VI. - THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

British History. - (a) BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES. - The detailed Cata- logue of manuscripts in the Library of the honourable society of the Inner Temple edited by the late J. Conway Davies (3 vols. O.U.P., E30) contains much interesting sixteenth-century material, particularly from the fifty-six volumes of P e w 538, only two of which have been calendared in early reports of the Historical Manuscripts Commission. The Public Record Office Museum has issued two pamphlets of facsimiles, each with an introduction by C . J. Kitching, The family of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and the succession (H.M.S.O., 32p each). Francis Bacon’s The history of the reign of King Henry the seventh, ed. Roger Lockyer (Folio Society, 1971, Ez.25), has also been reprinted from Spedding’s text, ed. F. J. Levy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, $10; pbk. $4’75). C. J. Harrison in ‘The petition of Edmund Dudley’ (E.H.R., lxxxvii) prints the petition, dis- covered among the Marquess of Anglesey’s manuscripts, with its long list of those ‘hardlie intreated and much more sorer than the causes required’ during the reign of Henry VII, and provides detailed notes on it. Nancy Pollard Brown edits Two letters and Short rules of a good I i f . by Robert Southwell, S. J. (Virginia U.P., $9.50). Two bibliographical articles deal with Catholic recusancy : Alan Davidson, ‘Sources for church history, iv, Recusant history’ (Local Historian, ix, 1970-71) and Francis Edwards, S. J., ‘A decade of recusant history’ (Clergy Review, lvii). Charles H. Haws, Scottish parish clergy at the Reformation, I5.pI573 (Scottish Rec. SOC., n.s., iii, E 3 ) prints two lists, one of the clergy parish by parish, the other of all the ministers in the newly established church, while J. K. Cameron edits The first book of discipline (Edinburgh: St Andrew P., E4). I n Yorkshire probate inventories, 15542-1689, ed. P. C. D. Brears (Yorks. Arch. SOC. Rec. Ser., cxxxiv), all the inventories are printed in full; thirteen of them date from the sixteenth century. J. F. Pound introduces and edits The Norwich census of the poor, I570 (Norfolk Rec. SOC. xl, 1971). Eliza- bethan people : state and society, ed. Joel Hurstfield and Alan G. R. Smith (Arnold, Ez.10; pbk. E I . O ~ ) , has sections on the people, the economy, intellectual developments, religion, government and administration; the editors briefly introduce these themes as well as each document. The memoirs of Robert Carey, ed. F. H. Mares (Oxford: Clarendon, E1*75), reprinted from the 1759 edition, deal at greater length with Carey’s earlier life as courtier and royal official under Elizabeth I than with the later years up to his death in 1639. J. X. Evans edits and provides a full bio- graphical introduction to The works of Sir Roger Williams (Oxford: Clarendon, E7-50), viz. Briefe Discourse of Warre (1590) and Actions in the Lorue Countries (1618). K. R. Andrews prints the original texts of a wide variety of letters, accounts, journals and narratives in The last voyage of Drake and Hazukins (Hakluyt SOC., 2nd ser., cxlii, C.U.P., E6) and John Hampden edits Francis Drake, privateer : contemporary narratives and documents (Eyre Methuen, Es). The port and trade of early Elizabethan London, ed. Brian Dietz (London Rec. SOC., viii, &.SO), contains a calendar of the London port book of 1567-68, recording native and Hanse imports, and of other documents. W. R. B. Robinson prints ‘Dr Thomas Phaer’s

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report on the harbours and customs administration of Wales under Edward VI’ (Bull. Board of Celtic Studs., xxiv), an official survey by a man better known for his verse translation of the Aeneid.

(b) SECONDMY WORKS. - Tudor men and institufions. Studies in English law and government, ed. A. J. Slavin (Louisiana State U.P., $11.95) con- tains ten hitherto unpublished essays by the editor, G. R. Elton, s. E. Lehmberg and others: for a full list of authors and titles see Cath. H.R., lix (I). Lawrence Stone, The causes of the English revolution, 1529-1642 (Routledge, 42; pbk. 90p) is prefaced by two chapters on historiography - ‘Theories of revolution’ and ‘The social origins of the English revolution’ - originally published in the mid-Ig60s and now brought up to date by the addition of new references ; the long interpretative chapter which gives its title to the book is a much extended and revised version of the essay in Preconditions of revolutim in early modern Europe, ed. R. Forster and J. P. Greene (1970). J. H. Hexter makes particular reference to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in ‘Parliament under the lens: reflections on G. R. Elton’s “Studying the history of parliament”’ (Brit. Studs. Monitor, iii (I)) , to which Professor Elton replies. J. S. Cockburn, A history of English assizes, 1558-1714 (C.U.P., E8.40) gives considerable attention to the sixteenth century in a work of wider interest than its title might imply. Antonia McLean surveys Humanism and the rise of science in Tudor England (Heinemann Educational, 43-75) and Margaret MacCurtajn provides a good brief introduction to Tudor and Stuart Ireland (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, pbk. 80p).

