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Preface
The study of human resource management is one of the major criteria in
the corporate sector. Human resource is the heart of the organization. By
this research project we will be able to know how to reduce the stress level
of the employees working in the organization. By this way the productivity
of the employees increases.
Now a day the corporate sector is booming in a high speed that the people
have to work for prolonged hours to maintain the standard of living and
achieve their basic needs. In spit of having the modern technologies and
facilities, people are feeling themselves to be work loaded and stressed.
Stress arises because of many reasons which are discussed in the
following project. The project report also contain techniques how to reduce
the stress and overcome such problems.
To identify the level of stress among the people who work in the same
organization, I have carried out a survey the stress level of the people
working in the organization.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude to my industry guide Mr. R.N.SHARMA,
General Manager Strategic HR Unit , PADMINI VNA MECHATRONICS
Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, for his able guidance, continuous support andcooperation throughout my project, without which the present work would
not have been possible.
I would also like to thank the entire team of PADMINI VNA
MECHATRONICS Pvt. Ltd, for the constant support and help in the
successful completion of my project.
I am thankful to my faculty guide Mrs. GEETANJALI GHOSH of my
institute too, for her continuous support and guidance and invaluableencouragement.
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INTRODUCTIONTO STRESS
It seems like you hear it all the time from nearly everyone you know Im
SO stressed out! Pressures abound in this world today. Those pressures
cause stress and anxiety, and often we are ill-equipped to deal with thosestressors that trigger anxiety and other feelings that can make us sick.
Literally, sick.
stress at work is relatively new phenomenon of modern lifestyles. The
nature of work has gone through drastic changes over the last century and
it is still changing at whirlwind speed .They have touched almost all
professions .starting from an artist to a surgeon, or a commercial pilot to a
sales executive . With change comes stress , inevitably. Professional stress
or job stress poses a threat to physical health.
Work related stress in the life of organized workers , consequently , affects
the health of the organization.
It is very much a personal condition and individuals vary in their ability to
cope with different forms and levels of stress. In fact we all need some level
of stress , as stimulus , to get going and live. However , higher levels of
stress can greatly affect individual and organizational performance.
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Need and Relevance of Study
Now a days stress is a part of life because everybody wants to touch thesky as early as possible , but in the process of achieving the success there
are many type of constraints which comes in ones ways and these
constraints are the basic cause of stress . in any business or administrative
establishment its very important to have a stress free environment for
smooth functioning of the organization.
More and more employees are experiencing stress at work. They may be
coping with too much pressure, long hours or rapid change. The nature of
employment has now changed and the idea of a job for life has beenreplaced by an emphasis on performance. Stress is now recognized as a
valid health and safety issue at work.
It is not a stress-free environment that organizations and individuals need
to aim for at work but a stress-controlled one, which is beneficial for
everybody. It is important for organizations to recognize this and apply
appropriate methods and processes to reduce stress. Creation of an
inclusive, participative, inspirational and respectful work environment would
not only reduce stress at work but also improve individual andorganizational performance.
work stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses that occurs
when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources
and the needs of the worker. Stress can lead to poor health and even
injury. A certain degree of stress is necessary for good mental and physical
health. This is termed eustress. To much stress can lead to distress.Too
much or too little stress can have deleterious effects on performance with
resultant effects on the health of the individual and the organization.
The ability to handle stress has almost become a requirement in most jobs
today.
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Work stress is thought to affect individuals psychological and physical
health , as well as organizations effectiveness , in an adverse manner .
It is necessary for an individual or an organization to have a stress free
environment because it will help an individual to perform in a better way notonly for himself or herself but for his/her family , society and the
organization to which the individual belongs.
The study of stress management is a tool to create the mechanism of
converting the stressful environment into a stress free environment and
unless we know the root causes of stress we cannot find out the correct
way of making a stress free environment. This research project will provide
practical advice on how to deal with work stress
Definition
Hans Selye was one of the founding fathers of stress research. His view in
1956 was that stress is not necessarily something bad it all depends on
how you take it. The stress of exhilarating, creative successful work is
beneficial, while that of failure, humiliation or infection is detrimental. Selye
believed that the biochemical effects of stress would be experienced
irrespective of whether the situation was positive or negative.
Since then, a great deal of further research has been conducted, and ideas
have moved on. Stress is now viewed as a "bad thing", with a range of
harmful biochemical and long-term effects. These effects have rarely been
observed in positive situations.
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The most commonly accepted definition of stress (mainly attributed to
Richard S Lazarus) is that stress is a condition or feeling experienced
when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and
social resources the individual is able to mobilize. In short, it's what
we feel when we think we've lost control of events.
What is Stress
Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by our response to
pressure from the outside world. It may be understood as a state of tension
experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands , constraints or
opportunities . The pressure of modern life , coupled with the demands of a
job , can lead to emotional imbalances that are collectively labeled as
stress.
Job stress is a chronic disease caused by conditions in the workplace that
negatively affect an individuals performance and/or overall well-being of
his body and mind.
Modern day stresses can take the form of monetary needs, or emotional
frictions. Competition at work and an increased workload can also cause
greater levels of stress.
