Video on Demand over the Internet Trends and challenges Juergen Ehrensberger (HEIG-VD) Andrés...
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![Page 1: Video on Demand over the Internet Trends and challenges Juergen Ehrensberger (HEIG-VD) Andrés Revuelta (EIG) Jean-Roland Schuler (EIA-FR) November 2006.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551a02df550346634a8b48f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Video on Demand over the InternetTrends and challenges
Juergen Ehrensberger (HEIG-VD)Andrés Revuelta (EIG)
Jean-Roland Schuler (EIA-FR)
November 2006
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Project Vadese
« Video on Demand and Security » http://www.vadese.org
• Two-years research project• 4 research groups from 3 different schools
(Fribourg, Geneva, Yverdon)• Focuses on the needs of VoD services providers
– Quality of Service – Patching over Peer-to-peer– Digital Rights Management
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Video over the Internet
31 October 2006:Swisscom launches Bluewin TV
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Video over the Internet
July 2006:Deutsche Telekom launches IPTV
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Video over Internet – Market studies
IPTV« Television broadcast over the Internet access »– Worldwide market size (Gartner 2006)
• $870 million in 2006• $13 billion in 2010
Video on Demand« Download or streaming of movies at any time »– Worldwide market size (iSuppli 2006)
• 40% growth in 2005• $2 billion in 2006• $13 billion in 2010
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Another market study...
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Media distribution over the Internet
Media can be transferred by download or streaming
Download– A file is downloaded from a server to the customer’s equipment– The media can be consumed only after the download has finished
Simple Not suited for live content Long waiting time
Streaming– A continuous media flow of packets is transferred from a server to the customer– The customer consumes the media simultaneously with the transfer
Suited for live content Technically challenging
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Network scenario
ISP 1 ISP 2
ISP 3
Home network
Service provider
Low-speed access link(ADSL, CaTV)
High-speed access
TVSet-Top Box
Home network
TVSet-Top Box
Video server
Internet
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Quality of Service
• The main challenge of streaming media over this Internet is to obtain a sufficient Quality of Service :
« QoS is the collective effect of service performance which determines
the degree of satisfaction of a user of a service »
(ITU-T Rec. E-800)
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Measurable performance parameters
Throughput– ‘Speed’ of the transmission, bits per second received
Packet loss rate– Percentage of packets lost inside the network
Network delay– Delay between the sending of a packet at the source and the
reception by the receiver Delay variation
– Changes of network delay between successive packets
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Throughput• Media streams have an inherent bitrate that has to be provided by the
network
Throughput requirements
Transmission capacity
Codec Quality BitrateMPEG-2 TV quality 1 – 4 Mb/sMPEG-4 AVC TV quality 768 kb/sMPEG-4 AVC HDTV 5 – 6 Mb/s
Network Capacity MPEG-4 TV flowsADSL 3 Mb/s 4 flowsEthernet 100 Mb/s 130 flowsISPs / Internet 10 Gb/s 13’000 flows
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Packet loss
• What happens if there is too much traffic in the network?– The Internet is a network of transmission links,
connected to routers
Home network
Internet Company network
Company network
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Packet loss
• What happens if there is too much traffic in the network?– Each router receives traffic from several input links and
forwards the packet to output links
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Packet loss
• What happens if there is too much traffic in the network?– If the output link is occupied, packets have to wait for
transmission in a queue
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Packet loss• Transmission queues on routers are causing
packet loss and delays
Measurement over low-capacity access links
Up to 5% packet loss20ms one-way delay
InternetISP
Home network
ADSL (3Mb/s)
HEIG-VD
Access 100 Mb/s
Packet loss, delays
Router
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Effect of packet loss on video quality
Example: – 1% loss – MPEG-2– No error concealment
Example: – 5% loss – MPEG-2– No error concealment
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Effect of network delay
• Network delay is not critical for non-interactive applications– Typically network delay is below 1 seconds– User may tolerate several seconds of delay
Possible problems– « Roberto Baggio Effect »– Channel switching delay
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Delay variation
• Media playback requires a constant flow of data• The packets of the media flow experience different network delays