A major new biography of Henry VIl by S . B. Chrimes (Eyre Methuen, 46-25) is in effect a history of the reign in its governmental aspects. A. Cameron, ‘A Nottinghamshire quarrel in the reign of Henry VII’ (Bull. Inst. Hist. Res., xlv) also extends into the early sixteenth century. An interesting reassessment, Jean Rouschausse, L a vie et I’oeuvre de John Fisher, Evgque de Rochester, 1469-1535, appears as vol. I in Collection de Babel 5 Salem (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, FZso and Angers: Moreana, Fr75). Miles F. Shore takes a psych‘iatrist’s look at ‘Henry VIII and the crisis of generativity’ (J . Interdisciplinary Hist., ii), concentrating on the ‘stage of generativity, the need to be needed’, which apparently strikes between the ages of thirty-five and forty. Marie Louise Bruce has written a popular biography of Anne Boleyn (Collins, E3.75) and E. W. Ives a scholarly account of ‘Faction at the court of Henry VIII: the fall of Anne Boleyn’ (History, lvii). William Seymour uses some sources as well as secondary works for a study of his sixteenth-century forbears, Ordeal by ambition : an English family in the shadow of the Tudors (Sidgwick & Jackson, &!*95), Barrett L. Beer looks closely at ‘London and the rebellions of 1548-1549’ (J . Brit. Studs., xii (I)) and Norman Lloyd Williams recounts the not very penetrating observations of Etienne Perlin, who visited England and Scotland in 1553, in ‘A Frenchman in Tudor England’ (History Today, xxii). David Mathew, Lady Jane Grey : the setting of the reign (Eyre Met- huen, E3-95) is a sequel to The courtiers of Henry VIII (ante, lvi, 31). Milton Waldman, The Lady Mary : a biography of Mary Tudor, 1516-1558 (Collins, E2.50) deals mainly with Mary before her accession, allotting only twenty-five pages to her last five years. Two volumes have appeared

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in the Kings and Queens of England series: Robert Lacey, The life and times of Henry VIII and Neville Williams, The life and times of Elizabeth I (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, E2.65 each). Neville Williams has also written a narrative of the reign seen from the court, All the Queen’s men : Elizabeth I and her courtiers (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, E4‘95). A. L. Rowse concludes his survey of the age with The Elizabethan renaissance: the cultural achievement (Macmillan, E3-95). R e d Graziani discusses ‘The “Rainbow portrait” of Queen Elizabeth I and its religious symbolism’ (J. Warburg &’ Courtauld Inst., xxxv), Roy Strong and Julia Trevelyan Oman follow up their evocation of Elizabeth I (ante, lvii, 39) with a companion volume on Mary Queen of Scots (Secker & Warburg, i(I2-25) and J. E. Paul, in a lecture now printed, considers Mary, Queen of Scots - the last days (Ilford, Essex: Royal Stuart SOC.). J. M. Osborn in Young Philip Sidney, 1572-1577 (Yale U.P., E9.50) includes full English translations of hitherto unpublished letters to Sidney from acquaintances made on his youthful continental tour. Peter J. French provides a detailed study of Yohn Dee: the world of an Elizabethan magus (Routledge, E3-75) and Bruce Ward Henry a short note on ‘John Dee, Humphrey Llwyd, and the name “British Empire”’ (Hun- tington Lib. Quarterly, xxxv (2)). G. M. Thomson retells the story of Sir Francis Drake (Secker & Warburg, E3*50), Christopher Falkus dis- cusses The Spanish Armada (Pan Books, pbk. 40p) and Winston Graham The Spanish Armadas, including those prepared after 1588 (Collins, E4’25). Robert StCnuit, Treasures of the Armada, trans. Francine Barker (David & Charles, E3.50) pieces together from contemporary documents the history of the Girona, wrecked off the Irish coast, and describes the underwater excavations by which he recovered its treasures, now in the Ulster Museum. John Roberts concludes his study of William Bourchier, 3rd Earl of Bath, ‘The Armada lord lieutenant: his family and career’ (Trans. Devonshire Ass., ciii, 1971) and offers some ‘Reflections on Elizabethan Barnstaple: politics and society’ (ibid., civ).