Symptoms of Stress
The sign of job stress vary from person to person , depending on the
particular situation , how long the individual has been subjected to the
stressor , and the intensity of the stress itself
Typical symptoms of job stress cab be :
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Biological
y Lack of appetite
y Craving for food when under pressure
y Frequent indigestion
y Heartburn
y Constipation or diarrhea
y Insomnia
y Constant tiredness
y Tendency to sweat for no good reason
y Nervousness
y Nail baiting
y Headaches
y Cramps
y Muscle spasms
y Breathlessness
Psychological
y Negativism
y Expression of boredom
y Dissatisfaction
y Irritability
y Anger over unimportant issues
y Resignation
y Forgetfulness
y Inability to concentrate
y Procrastination
y
Inability to make decisions
Behavioural
y Constant irritability with people
y Feeling unable to cope
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y Lack of interest in life
y Constant or recurrent fear of disease
y A feeling of being a failure
y A feeling of being bad or self-hatred
y Difficulty in making decisions
y Lack of interest in other people
y Awareness of suppressed anger
y Inability to show true feelings
y Loss of sense of humor
y Feeling of neglect
y Sudden changes in weight
y Smoking habits or use of alcohol
Types of stress -
While there are many subcategories of stress that are being treated today, the major types of stress can be broken down into four different
categories :
1) Eustress
2) Hyperstress
3) Hypostress
4) Distress
Eustress
Eustress is one of the helpful types of stress . It the type of stress you
experience right before you have the need to exert physical force. Eustress
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prepares the muscles , heart , and mind for the strength needed for
whatever is about to occur.
Eustress can also apply to creative endeavors. When a person needs to
have some extra energy or creativity , eustress kicks into bring them the
inspiration they need. An athlete will experience the strength that comesfrom eustress right before they play a big game or enter a big competition .
because of eustress ,they immediately receive the strength that they need
to perform.
When the body enters the fight or flight response , it will experience
eustress. The eustress prepares the body to fight with or flee from an
imposing danger . this type of stress will cause the blood to pump to the
major muscle groups , and will increase the heart rate and blood pressure
to increase. If the event or danger passes, the body will eventually return toits normal state.
There are few examples of eustress
The thrill and excited feeling while watching a horror movie
The feeling of excitement when you won a game or race
The excitement when you bought your first car
The accomplishment of a challenge
The excitement of going for a holiday
The happy feeling of being loved
Distress
Distress is one of the negative types of stress . This is one of the types of
stress that the mind and body undergoes when the normal routine is
constantly adjusted and altered. The mind is not comfortable with thisroutine , and craves familiarity of a common routine .
There are actually two types of stress acute stress and chronic stress
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Acute stress
Acute stress is the type of stress that comes immediately with a change of
routine. It is an intense type of stress , but passes quickly . Acute stress is
the bodys way of getting a person to stand up and take inventory of what is
going on , to make sure that everything is ok
Chronic stress
Chronic stress will occur if there is a constant change of routine for week
after week. Chronic stress affects the body for a long period of time . This is
the type of stress experienced by someone who constantly faces moves or
job changes.
Symptoms of chronic stress can be:
y upset stomach
y headache
y backache
y insomnia
y anxiety
y depression
y
anger
In the most severe cases it can lead to panic attacks or a panic disorder
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There are a variety of methods to control chronic stress, including exercise,
healthy diet, stress management, relaxation techniques, adequate rest, and
relaxing hobbies.
Ensuring a healthy diet containing magnesium may help control or
eliminate stress, in those individuals with lower levels of magnesium or
those who have a magnesium deficiency. Chronic stress can also lead to a
magnesium deficiency, which can be a factor in continued chronic stress,
and a whole host of other negative medical conditions caused by a
magnesium deficiency.
It has been discovered that there is a huge upsurge in the number of
people who suffer from this condition. A very large number of these new
cases suffer from insomnia.
In a review of the scientific literature on the relationship between stress and
disease, the authors found that stress plays a role in triggering or
worsening depression and cardiovascular disease and in speeding the
progression of HIV/AIDS.
Hyperstress
Hyperstress is the type of negative stress that comes when a person is
forced to undertake or undergo more than he or she can take. A stressful
job that overworks an individual will cause that individual to face
hyperstress
A person who is experiencing hyperstress will s respond to even little
stressors with huge emotional outbreaks. It is important for the person who
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thinks they might be experiencing hyperstress to make measures to reduce
the stress in their lives , because stress can lead to serious emotional and
physical repercussions.
People who are most likely to suffer from hyperstress are : Working mothers who have to multi-task , juggling between work and
family commitments
A wall street trader who are constantly under immerse tension
People who are under constant financial strains
Generally people working in fast pace environment
Hypostress
Hypostress stands in direct opposite to hyperstress. That is because
hypostress is one of those types of stress experienced by a person who isconstantly bored. Someone in an unchallenging job , such as factory
worker performing the same task over and over , will often experience
hypostress .The effect of hypostress is feelings of restlessness and a lack
of inspiration.
Compressive stress
Compressive stress is the stress applied to materials resulting in their
compaction (decrease of volume). When a material is subjected to
compressive stress, then this material is under compression. Usually,
compressive stress applied to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.
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Loading a structural element or a specimen will increase the compressive
stress until the reach of compressive strength. According to the properties
of the material, failure will occur as yield for materials with ductile behavior
(most metals, some soils and plastics) or as rupture for brittle behavior
(geometries, cast iron, glass, etc).
In long, slender structural elements -- such as columns or truss bars -- an
increase of compressive force Fleads to structural failure due to buckling
at lower stress than the compressive strength.
