenses Prime Lenses

(fixed focal- (fixed focal-

length lenses)length lenses)• Wide-angle lensWide-angle lens• Telephoto lensTelephoto lens


FocusFocus• Focal pointFocal point• Auto focus Auto focus • Setting focusSetting focus• Proper exposureProper exposure• Creative exposure Creative exposure • Internal light meterInternal light meter• Manual aperture overridesManual aperture overrides


f-stopsf-stops


Depth of fieldDepth of field

“Courtesy of RiverDream Productions”


• Maximum sharpness settingMaximum sharpness setting

• Macro settingMacro setting

• Lens hood Lens hood

DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASDIGITAL VIDEO CAMERASThe Camera BodyThe Camera Body

• Power switchPower switch

• Batteries and Batteries and A/C powerA/C power

• Start/Stop Start/Stop Button. Button.

"REC." "REC."


• The Tally LightThe Tally Light

• The Viewfinder The Viewfinder Eyepiece Eyepiece View screenView screen

• MicrophoneMicrophone

• The Headphone JackThe Headphone Jack


• The Playback Control ButtonsThe Playback Control Buttons

• The Media Storage The Media Storage

• The Handgrip The Handgrip

• Time Code IndicatorTime Code Indicator


• Shutter SpeedShutter Speed• GainGain• Aspect RatioAspect Ratio

4:34:3

16:916:9• Image StabilizationImage Stabilization• Backlight FeatureBacklight Feature• White BalanceWhite Balance

TRIPODSTRIPODS

ADVANCED CAMERAADVANCED CAMERASUPPORT SYSTEMSSUPPORT SYSTEMS

• Steadycam Steadycam

• Jib armJib arm

• Camera cranesCamera cranes

• Vehicle mountsVehicle mounts

• Marine housingsMarine housings

APPROACHES IN APPROACHES IN CINEMATOGRAPHY CINEMATOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHYAND VIDEOGRAPHY

Determine the Determine the ““looklook”” of a project of a project

Four Distinct ApproachesFour Distinct Approaches• RealismRealism• Expressionism and Film NoirExpressionism and Film Noir• ImpressionismImpressionism• SurrealismSurrealism


RealismRealism

• Sharp focusSharp focus• Realistic lighting Realistic lighting


Expressionism Expressionism andand Film Noir Film Noir

• Dark in visual toneDark in visual tone• Stylized lighting cast from severe Stylized lighting cast from severe

anglesangles• Bizarre and fantastic storiesBizarre and fantastic stories• ““Film NoirFilm Noir””


ImpressionismImpressionism

• ““Golden Age of HollywoodGolden Age of Hollywood””• Diffused imagesDiffused images• Impression of some emotional Impression of some emotional

statestate• Twinkling eyes and fog-filteredTwinkling eyes and fog-filtered• A romantic memory A romantic memory


SurrealismSurrealism

• ““Beyond realityBeyond reality”” or or ““above realityabove reality””• Concrete irrationalityConcrete irrationality• Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream Psychoanalytic psychology; Dream

analysisanalysis

EDITING IS SELECTINGEDITING IS SELECTING

Shooting ratioShooting ratio

Shot logShot log

Taking out the Taking out the mistakesmistakes

EDITING STYLESEDITING STYLES

V. I. PudovkinV. I. Pudovkin

Film is a Film is a ““plastic medium.plastic medium.”” Meaning Meaning created through editing. created through editing.

Sergei EisensteinSergei Eisenstein

Meaning created in the juxtapositionMeaning created in the juxtaposition of shotsof shots

ANALYTIC ANALYTIC EDITINGEDITING

Deductive Deductive

Scene Scene

ConstructionConstruction

SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC EDITINGEDITING

Inductive Inductive

Scene Scene

ConstructionConstruction

MASTER SCENE METHODMASTER SCENE METHOD

Master Shot sets pace and Master Shot sets pace and continuitycontinuity

Cut-insCut-ins

Cut-awaysCut-aways

ELEMENTS OF EDITINGELEMENTS OF EDITING

ContinuityContinuityTimeTime Real timeReal time Dramatic timeDramatic time Flashbacks and ForeshadowsFlashbacks and ForeshadowsPacePace Metric editingMetric editing Rhythmic editingRhythmic editing Lyrical editing Lyrical editing Editing pace affects audience moodEditing pace affects audience moodSpaceSpace

CUTTING POINTSCUTTING POINTS

Need for a shift in attentionNeed for a shift in attention

Cutting on actionCutting on action

Leading the actionLeading the action

Following the actionFollowing the action

MONTAGEMONTAGE

Summarizes a passage of timeSummarizes a passage of time

Gives the audience an idea of Gives the audience an idea of the scope of an actionthe scope of an action

Examines the dreams or internal Examines the dreams or internal turmoil of a characterturmoil of a character

NONLINEAR COMPUTER-BASED NONLINEAR COMPUTER-BASED EDITINGEDITING

Shots are Shots are digitized (or digitized (or captured)captured)

Draft modeDraft mode

Off-line editingOff-line editing

On-line editingOn-line editing

NONLINEAR EDITING USER NONLINEAR EDITING USER INTERFACEINTERFACE

ClipsClips Key frame Key frame Non-destructive editing Non-destructive editing Destructive editingDestructive editing Bins Bins Preview windowPreview window Timeline windowTimeline window

TRANSITIONSTRANSITIONS

FadeFade

Dissolve Dissolve

WipeWipe

MORE NON-LINEAR MORE NON-LINEAR EDITING CONTROLSEDITING CONTROLS

TitlesTitles

Special EffectsSpecial Effects

RenderingRendering

AudioAudio

PeripheralsPeripherals

Backing Up DataBacking Up Data

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