Four papers read at a symposium in 1970 are printed in S t Thomas More: action and contemplation, ed. Richard S . Sylvester (Yale U.P., E3.95) : they are by Louis Martz, Germain Marc ’hadour, Richard Schoeck and G. R. Elton. Brian Byron, Loyalty in the spirituality of St. Thomas More is vol. 4 in a new series, Bibliotheca humanistica et reformatorica (Nieuwkoop : De Graaf, Fl60). Jean-Pierre Massaut considers ‘L’human- isme chrCtien et la Bible: le cas de Thomas More’ (Rev. d’Hist. Eccl., lxvii) and Steven W. Haas ‘Simon Fish, William Tyndale, and Sir Thomas More’s “Lutheran conspiracy”’ (J. E d Hist., xxiii), while Paul D. Green explores More’s scrupulous determination to avoid a self-inflicted death in ‘Suicide, martyrdom, and Thomas More’ (Studies in the Renaissance, xix). Joseph D. Ban, ‘English Reformation: product of king or minister?’ (Church History, xli) rehearses the controversy and supports the views of J. J. Scarisbrick in his biography of Henry VIII (ante, liv, 26). R. J. Knecht provides an illuminating study in ‘The early Reformation in England and France : a comparison’ (History, lvii), Q. A. Buechner discusses the relation- ship between ‘Luther and the English Reformation’ (History Today, xxii) and J.-F. Maillard in ‘Henry VIII et Georges de Venise. Documents sur l’affaire du divorce’ (Revue de I’Hist. des Relip.ions, clxsxii) traces the help

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given by a Franciscan theologian to Richard Croke, seeking support in Venice for the King’s interpretation of the texts relevant to the divorce. Derek Wilson, A Tudor tapestry. Men, women and society in Reformation England (Heinemann, E3-25) examines the critical years 1520-46 as reflected in the lives of lesser-known families, especially that of Anne Ayscough. R. A. Houlbrooke, ‘Persecution of heresy and Protestantism in the diocese of Norwich under Henry VIII’ (Norfolk Archaeology, xxxv (3)) lists all those known to have been prosecuted or involved in disputes over religion between 1499 and 1547 and analyses the opinions of leading religious radicals in the diocese after 1520. G. R. Elton in Policy and police: The enforcement of the Rtformation in the age of Thomas Cromwell (C.U.P., &-So), an extended version of his Ford lectures, investigates with a wealth of detail ‘the reality of ruling and being ruled’ and concludes that Cromwell acted energetically but within the law, while P. R. Roberts Iooks at one aspect of the policy of the I ~ ~ O S , ‘The union with England and the identity of “Anglican” Wales’ (Trans. R . Hist. Sac., xxii). John Durkan discusses ‘Archbishop Robert Blackadder’s will’, regis- tered in Venice in 1508 and Mark Dilworth, O.S.B., considers ‘Colding- ham Priory and the Reformation: notes on monks and priors’ (both in Znnes Rev., xxiii), while William Arthur Bruneau examines ‘Humanism, the university and the monastic life: the case of Robert Joseph, monk of Evesham’ (Brit. J. Educational Studs., xx). Margaret Bowker debates the problem of ‘Lincolnshire I 536 : heresy, schism or religious discontent ?’ in Schism, heresy and religious protest, ed. Derek Baker (Studies in Church History, ix, C.U.P., E7.40); other articles on Tudor England in this volume are by Felicity Heal on ‘The Family of Love and the diocese of Ely’, Margaret Spufford on ‘The quest for the heretical laity in the visitation records of Ely in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries’, and Claire Cross on “‘Dens of loitering lubbers”: Protestant protest against cathedral foundations, 1540-1640’. Lynnewood F. Martin writes of ‘The Family of Love in England: conforming millenarians’ in the October issue of Sixteenth Century JournaZ (for which see under Foreign History). C. J. Kitching, ‘The chantries of the East Riding of Yorkshire at the dissolution in 1548’ (Yorks. Arch. J,, xliv) ingeniously reconstructs the information returned by the chantry commissioners. Meriel Jagger provides a note on ‘Bonner’s episcopal visitation of London, 1554’ (Bull. Inst. Hist. Res., xlv) while Geoffrey de C. Parmiter in ‘Bishop Bonner and the oath’ (Recusant Hist., xi ( 5 ) ) analyses the objections made by Bonner to the oath imposed under the statutes of 1559 and 1563. K. G. Powell, The Marian mar!yrs and the Reformation in Bristol (Hist. Assoc. Bristol branch, 30p) may be obtained from the department of history, University of Bristol.

J. P. Brown discusses ‘By law established: the beginnings of the English nation and church’ (New Blackfriars, liii) and Richard A. Crofts ‘The defense of the Elizabethan church: Jewel, Hooker, and James I’ (Anglican Theological Rev., Jan.). W. Speed Hill edits Studies in Richard Hooker. Essays preliminary to an edition of his works (Case Western Reserve U.P., $12.50). M. Rosemary O’Day, ‘Thomas Bentham: a case study in the problems of the early Elizabethan episcopate’ (J. Eccl. Hist., xxiii) uses the recently discovered letter book of Bentham, bishop of Coventry and