Compressive stress has stress units (force per unit area), usually withnegative values to indicate the compaction. However in geotechnical
engineering, compressive stress is represented with positive values.
Stress in Biological terms:
Stress is a biological term which refers to the consequences of the failure
of a human or animal body to respond appropriately to emotional or
physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined. It includes a
state of alarm and adrenaline production, short-term resistance as a coping
mechanism, and exhaustion. It refers to the inability of a human or animal
body to respond. Common stress symptoms include irritability, muscular
tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as
headaches and accelerated heart rate.
The term "stress" was first used by the endocrinologist Hans Selye in the
1930s to identify physiological responses in laboratory animals. He later
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everyday lives, stress is everywhere and definitely unavoidable; hence our
emphasis should be on differentiating between what is good stress, and
what is bad. This will help us to learn to cope with negative stress, and
harness the power of positive stress to help us achieve more.
In our fast paced world, it is impossible to live without stress, whether you
are a student or a working adult. There is both positive and negative stress,
depending on each individuals unique perception of the tension between
the two forces. Not all stress is bad. For example, positive stress, also
known as eustress, can help an individual to function at optimal
effectiveness and efficiency.
Hence, it is evident that some form of positive stress can add more color
and vibrancy to our lives. The presence of a deadline, for example, can
push us to make the most of our time and produce greater efficiency. It is
important to keep this in mind, as stress management refers to using stress
to our advantage, and not on eradicating the presence of stress in our lives.
On the other hand, negative stress can result in mental and physical strain.
The individual will experience symptoms such as tensions, headaches,
irritability and in extreme cases, heart palpitations. Hence, whilst some
stress may be seen as a motivating force, it is important to manage stress
levels so that it does not have an adverse impact on your health and
relationships.
SOURCES OF STRESS
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Stressors are the things that cause stress. It is important for a manager to
understand and be able to recognize stressor because they cause job-
related stress,Which influenences work atttitdes and behavior. Major soures of stress: -
Some of the major sources of stress are given below: -
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS: -
y Occupational demands: Some jobs are more stressful than others.
According to the national institute for occupational safety and health,
the following jobs are considered to be more stressful
Labourer, Secretary, Inspector, Office manager, Foreman,
Manager/administrator, miner, painter etc.
Certain jobs seen to contain a high amount of in-built stress in the
form oftime pressures, too many meetings, difficulties in meeting standards,
inter- personal games etc. , especially at higher levels. According to
Parasuraman and Alutto, at lower levels also stress-producing
situations emerge on technical grounds (equipment breakdown) or
role frustration (low status, inadequate supervision ).
y Role Conflict:A role is nothing but a general set of guidelinesindicating how persons holding certain positions should or ought to
behave. for example, top managers are expected to be decisive and
aggressive, while salesman are expected to be friendly and cheerful.
These expectations, unfortunately, may cause lot of discomfort and
stress to the parties involved. This is espically true in situations where
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different groups of people with whom the individual interacts hold
contradictory expectations about how he or she should behave.
Under these circumstances, role conflict exists, and the person in
question may find himself pulled in different and incompatible
directions. Four types of role conflict may generally come to surface.
(i) Intrasender conflicts occurs then the person asks you to
accomplish two objectives that are in apparent conflict. If your
boss asks you to hurry up and finish your work but also
decrease your pay for your mistakes, you would experience this
type of conflict.
(ii) Intersender conflict occurs when two or more senders give youincompatible directions. Your boss may want to complete a
crash project on time, but company policy temporarily prohibits
authorizing overtime payments to clerical assistance.
(iii) Interrole conflict results when two different you play are in
conflict. Your company may want you to travel 50 percent of the
time (to be promoted) while your spouse threatens a divorce if
you travel more than 25 percent of the time.
(iv) Person role conflict occurs when the roles that yourorganization expects you to occupy are in conflict with your
basic values. Your company may ask you to fire sub standard
performers, but this could be in conflict with your humanistic
values.
y Role ambiguity: Role ambiguity occurs when position holders are
uncertain about limits of their authority and that of others , companyrules, job security and the methods used to evaluate their work.
Research studies have indicated that the more ambiguity a person
reported , the lower the persons utilization of intellectual skills ,
knowledge and leadership skills . it was also found that role ambiguity
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was significantly related to low job satisfaction and to feelings of job
related threats to mental and physical well beings.
y Role overload : imaging for a moment about an executive who is
attempting to dictate a letter , talk on three phones conducting an
interview and writing a report all at the same time. There is no use
trying to do too much in too little time . constant interruptions ,
changing hats every five minutes , a constant stream of visitors , a
mountain of files and papers to process and a number of
subordinates looking up to his valuable guidance and advice all
increase the quantitative and qualitative overload . person who
experience such conditions show clear sign of stress and report
health problems.
y Role underload :At the other extreme , having nothing to do orbeing asked to do too little in ones work can also be quite stressful.