• A playout buffer compensates the delay variations• Half-filled upon start of the transmission (« Buffering... ») Increases network delay
– Delay variations should be small to keep playout buffer small
Internet
SenderReceiver
Isochronous flow
Isochronous flow
Variable network delays
Playout buffer
Playback application Source application
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Current challenges
Insufficient QoS over ADSL and CaTV– Overdimensioning or VDSL– QoS mechanisms in the ISP network– QoS mechanisms on user’s Set-Top Box
High cost for streaming individual flows– « Patching » of video flows– Peer-to-peer distribution of flows
Digital Rights Management
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Overdimensioning of the access link
• ADSL link with 3 Mb/s• MPEG-4 AVC video with TV quality at 768 kb/s Additional traffic (Web, E-mail, downloads) may deteriorate the video quality
InternetISP
Home network
ADSL (3Mb/s) Access 100 Mb/s
Service provider
TV Set-Top Box Video server
Dynamic overdimensioning• ISP dynamically increases ADSL capacity
during video streaming– Should provide sufficient capacity for
video and additional downloadsProblem: traffic demand adapts to available
capacity
Very High Bitrate DSL (VDSL2)• Provides capacity of 20 Mb/s (over 1500m)• Allows simultaneous transmission of 2
HDTV channels• Problem: high investment required to
upgrade the access network
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QoS mechanisms in the ISP network
ISP Home network
Set-Top Box
• Even over ADSL, a sufficient QoS can be provided using QoS mechanisms• Idea: give video flow priority over other traffic
– Video flow gets sufficient capacity to avoid packet loss on the ADSL link– Other traffic (Web, download) is still possible, but slower
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QoS mechanisms in the ISP network
• Even over ADSL, a sufficient QoS can be provided using QoS mechanisms• Idea: give video flow priority over other traffic
– Video flow gets sufficient capacity to avoid packet loss on the ADSL link– Other traffic (Web, download) is still possible, but slower
ISP Home network
Set-Top Box
High priority queue
Low priority queue
Video flow
Other traffic
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QoS mechanisms on user’s Set-Top Box• Solution developed in Vadese• Modifications of the access network are costly• Service providers do not own the access network• How can a service provider offer sufficient QoS?
– Use QoS mechanisms on the Set-Top Box Has to control traffic after it has crossed the ADSL link!
ISP Home network
Set-Top Box
Video flow
Other traffic
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QoS mechanisms on user’s Set-Top Box
• Non-video traffic mainly uses TCP– TCP adapts to network congestion, detected by packet loss
• Control queue length on ISP router from Set-Top Box– « Split » Advanced Queue Management
ISP Home network
Video flow
Other traffic
Low queue occupancy
Discard non-video packets
Controled TCP traffic
Measure video QoS
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High cost for Video-on-Demand• In VoD, customers access videos at different moments• The simple approach to start a new flow for each user is not
economical– Example : access link at 1 Gb/s
Only 200 simultaneous HDTV flows (at 5 Mb/s)Cost of $1 per video, only for transmission
Internet
High-speed access 1 Gb/s
Service provider
Video server
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Near Video-on-Demand with Multicast• Solution
– A new flow for the same video starts every n minutes– Similar to a TV broadcast that repeats every n minutes– Flow is efficiently transmitted via multicast
• Multicast is only feasible for network operators
Service provider
Video server
Home network
Home network
Set-TopBox
Set-TopBox
Multicast flow
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Video patching with Peer-to-peer• Solution developed in Vadese• Allows true Video-on-Demand • Can be used by service providers without their own multicast network• Idea of patching:
– A customer who already receives a video can relay the flow to a new customer– The missing part of the video is temporarily ‘patched’ from the server
Service provider
Video server
Home network
Home network
Set-TopBox
Set-TopBox
Patching flow
Peer-to-peer flow
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True Video-on-Demand with Multicast• Possible alternative to Peer-to-peer transmission• Combines Multicast and Patching to achieve true Video-on-Demand• Solution
– A new multicast flow for the same video starts every n minutes– When a new customer arrives, it joins an existing multicast session– The missing first minutes of the movie is patched by a short-lived patching flow
Service provider
Video server
Home network
Home network
Set-TopBox
Set-TopBox
Multicast flow
Patching flow
Joins multicast
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Conclusion
Project Vadese - Video on Demand and Security– Focuses on the needs of VoD services providers
• Quality of Service • Patching over P2P• Digital Rights Management
– Technologies will be integrated in a Set-Top Box– Possible valorizations
• Follow-up projects with commercial partners• Intellectual property• Commercialization of some of the technologies