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Lichfield, now in the National Library of Wales, and Alan R. Young, ‘Elizabeth Lowys: witch and social victim, 1564’ (History Today, .xxii) the trial records of the first person to be executed under the Act of 1563 ‘against conjurations, inchantments and witchckafts’. R. B. Manning examines ‘Elizabethan recusancy commissions’ (Hist. J., xv) and Michael Hodgetts begins an investigation with ‘Elizabethan priest-holes, i: dating and chronology (Recusant Hist., xi (6)). I. B. Horst defines Anabaptism very widely in The radical brethren : Anabaptism and the English Reforma- tion to 1558 (Bibliotheca humanistica et reformatorica, ii, Nieuwkoop : De Graaf, F165). R. C. Richardson, Puritanism in North-West England: a regional study of the diocese of Chester to r642 (Manchester U.P., E3) argues that the high number of Catholics in Lancashire and Cheshire led the Anglican hierarchy and magistrates to treat Puritans more favourably. K. R. M. Short in ‘A theory of common education in‘Elizabethan Puri- tanism’ (j? Eccl. Hist., xxiii) refers especially to the teaching of Richard Greenham, while Richard L. DeMolen discusses ‘Richard Mulcaster’s philosophy of education’ (J. Medieval 8 Renaissance Studs., ii) and H. Hammerstein considers ‘Aspects of the continental education of Irish students in the reign of Elizabeth I’ (Hist. Studs., viii). P. Janton, Concept et sentiment de l‘e)$ise chezJohn Knox, Le rkformateur kossais (Paris: P.U.F., Fr38) appears as fasc. 33 of the 2nd series of Publications de la FacultC de lettres et sciences humaines de I’UniversitC de Clermont-Ferrand.

Crisis and order in English towns, 1500-1700 : essays in urban history, ed. Peter Clark and Paul Slack (Routledge, E4-75) includes Charles Phythian- Adams on ‘Ceremony and the citizen: the communal year at Coventry, 1450-15jo’, D. M. Palliser on ‘The trade gilds of Tudor York’ and Peter Clark on ‘The‘migrant in Kentish towns, 158e-1640’. A. H. Anderson analyses one peer’s policy towards his tenants, ‘Henry, lord Stafford (1501-1563) and the lordship of Caus’ (Welsh H.R., vi). H. S. Cobb considers “‘Books of rates” and the London customs, 1507-1558’ (Guild- hall Misc., iv (I), I ~ I ) , Robert Brenner discusses ‘The social basis of English commercial expansion, 1550-1650’ (J . Econ. Hist., xxxii) and G. V. Scammell in ‘Shipping in the economy and politics of early modern England’ (Hist. y., xv) stresses the importance of a shipowning faction in policy-making. K. R. Andrews, ‘Sir Robert Cecil and Mediterranean plunder’ (E.H.R., lxxxvii) shows how privateering for national advantage led to privateering for personal profit and Pauline Croft looks at ‘English- men and the Spanish Inquisition’ (ibid.). H. Zins, England and the Baltic in the Elizabethan era (Manchester U.P., E4.80) is a detailed study of trade relations, translated from the Polish by H. C. Stevens. Norman Lowe examines The Lancashire textile industry in the sixteenth century (Chetham SOC., 3rd ser., xx, Manchester U.P., E3.60) and D. W. Crossley assesses ‘The performance of the glass industry in sixteenth century England’ (Econ. H.R., xxv). J. D. Gould’s The great debasement (ante, h i , 32) is reviewed at length by C. E. Challis, with special reference to the statistics, in ‘Currency and the economy in Mid-Tudor England’ (Essays in biblio- graphy and criticism, ibid.). Wage regulation in pre-industrial England : comprising works by R. H. Tazoney and R. Keith Kelsnll, ed. W. E. NIin- chinton (David & Charles, .&-2o), reprints Tawney’s The assessment of

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wages in England by the justices of the peace, originally published in 1914, and Professor Kelsall’s Wage regulation under the Statute of Artificers (1938) ; the editor provides a useful introduction, in effect an essay on the Statute of Artificers. Basil Clarke, ‘Norfolk licences to beg: an unpublished collec- tion’ (Norfolk Archaeology, xxxv (3)) discusses and quotes from fifteen such licences, dating from the years 1583-93, now in the University of London Library.

Foreign History. - (a) BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES. - Bibliographie annuelle de I’histoire de France : a n n b I971 (Paris: C.N.R.S., Fr90.30) has many references to sixteenth-century France; articles on the history of institutions are included in Bibliographie en langue francaise d‘histoire du droit concernant l’annLe 1969 (Paris : Montchrestien). For Germany there is now the useful Medieval and Reformation Germany (to 1648): a select bibliography compiled by L. D. Stokes (Hist. Assoc. Helps ser. 84, 40p). R. H. Bainton and E. W. Gritsch have produced a 2nd edn, revised and enlarged, of Bibliography of the ContihentaZ Reformation : materials available in English (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, $10). H. Wayne Pipkin, A Zwingli bibziography (Pittsburgh : Barbour Library, Pittsburgh theological semi- nary, duplicated typescript) covers the years since 1897, when Georg Finder’s Zwingli-Bibliographie first appeared. James Atkinson in ‘Luther studies’ (J. Eccl. Hist., xxiii) reviews recent publications, as does H. Jung- hans, ‘Luther und die Welt der Reformation’ (Luther-Jahrbuch, xxxix), while J. B. Ross traces ‘The emergence of Gasparo Contarini: a biblio- graphical essay’ (Church History, xli).