Sales people in stores with no customers , standing around all day
with nothing to do could be said to experience role underload .
assembly line workers also generally experience role underload ;
rarely do they perform more than one or two tasks day after day .
workers with role underload report that they feel both physically and
psychologically weary;even when they are not at work , they do not
show much interest in social activity or physical exercise . two factorssuccinctly explain the relationship between underload and stress .
most persons wish to feel useful and needed . thus , when they find
that they are doing very little and achieving next to nothing in their
jobs , their self esteem may be threatened . secondly , people want
stimulations . they do not like the idea of staring blankly into space all
the time. They prefer to interact with the world around them and do
something worthwhile. No wonder , jobs that demand too little can be
unpleasant , boring and stressful.y Interpersonal relationship :Another source of stress in
organizations is poor intrepersonal relationships with others , be they
supervisors , coworkers, subordinates or clients . when interpersonal
relationships at work are not pleasant , employee develop a
generalized anxiety , a feeling of fear about upcoming meetings and
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interactions . three aspects of interpersonal relationships at work , in
particular , have a negative influence on job stress : amount of
contact with others , amount of contact with people in other
departments and organizational climate.
y Ineffective communications : stress can result from a lack ofcommunication or from a lack of the right kind of communication at
the right time. We begin to see the world differently and we tend to
interpret communication efforts differently . for example there is
nothing more stressful than finding that you have arrived at an
appointment with your at the wrong time. You misunderstood the
appointed time , your boss is upset and you are edgy.
y Responsibility : any type of responsibility can be burdensome for
some people . different types pf responsibility function differently as
stressors. One way of classifying this variable is in terms of
responsibility for people versus responsibility for things . the more
responsibilities the people reported according to one research study,
the more likely the person was to smoke heavily have high blood
pressure and show higher cholesterol levels. On the contrary, he
more responsibility for things the employee reported, the lower these
indicators were
y Job change: Individuals and work undergo constant changes asorganizations try to become more compitative and aggressive in the
marketplace. These changes can cause stress for the job holder for
example, a bank may computerized its accounting function. As a
result, a job that did require certain decisions and calculations may
become merely a data collection and entry position for the computer.
As with most changes, job change entails a certain amount of
uncertainty that may ultimately lead to stress. Change can be
espically stressful for individuals afraid of losing there jobs.y Climate within a company: Employee can also experience
stress when they feel that they should get more money for their work,
or if company restrtins them from doing things they feel they must do
to be effective in their job. For example, a manager wishes to assign
a few extra duties to an individual for a special project but union
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regulations do not permit it. Stress can also result from prohibitive
physical settings such as heat, cold, safety hazards, air pollution,
uncomfortable spatial arrangements, shift work etc. apart from the
physical surroundings the psychological climate within a company is
also important. When day to day life in an organization ischaracterized by unfriendly hostile exchanges, employees feel the
tension all around. they do not trust each other and do not express
their concerns openly they are unsupportive of each other and spend
little time helping each other with problems. Likewise, if employees
are not encouraged to participate actively in organizational activities,
stressful situations may develope. Employees may feel left out and
neglected because they have no opportunity to influence important
events related to their jobs. Additionally factors like insufficientauthority (where a manager does not receive the backing needed
from management to carry out its directives ) pressures towards
conformity (where members are expected to follow established norms
whether they like them or not) ; faulty job designs also produce lot of
stress for people working within a company.
Personal Factors
y The impact of life change: Traumatic experiences in life (death of
love one, divorce, lost of family estate etc.) can have significant
impact on the psychological well-being of an individual. Research
studies have also indicated the fact that when individuals undergo
extremely stressful changes in their lives, their personal health often
does suffer.
Recognizing a stressor:
It is important to recognize whether you are under stress or out of it. Many
times, even if we are under the influence of a stressful condition and our
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body reacts to it internally as well as externally, we fail to realize that we
are reacting under stress. This also happens when the causes of stress are
there long enough for us to get habituated to them. The body constantly
tries to tell us through symptoms such as rapid palpitation, dizzy spells,
tight muscles or various body aches that something is wrong. It is importantto remain attentive to such symptoms and to learn to cope with the
situations.
We cope better with stressful situation, when we encounter them
voluntarily. In cases of relocation, promotion or layoff, adventurous sports
or having a baby, we tend to respond positively under stress. But, when we
are compelled into such situations against our will or knowledge, more
often than not, we wilt at the face of unknown and imagined threats.Forinstance, stress may mount when one is coerced into undertaking some
work against one's will.
Coping with Stress at Work place
With the rapid advancement of technology, the stresses faced at work have
also increased. Many people dread going to work, hence the term Monday
Blues. What is the reason for this? There is partly the fear from being
retrenched in bad times, leading to greater job insecurity on the part of
those who remain. Undoubtedly, occupational stress is one of the most
commonly cited stressors faced by people all over the world.
Stress refers to the pressure and reactions to our environment which
results in psychological and physical reactions. Whilst some stress is good
for motivation and increasing efficiency, too much stress can result in
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negative impacts such as reduced effectiveness and efficiency. More and
more people are feeling isolated and disrespected at work, and this has led
to greater occupational stress. Many companies have taken to consulting
experts and professionals on ways to increase connectedness and
motivation of their employees.
Some companies organize parties and make their employees feel valued at
work. These are measures to motivate employees and help them to feel
secure at their jobs, translating into greater productivity. However, not all
companies have such measures in place, and some have not gotten it quite
right. Hence, it is up to you to make sure that you can cope with stress at
your workplace, and use it to help you work better. Here are 3 simple steps
to help you with coping with stress in the workplace.