Thomas G. Barnes and G. D. Feldman edit A documentary history of modern Europe, i , Renaissance, Reformation and absolutism (Boston, Mass. : Little, Brown, pbk. $3.50). Texts representative of humanist thought in its literary, educational and reforming aspects, with notes on the authors, appear in The Northern Renaissance, ed. L. W. Spitz (Prentice-Hall, $5.95; pbk. $2.95). Eugene F. Rice, Jr, edits The prefatory epistles of Jacques Lef2vre d’Etaples and related texts (Columbia U.P., $zo), 152 Latin texts dating from 1492 to 1534, each prefaced by an extensive introduction. Brigitte Moreau, Inventaire chronologique des iditions parisiennes du XVP siicle, d’aprks les manuscripts de Philippe Renouard, i, 1501-1510 (Paris: Services des travaux historiques de la ville de Paris) is the first of ten volumes which will list, decade by decade, all books printed or sold in Paris during the sixteenth century. Margaret Mann Phillips introduces and prints a short contemporary Latin text for ‘Une vie d’Erasme’ (Bibliothkque $Humanisme et Renaissance, xxxiv) and R. A. Jackson publishes ‘A little- known description of Charles IX’s coronation’ from a MS. in the Biblio- thkque Nationale (Renaissance Quarterly, xxv). V. L. Saulnier in ‘La correspondance de Marguerite de Navarre. Compliment au ripertoire’ and ‘Recherches sur la correspondance de Marguerite de Navarre’ (Biblio- th@e d’Humanisme et Renaissance, xxxiii (1971) and xL<iv) supplements the inventory printed by Pierte Jourda in 1930, noting the contents of each letter and setting it in its context. A selection from a mass of documents, still little explored, is published in Les R q o r m b ri la fin du XVP siicle, relevi de documents duns les fonds d’ archives (Paris : Sociite de l’histoire du

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protestantisme fraqais). The complete edition of Luther’s Works continues with voI. 33, Career of the reformer, iii, ed. Philip S . Watson, which includes a translation of De servo arbitrio, and vol. 49, Letters, ii, ed. Gottfried G. Krodel (Philadelphia: Fortress P., $9 and $9.50). I. D. Kingston Siggins edits translated extracts from Luther and some of his contemporaries in Luther (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, E3; pbk. I ~ ; I - ~ o ) . P. F. Barton presents Um Luthers Erbe. Studien und Texte zzir Spatreformation (Untersuchungen zur Kirchengeschichte, vi, Witten : Luther-Verlag, DM38), D. F. Wright edits and translates Common Places of Martin Bucer (Courtenay Library of Reformation classics, iv, Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay P., AS) and Emidio Campi prints, in Italian, Thomas Miintzer : scrittipolitici (Testi della Riforma, iv, Turin : Claudina, Lirez,7oo). Benedetto da Mantova’s IZ Benefcio di Cristo con le versioni del secolo X V I : documenti e testimonianze, ed. Salvatore Caponetto (Corpus Reformatorum Italicorum, Chicago : The Newberry Library, $30) includes translations into French (I 545), English (1548 - by Edward Courtenay, never before printed - and 1573) and Croat (1563). The anonymous Histoire mimorable de la guerre faite par le Duc de Savoye contre ses subjectz des Vallies has been published in the original French with an Italian translation, ed. Enea Balmas and Vittorio Diena (Turin : Claudina, Lire3,600). A contemporary account of the Waldensians of the Alpine valleys, GeroIamo Miolo’s Historia breve e Vera de gl’aflari de i Valdesi delle Val& ed. Enea Balmas, appeared in 1971 (Turin: Clau- dina, Lire2,8oo). Machiavelli’s The Prince, selections from the Discourses and other writings, selected and introduced by the editor, John Plamenatz (Fontana, pbk., 60p), appear in the translation by A. H. Gilbert first pub- lished in 1965. Francesco Guiwiardini’s Ricordi have been translated by Mario Domandi under the title Maxims and reflections, introduced by N. Rubinstein (Pennsylvania U.P., pbk. $2.25). The series Acta nuntiaturae Gallicae passes the half-way mark with i x , Correspondance du nonce en France Prospero Santa Croce (r;;2--1;54), ed. J. Lestocquoy (Rome: Gregorian U.P., Lire5,ooo and Paris: Office gCnCral du livre, Fr55) while two more volumes have appeared of Nunziature di Venezia : ix, 26 marzo 1569-21 maggio 1571, ed. Aldo Stella and xi , IS giugno I573 - 22 dicembre 1576, ed. Adriana Buffardi (Rome: Istituto storico italiano per l’eth moderna e contemporanea, Lire8,ooo each). J. V. Pollet, ‘Note sur la situation religieuse en Allemagne de 1552 h 1562: d’aprks les dCpEches des nonces’ (Bibliothkque $Humanisme et Renaissance, sxxiv) summarises in French the main points made in the reports of papal nuncios published in German since 1953. Franqois Secret edits Guillaume Postel: apologies et rktractions (Bibliotheca humanistica & reformatorica, iii, Nieuwkoop : De Graaf, FB5) and RCmy Scheurer continues his edition of Jean du Bellay’s Correspohdance for the SociCtC de l’histoire de France (Paris : Klincksieck, Fr7z). FranGois Hotman’s Francogallia, originally published at Geneva in 1573, appears in parallel texts, the Latin ed. Ralph E. Giesey, the English trans. J. H. NI. Salmon (C.U.P., E11.80). D. B. Quinn and N. M. Cheshire edit and translate The new found land of Stephen Parmenius: the 1;fe and writings of a Hungarian poet drowned on n voyage from Newfoundland, 1583 (Toronto U.P., E4.25). Turkish archives have been used by M. Lesure for his edition of documents concerning Lbpante,

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la crise de I’empire ottoman (Collection Archives, xlviii, Paris : Julliard). ( b ) SECONDARY WORKS. - A. G. Dickens, The age of humanism and

Reformation : Europe in the ~ q t h , 15th and 16th centuries (Prentice-Hall, $8.95; pbk. $4.95) is a new general introduction which places its main emphasis on the sixteenth century; Em@ modern Europe, 1450-1650, ed. N. F. Cantor and M. S. Werthman (N.Y.: Crowell, pbk. $3.95) is vol. 3 of the revised and expanded edition of a survey of European history first published in 1967. Francis Clark has prepared four volumes for the Renaissance and Reformation course team at the Open University: Origins of the Reformation, Luther and Lutheranism, Calvin and other reformers, and The Catholic Reformution (Bletchley: Open U.P., pbk. E1.20 each); other publications for this course include Machiavelli : The Prince and its historical context, prepared by Anne Fuller (80p) and Copernicus prepared by Colin A. Russell (EX-IO). The scientific revolution is surveyed by W. P. D. Wightman, Science in a Renaissance society (Hutchinson, Ez.50; pbk. LI) and A. G. R. Smith, Science and society in the 16th and 17th centuries (Thames & Hudson, E2.25; pbk. E1.25). Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip 11, i (Collins, E6) is a translation by Sian Reynolds of the revised French edition of the great work which first appeared in 1949; the second volume, with index and bibliography, was published in 1973. The Bccasion has been celebrated in J. Mod. Hist., xliv with articles by H. R. Trevor-Roper on ‘Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean’ and J. H. Hexter on ‘Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien’, together with a ‘Personal testimony’ by Braudel himself. Selected articles published between 1955 and 1966 have been reprinted in Economy and society in earb modern Europe. Essays from Annales, ed. Peter Burke (Routledge, Ez.25); they all concern the economic and social history of early modern Europe over the long term. The importance of tolerant attitudes in religion for the reception of new ideas in technology is argued by Carlo M. Cipolla in ‘The diffusion of innovations in early modern Europe’ (Comp. Studs. in SOC. and Hist., xiv).

Papers read at an international conference at Tours in 1969 have now been published in French in Colloquia erasmiana turonensia (Paris: Vrin and Toronto U.P., 2 vols. $40); the collection is important in spite of numerous misprints and mistranslations - see the review in Bibliothgque #Humanisme et Renaissance, xxxv, 409-19. Two scholarly intellectual bio- graphies of Erasmus are by James D. Tracy, Erasmus : the growth of a mind (Travaux d’fiumanisme et Renaissance, cxxvi, Geneva: Droz, Sw FYSO) and Albert Rabil, Jr, Erasmus and the New Testament : the mind of a Chris- tian humanist (San Antonio, Texas: Trinity U.P., $6). A more polemical work is Albert Hyma’s The lqe of Desiderius Erasmus (N.Y.: Humanities P., pbk. $6). Several articles on early sixteenth-century humanism are included in The late middle ages and the dawn of humanism outside Italy, ed. G. Verbeke and J. Ijsewijn (Louvain U.P. and La Haye: Nijhoff, BFr~oo). Lowell C. Green considers ‘The Bible in sixteenth century humanist education’ (Studies in the Renaissance, xix) and Maria Grossmann ‘Humanismus in Wittenberg, 1486-1517’ (Luther-Jahrbuch, xxxix). Henry Heller investigates the thought of Lefkvre d’Etaples in ‘Nicholas of Cusa and early French evangelicism’ (Archiv fiir Reforn*ationsgeschichte, lxiii)

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and ‘The evangelicism of Lefkvre d’Etaples: 1525’ (Studies in the Renais- sance, xix). Walter F. Bense believes that ‘Paris theologians on war and peace, 1521-1529’ (Church History, xli) turned the crusading spirit of the French against the Protestants.