Step 1:Raising Awareness
Help yourself to identify when you are facing rising levels of stress, tipping
the scales from positive to negative. This is important, as being able to
identify signs of being stressed can help you to take steps to ensure that
your overall quality of life does not drop. If left unacknowledged, the
problem will only snowball, leading to disastrous consequences to your
health and overall wellbeing.
You can identify if you are feeling stressed by checking if you have any
physical or psychological reactions, such as excessive sweating or heartpalpitations, or the onset of headaches, irritability or the need to escape. If
you experience any of these reactions, identify if you are feeling any
overwhelming negative emotions, and if you are constantly worried.
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Step 2:Identify the Cause
You need to be able to analyze the situation and identify what is causing
the rise in stress. These stressors can be external and internal. External
stressors refer to things beyond your control, such as the environment oryour colleagues at work. Internal stressors refer to your own thinking and
attitude. Often, we only start reacting to stress when a combination of
stressors working together exceeds our ability to cope.
Keep a diary or a list of events that have caused you to feel strong negative
emotions, or that are likely stressors. This will help you to identify the
causes of your stress. Whilst it is not always possible to eradicate them, we
can change the way that we cope with it.
Step 3:Coping with Stress
In order to deal with the situation that is causing you stress, you need to
calm your mind and body so as to stave off the reactions and cope with it in
a positive way. This can be through different methods, such as taking time
off. If a situation is triggering your stress and you are unable to calm down,
remove yourself from it. Go outside and take a walk to calm down.
Alternatively, you can try implementing relaxation techniques such as deep
breathing. If it is an internal stressor, stop your thought process until you
are able to deal with it logically.
The key to making these 3 steps work for you is to practice them. These
are not instantaneous solutions, and you need to condition your mind and
practice them so that you can implement it when you are feeling stressed.
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Prevention
A combination of organizational change and stress management is often
the most useful approach for preventing stress at work.
How to Change the Organization to Prevent Job Stress
y Ensure that the workload is in line with workers' capabilities and
resources.
y Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for
workers to use their skills.
y Clearly define workers' roles and responsibilities.
y Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions
affecting their jobs.
y Improve communications-reduce uncertainty about career
development and future employment prospects.
y Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers.
y Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands andresponsibilities outside the job.
y Discrimination inside the workplace. (e.g. nationality and language )
St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company conducted several studies on
the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings. Program
activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress,
(2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational
sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs.
In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after
prevention activities was implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second
study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that
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implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no
reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not
implement stress prevention activities.
StressManagement
Stress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to go
beyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out
and plaguing us with anxiety attacks. Moreover, be it our anxiety, mind-
body exhaustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of
stress and the conditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments
we often forget that stressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and
treatable.
Stress, either quick or constant, can induce risky body-mind disorders.
Immediate disorders such as dizzy spells, anxiety attacks, tension,
sleeplessness, nervousness and muscle cramps can all result in chronic
health problems. They may also affect our immune, cardiovascular and
nervous systems and lead individuals to habitual addictions, which are
inter-linked with stress.
Like "stress reactions", "relaxation responses" and stress management
techniques are some of the body's important built-in response systems. As
a relaxation response the body tries to get back balance in its homeostasis.
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Some hormones released during the 'fight or flight' situation prompt the
body to replace the lost carbohydrates and fats, and restore the energy
level. The knotted nerves, tightened muscles and an exhausted mind crave
for looseness. Unfortunately, today, we don't get relaxing and soothing
situations without asking. To be relaxed we have to strive to create such
situations.
Laughter:
Adopting a humorous view towards life's situations can take the edge off
everyday stressors. Not being too serious or in a constant alert mode helps
maintain the equanimity of mind and promote clear thinking. Being able to
laugh stressaway is the smartest way to ward off its effects.
A sense of humor also allows us to perceive and appreciate the
incongruities of life and provides moments of delight. The emotions we
experience directly affect our immune system. The positive emotions can
create neurochemical changes that buffer the immunosuppressive effects
of stress.
During stress, the adrenal gland releases corticosteroids, which are
converted to cortical in the blood stream. These have an
immunosuppressive effect. Dr. Lee Berk and fellow researcher Dr. Stanley
Tan at Loma Linda University School of Medicine have produced carefully
controlled studies showing that the experience of laughter lowers serum
cortical levels, increases the amount and activity of T lymphocytesthe
natural killer cells. Laughter also increases the number of T cells that have
suppresser receptors.
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What Laughter Can Do Against Stress And Its Effects?
Laughter lowers blood pressure and reduces hypertension.
It provides good cardiac conditioning especially for those who are unable
to perform physical exercise.
Reduces stress hormones (studies shows, laughter induces reduction of
at least four of neuroendocrine hormonesepinephrine, cortical, dopac,
and growth hormone, associated with stress response).
Laughter cleanses the lungs and body tissues of accumulated stale air as
it empties more air than it takes in. It is beneficial for patients suffering from
emphysema and other respiratory ailments.
It increases muscle flexion, relaxation and fluent blood circulation in body.
Boosts immune function by raising levels of infection-fighting T-cells,disease-fighting proteins called Gamma-interferon and disease-destroying
antibodies called B-cells.
Laughter triggers the release of endorphinsbody's natural painkillers.
Produces a general sense of well-being.
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Reduce yourstress
1. Job analysis: - We have all experienced that appalling sense of having
far too much work to do and too little time to do it in. We can choose to
ignore this, and work unreasonably long hours to stay on top of our
workload. The risks here are that we become exhausted, that we have so
much to do that we do a poor quality job and that we neglect other areas of
our life. Each of these can lead to intense stress.
The alternative is to work more intelligently, by focusing on the things that
are important for job success and reducing the time we spend on low
priority tasks. Job Analysis is the first step in doing this.
The first of the action-oriented skills that we look at is Job Analysis. Job
Analysis is a key technique for managing job overload an important
source of stress.
To do an excellent job, you need to fully understand what is expected of
you. While this may seem obvious, in the hurly-burly of a new, fast-moving,
high-pressure role, it is oftentimes something that is easy to overlook.
By understanding the priorities in your job, and what constitutes success
within it, you can focus on these activities and minimize work on other tasks
as much as possible. This helps you get the greatest return from the work
you do, and keep your workload under control.
Job Analysis is a useful technique for getting a firm grip on what really is
important in your job so that you are able to perform excellently. It helps
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you to cut through clutter and distraction to get to the heart of what you
need to do.
2. Rational & positive thinking: -
You are thinking negatively when you fear the future, put yourself down,
criticize yourself for errors, doubt your abilities, or expect failure. Negative
thinking damages confidence, harms performance and paralyzes mental
skills.
Unfortunately, negative thoughts tend to flit into our consciousness, do their
damage and flit back out again, with their significance having barely been
noticed. Since we barely realize that they were there, we do not challenge
them properly, which means that they can be completely incorrect and
wrong.
Thought Awareness is the process by which you observe your thoughts
and become aware of what is going through your head.
One approach to it is to observe your "stream of consciousness" as you
think about the thing you're trying to achieve which is stressful. Do not
suppress any thoughts. Instead, just let them run their course while you
watch them, and write them down on our free worksheet as they occur.
Then let them go.
Another more general approach to Thought Awareness comes with logging
stress in your Stress Diary. When you analyze your diary at the end of the
period, you should be able to see the most common and the most
damaging thoughts. Tackle these as a priority using the techniques below.
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Here are some typical negative thoughts you might experience when
preparing to give a major presentation:
y Fear about the quality of your performance or of problems that may
interfere with it;
y Worry about how the audience (especially important people in it like
your boss) or the press may react to you;
y Dwelling on the negative consequences of a poor performance; or
y
Self-criticism over a less-than-perfect rehearsal.
Thought awareness is the first step in the process of managing negative
thoughts, as you cannot manage thoughts that you are unaware of.
Rational Thinking
The next step in dealing with negative thinking is to challenge the negative
thoughts that you identified using the Thought Awareness technique. Look
at every thought you wrote down and challenge it rationally. Ask yourself
whether the thought is reasonable. What evidence is there for and against
the thought? Would your colleagues and mentors agree or disagree with it?
Looking at the examples, the following challenges could be made to the
negative thoughts we identified earlier:
y Feelings of inadequacy:Have you trained yourself as well as
you reasonably should have? Do you have the experience and
resources you need to make the presentation? Have you planned,
prepared and rehearsed enough? If you have done all of these,
you've done as much as you can to give a good performance.
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y Worries about performance during rehearsal: If some of your
practice was less than perfect, then remind yourself that the purpose
of the practice is to identify areas for improvement, so that these can
be sorted out before the performance.
y Problems with issues outside your control:Have you identified
the risks of these things happening, and have you taken steps to
reduce the likelihood of them happening or their impact if they do?
What will you do if they occur? And what do you need others to do for
you?
y Worry about other people's reactions:If you have prepared
well, and you do the best you can, then you should be satisfied. If you
perform as well as you reasonably can, then fair people are likely to
respond well. If people are not fair, the best thing to do is ignore their
comments and rise above them.
sWhen you challenge negative thoughts rationally, you should be able to
see quickly whether the thoughts are wrong or whether they have some
substance to them. Where there is some substance, take appropriate
action. However, make sure that your negative thoughts are genuinely
important to achieving your goals, and don't just reflect a lack of
experience, which everyone has to go through at some stage.
Positive Thinking & Opportunity Seeking
y By now, you should already be feeling more positive. The final step is
to prepare rational, positive thoughts and affirmations to counter any
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remaining negativity. It can also be useful to look at the situation and
see if there are any useful opportunities that are offered by it.
y By basing your affirmations on the clear, rational assessments of
facts that you made using Rational Thinking, you can use them to
undo the damage that negative thinking may have done to your self-
confidence.
positive affirmations might be:
y Problems during practice:"I have learned from my rehearsals.
This has put me in a position where I can deliver a great
performance. I am going to perform well and enjoy the event."
y Worries about performance:"I have prepared well and
rehearsed thoroughly. I am well positioned to give an excellent
performance."
y Problems issues outside your control:"I have thought
through everything that might reasonably happen and have planned
how I can handle all likely contingencies. I am very well placed to
react flexibly to events."
y
W
orry about other people's
reaction:"Fair people will react
well to a good performance. I will rise above any unfair criticism in a
mature and professional way."
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If appropriate, write these affirmations down on your worksheet so that you
can use them when you need them.
As well as allowing you to structure useful affirmations, part of Positive
Thinking is to look at opportunities that the situation might offer to you. In
the examples above, successfully overcoming the situations causing the
original nsegative thinking will open up opportunities. You will acquire new
skills, you will be seen as someone who can handle difficult challenges,
and you may open up new career opportunities.