J. M. Todd deals generally with Reformation (Darton, Longman & Todd, E3-75), H. J. Grimm specifically with The Reformation (American Hist. ASSOC., $I) . The social history of the Rtformation, ed. L. P. Buck and J. W. Zophy (Ohio State U.P., $12.50) contains seventeen essays by American and European scholars produced to mark the retirement of Professor Grimm; W. Nijenhuis, Ecclesia reformata : studies on the Reformation (Leiden: Brill, Gdrs56) consists of nine papers, four of them transIations of articles previously published in Dutch: for details of both collections see the reviews inJ. Eccl. Hist., xxiv(3). Martha Ellis Franqois in ‘Reformation and society: an analysis of Guy Swanson’s Religion and regime’ (Comp. Studs. in Society and History, xiv) continues the debate begun in J. Inter- disciplinary Hist., i (ante, lvii, 43). R. Moeller, lnzperial cities and the Reformation : three essays, ed. and trans. H. C. Erik Midelfort and Mark U. Edwards, Jr (Philadelphia: Fortress P., pbk. $3.25) includes ‘Problems of Reformation,research’ and ‘The German humanists and the beginning of the Reformation’ besides the essay which gives the book its title. Also from Fortress Press is the brief assessment of Luther and the Peasants’ War by Hubert Kirchner, trans. Darrell Jodock ($1). E.-W. Kohls discusses Luther oder Erasmus. Luthers Theologie in der Auseinandersetzung mit Erasmus (Bade: Reinhardt, O~V‘24.80). James M. Estes, ‘Johannes Brenz and the problem of ecclesiastical discipline’ (Church Hist., xli) traces the failure of Brenz to establish excommunication as an effective ecclesiastical weapon. Susan K. Boles, ‘The economic position of Lutheran pastors in Ernestine Thuringia, 1521-1555’ and James Kittelson, ‘Wolfgang Capito, the Council, and reform Strasbourg’ appear in Archiv fur Rejormations- geschichte, lxiii. Other contributions to this journal include three articles on the role of women in the Reformation: Miriam U. Chrisman, ‘Women and the Reformation in Strasbourg, 1490-1530’, Nancy Lyman Roelker, ‘The role of noblewomen in the French Reformation’ and Charmarie Jenkins Blaisdell, ‘Renee de France between Reform and Counter-Reform’. N. L. Roelker in J. Interdisciplinary Hist., ii(4) also analyses ‘The appeal of Calvinism to French noblewomen in the sixteenth century’, giving the names of those who were active in the evangelical reform movement and the Huguenot party. After two annual volumes (ante, h i , 30 and lvii, 42) Siiteenth century essays and studies has been renamed The Sixteenth century Journal, sponsored jointly by the Foundation for Reformation research and the Sixteenth century studies conference. The two issues for 1972 include (April) E. W. Gritsch, ‘Martin Luther and violence: a reappraisal of a neuralgic theme’, 0. K. Olson, ‘Theology of revolution: Magdeburg, 1550-15517, and Ann H. Guggenheim, ‘The Calvinist notables of Nimes during the era of the religious wars’; (Oct.) Richard A. Crofts, ‘Renaissance expressions of societal responsibility: Thomas More, Desiderius Erasmus, and Thomas Miintzer’, and Kyle C. Sessions, ‘The war over Luther and the peasants: old campaigns and new strategies’. The editor of this journal, Carl S. Meyer, elsewhere investigates the humanistic interests revealed in

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‘Melanchthon’s visitation articles of I 528’ (J. Eccl. Hist., xxiii). H. Weigelt writes briefly on Sebastian Franck und die Lutherische Reformation (Schriften d. Vereins fur Reformationsgeschichte, 186, Gutesloh : Mohn, DM16.80) and Jill Raitt on The eucharistic theology of Theodore Beza : development of the reformed doctrine (Studies in religion, iv, Chambersburg, Pa. : American Academy of Religion, $2). Ugo Gastaldi, Storia dell ’Anabattismo : dalle origini a Mumter, 15z5-r535 (Turin : Claudiana, Lire 6,800) provides a comprehensive account, territory by territory, of the spread of Anabaptism; a statistically based study of the movement - over a narrower geographical area and a longer time span - is presented by Claus-Peter Clasen, Ana- baptism. A social histo y, 1525-1618. Switzerland, Austria, Moravia, South and Central Germany (Cornell U.P., L7.90). C.-P. Clasen also contributes ‘Anabaptist sects in the sixteenth century: a research report’ to Mennonite Q.R., xlvi. Erwin Iserloh asks ‘Revolution bei Thomas Miintzer. Durchset- zung des Reiches Gottes oder soziale Aktion?’ (Hist. Jahrbuch, xcii) and Rosemary Ruether discusses ‘The reformer and the radical in the sixteenth century Reformation’ (J. Ecumenical Studs., ix). Gordon Rupp considers ‘Protestant spirituality in the first age of the Reformation’ in Popular belief and practice, ed. G. J. Cuming and Derek Baker (Studies in Church History, viii, C.U.P., E6.40). Edward Rosen argues against R. Stauffer (ante, lvii, 45) that ‘Calvin n’a pas lu Copernic’, to which Stauffer replies (Revue de PHistoire des Religions, clxxxii).