Make sure that identifying these opportunities and focusing on them is part
of your positive thinking.
Review of Literature
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Objective of summer internship
Stress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to go
beyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out
and plaguing us with anxiety attacks. Moreover, be it our anxiety, mind-
body exhaustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of
stress and the conditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments
we often forget that stressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and
treatable.
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This research is to carry out with following research objectives
1. Identifying root causes resulting in stress
2. Impact of stress on performance management
3. Ways to manage stress
Brief profile of company
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Brief History of Organization
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Organizational structure
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Key Highlights of organization
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Sampling
It is incumbent on the researcher to clearly define the target population.
There are no strict rules to follow, and the researcher must rely on logic
and judgment. The population is defined in keeping with the objectives of
the study.
Sometimes, the entire population will be sufficiently small, and the
researcher can include the entire population in the study. This type of
research is called a census study because data is gathered on every
member of the population.
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Usually, the population is too large for the researcher to attempt to survey
all of its members. A small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to
represent the population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the
population from which it is drawn.
Sampling methods are classified as eitherprobabilityornon probability. In
probability samples, each member of the population has aknown non-zero
probability of being selected. Probability methods include random sampling,
systematic sampling, and stratified sampling. In non probability sampling,
members are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner.
These include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling,
and snowball sampling. The advantage of probability sampling is that
sampling errorcan be calculated. Sampling error is the degree to which a
sample might differ from the population. When inferring to the population,
results are reported plus or minus the sampling error. In non probability
sampling, the degree to which the sample differs from the population
remains unknown.
Random sampling is the purest form of probability sampling.
Each member of the population has an equal and known chance
of being selected. When there are very large populations, it is
often difficult or impossible to identify every member of the
population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased.
Systematic sampling is often used instead of random sampling.
It is also called an Nth name selection technique. After the
required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is
selected from a list of population members. As long as the list
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does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as
good as the random sampling method. Its only advantage over
the random sampling technique is simplicity. Systematic
sampling is frequently used to select a specified number of
records from a computer file.
Stratified sampling is commonly used probability method that is
superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error.
A stratum is a subset of the population that shares at least one
common characteristic. The researcher first identifies the
relevant stratums and their actual representation in the
population. Random sampling is then used to select subjects
from each stratum until the number of subjects in that stratum is
proportional to its frequency in the population. Stratified sampling
is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population
have a low incidence relative to the other stratums.
Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where
the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive
approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is
selected because they are convenient. This non-probability
method is often used during preliminary research efforts to get a
gross estimate of the results, without incurring the cost or time
required to select a random sample.
Judgment sampling is a common non-probability method. The
researcher selects the sample based on judgment. This is
usually and extension of convenience sampling. For example, a
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researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one
"representative" city, even though the population includes all
cities. When using this method, the researcher must be confident
that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire
population.
Quota sampling is the non-probability equivalent of stratified
sampling. Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies
the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the
population. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to
select the required number of subjects from each stratum. This
differs from stratified sampling, where the stratums are filled by
random sampling.
Snowball sampling is a special non-probability method used
when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be
extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in
these situations. Snowball sampling relies on referrals from initial
subjects to generate additional subjects. While this technique
can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of
introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the
likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross section
from the population.
Sample Size
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Sample Selection
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Data collection and Data sources
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Tools to be used for data collection
I have interviewed a group of several employees in the organization
through a questionnaire.
JOB STRESS QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME-
DESIGNATION-
DEPARTMENT-
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HOW MUCH JOB STRESS DO YOU HAVE ?
ENTER A NUMBER FROM THE SCALE BELOW THAT BEST DESCRIBES YOU
STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I. I cant honestly say what I really think or get things off my chest at work._____________
II. My job has a lot of responsibility , but I dont have very much authority. _____________
III. I could usually do a much better job if I were given more time . _____________
IV. I seldom receive adequate acknowledgement or appreciation when
my work is really good
_____________
V. In general ,I am not particularly proud or satisfied with my job. _____________
VI. I have the impression that I am repeatedly picked on or discriminated
against at work .
_____________
VII. My workplace environment is not very pleasant or particularly safe. _____________
VIII. My job often interferes with my family and social obligations or
personal needs.
_____________
IX. I tend to have frequent arguments with superiors , coworkers or
customers.
_____________
X. Most of the time I feel that I have very little control over my life at work._____________
TOTAL JOB STRESS SCORE
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Data analysis
(1)I cant honestly see what I really thinks or get things off my chest
at work
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
TOTAL 5 5 3 2 3 5 3 2 1 0
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(2)My job has a lot of responsibility but I dont have very much
authority..
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 28
29
30
TOTAL 6 5 1 0 4 4 5 1 2 1
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(3)I could usually do a better job if I were given a more time
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
TOTAL 5 3 4 5 2 3 3 2 1 1
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(4) I seldom receive adequate acknowledgement or appreciation
when my work is really good..
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 28
29
30
TOTAL 6 2 4 0 3 4 0 4 6 0
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(5)In general,I am not particularly or satisfied with my job.
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
TOTAL 8 5 7 0 1 3 2 3 1 0
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(6)I have the impression that I am repeatedly picked on or
discriminated against at work.
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1617
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2728
29
30
TOTAL
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(7)My workplace environment is not very pleasant or particularly
safe
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1617
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2728
29
30
TOTAL
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(8)My job often interferes with my family and social obligations or
personal needs
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1617
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2728
29
30
TOTAL
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(9)I tend to have frequent arguments with superiors, coworkers or
customers..
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
TOTAL
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(10)Most of the time I feel that I have very little control over my
life at work
RESPONSE STRONGLY DISAGREE AGREE SOMEWHAT STRONGLY AGREE1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RESPONDENT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
TOTAL
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MAJOR FINDINDS
(1)Ican't honestly say what I really think or get things off
my chest at work
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
15 11 3
51.72% 37.93% 10.34%
Bar diagram presentation:
Conclusion:
(2) My job has a lot of responsibility,but I don't have very
much authority.
51.72%
37.93%
10.34%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
12 13 4
41.38% 44.83% 44.83%
Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
(3) I could usually do a much better job if I were given
more time
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
15 8 4
51.72% 27.58% 13.79%
Bar Diagram presentation:
41.38% 44.83%
13.79%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion : 51.72% employees said that they cant do
better if they are given more time . It means organization
is giving ample to its employees to perform their job.
(4) I seldom receive adequate acknowldgement or
appreciation when my work is really good.
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
12 6 10
41.37% 20.68% 34.48%
51.72%
27.58%
13.79%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
strongly
disagree
agree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:
(5)In general , I am not particularly proud or satisfied with
my job.
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
20 6 4
68.96% 20.68% 23.79%
41.37%
20.68%
34.48%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
strongly
disagree
agree somewhat strongly
disagree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly disagree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:68.96 % employees said they are proud of
their job that means they are satisfied with their job
(6) I have the impression that I am repeatedly picked on or
discriminated against at work
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
17 5 758.62% 17.24% 24.13%
68.96%
20.68%
13.79%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
strongly
disagree
agree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:58.62% employees said that they are not
discriminated against at work that shows there is no
discrimination for assigning the job among the employees.
(7)My workplace environment is not very pleasant or
particularly safe.
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
20 6 3
68.96% 20.68% 10.34%
58.62%
17.24%24.13%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:68.96 % employees said that their workplace
environment is pleasant and safe that means working
conditions are good in the organization.
(8)My job often interferes with my family and social
obligations or personal needs.
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
15 7 7
51.72% 24.13% 24.13%
68.96%
20.68%
10.34%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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BarDiagram Presentation:
Conclusion: 51.72% employees said that their job interferes
with their family , social obligations and personal needs
which means that they are assigned with lots of
responsibility and this is why they dont get time for their
personal matters.
(9) I tend to have frequent arguments with superiors ,
coworkers or customers..
Strongly disagree
Agree somewhat
Strongly agree21 6 2
72.41% 20.68% 6.89%
Bar Diagram Presentation:
51.72%
24.13% 24.13%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Conclusion:72.41% employees said that they tend to have
frequent arguments with superiors , coworkers or
customers which shows that some kind miscommunication
is there.
(10)Most of the time I feel that I have very little control
over my life at work.
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
20 6 3
68.96% 20.68% 10.34%
72.41%
20.68%
6.89%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:68.96 % employees have said that they have
very little control over their life at work which means they
are unable to control and manage their work as per their
work as per their own convenience.
(11)
Strongly disagree Agree somewhat Strongly agree
155 74 47
53% 26% 16%
68.96%
20.68%
10.34%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
strongly disagreeagree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Bar Diagram Presentation:
Conclusion:
1.53% employees are stress free.
2.26 % employees can handle their job stress
moderately well
3. 16% employees are encountering problems that need
to be addressed and resolved.
53%
26%
16%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
strongly disagree agree somewhat strongly agree
strongly disagree
agree somewhat
strongly agree
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Recommendations
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Limitations of the Study
The questionnaires were filled be 29 employees working in the
organization . So the scope of sample findings was less.
The questionnaire was filled by 29 employees of different
designations. So the point of view of employees differs as per
their designations.
The employees from whom the questionnaires are filled are in a
heavy workload so some of the questionnaires filled by theemployees who are in stress cannot be called reasonable.
The responses of the employees cannot be accurate as the
problem of language and understanding arises. (These problems
are not in all cases.)Many a times the employees may not be
really conscious or may not be bothered about the
questionnaire. This may create a problem in the research.
Disadvantages ofWritten Questionnaires
One major disadvantage of written questionnaires is the
possibility of low response rates.
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Another disadvantage of questionnaires is the inability
to probe responses. Questionnaires are structured
instruments. They allow little flexibility to the respondent
with respect to response format. In essence, they often
lose the "flavor of the response" (i.e., respondents often
want to qualify their answers). By allowing frequent
space for comments, the researcher can partially
overcome this disadvantage. Comments are among the
most helpful of all the information on the questionnaire,and they usually provide insightful information that
would have otherwise been lost.
Nearly ninety percent of all communication is visual.
Gestures and other visual cues are not available withwritten questionnaires. The lack of personal contact will
have different effects depending on the type of
information being requested. A questionnaire
requesting factual information will probably not be
affected by the lack of personal contact. A
questionnaire probing sensitive issues or attitudes may
be severely affected.
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Finally, questionnaires are simply not suited for some
people. For example, a written survey to a group of
poorly educated people might not work because of
reading skill problems. More frequently, people are
turned off by written questionnaires because of misuse.