The persistent pressure for a conciliar solution to religious discord appears in W. B. Patterson, ‘Henry IV and the Huguenot appeal for a return to Poissy’ and Walter Ullmann, ‘Julius I1 and the schismatic cardinals’, both in Schism, heresy and religious protest, ed. Derek Baker (Studies in Church History, ix, C.U.P., E7.40); Julius 11, forced to keep his election promise, summoned the council whose proceedings lead Francis Oakley to put the question, ‘Conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council ?’ (Church History, xli). P. Berglar considers ‘Die kirchliche und politische Bedeutung des Pontifikats Hadrians VI’ in Archiv fiir Kultur- geschichte, liv. Major studies have appeared of two humanists who struggled to reconcile Protestant and Catholic before and during the Council of Trent: Peter Matheson, Cardinal Contarini at Regensburg (Oxford : Clarendon, E3-25) and Dermot Fenlon, Heresy and obedience in Tridentine Italy : Cardinal Pole and the Counter-Reformation (C.U.P., E5.80). G. Fragnito examines ‘Gli “spirituali” e la fuga di Bernardino Ochino’ (Rivista storica italiana, lruuriv). Hubert Jedin has resumed his Geschichte des Konzik; von Trient after a gap of thirteen years: vol. iii, Bologneser Tagring (1547-1548). Zweite Trienter Tagungsperiode (r551--15jz) was pub- lished in 1970 (Freiburg: Herder) but has not yet appeared in the English edition. Remigius Baumer edits Von Konstanz nach Trent. Beitrage ZUY Geschichte der Kirche von den Reformkonzilien zum Tridentinum. Festgabe fiir August Franzen (Paderborn: Schoningh, DMj8); for details see Cath. H.R., lviii(4). V. L, Bernorio traces the implementation of the decrees of Trent in L a chiesa di Pavia nel secolo XVI e l’azione pas tode del Cardinale Ippolito de’ Rossi (1560-1591) (Pavia : Diocesan seminary). A. V. Antono- vies looks at ‘Counter-Reformation cardinals : 1534-1590’ (European Studs. Rev., ii), Ellis Waterhouse at ‘Some painters and the Counter-Reformation

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before 1600’ (Trans. R. Hist. Soc., xxii), and John P. Dolan at ‘Religious festivities during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation : challenge and response’ (Societas. A review of social history, Spring issue). Archivum Historicum Societatis Jesu, xli, fasc. 81, contains articles and documents relating to the third general of the society, St Francis Borgia, on the 400th anniversary of his death. Bernard Rekers, Benito Arias Montano, 1527-1598 (Warburg Institute, Es) is a biography of the Erasmian theologian who represented Spain at Trent, supervised the publication of the Polyglot Bible in the Netherlands and ended his career as librarian of the Escorial. K. R. Stow considers ‘The burning of the Talmud in 1553, in the light of sixteenth century Catholic attitudes towards the Talmud’ and P. G. Bietenholz ‘Mino Celsi and the toleration controversy of the sixteenth century’, both in Bibliothkque d‘Humanisme et Renaissance, xxxiv; and Franklin L. Ford examines ‘Dimensions of toleration : Castellio, Bodin, Montaigne’ (Procs. Amer. Philosophical Soc., cxvi). H. C. Erik Midelfort, Witch hunting in Southwestern Germany, r562-1684. The social and intellec- tual foundations (Stanford U.P., $11.50) produces evidence for some 480 witch trials and 3,200 executions. E. William Monter discusses different approaches to the study of this subject in ‘The historiography of European witchcraft: progress and prospects’ (J. Interdisciplinary Hist., 44)) .

Three collections of articles on Machiavelli have been published: Machiavelli and the nature of political thought, ed. Martin Fleisher (N.Y.: Atheneum, $10; pbk. $4.95), Studies on Machiavelli, ed. Myron P. Gilmore (Florence : Sansoni, Lire8,ooo), and Thepoliticalcalculus. Essays on Machia- velli’s philosophy, ed. A. Parel (Toronto U.P., $8.60). Rosemary Devon- shire Jones writes of a colleague of Machiavelli and Guicciardini, Francesco Vettori: Florentine citizen and Medic; servant (Athlone P., &-so). Samuel Berner, ‘The Florentine patriciate in the transition from Republic to Principato, 1530-1 609’ (Studs. in Medieval and Renaissance Hist., ix) follows through to the third generation the forty-one families represented in the Senate which replaced the Signoria in 1532. Judith Hook has written a full account of The sack of Rome, 1527 (Macmillan, E6) and an article, ‘Clement VII, the Colonna and Charles V: a study of the political instability of Italy in the second and third decades of the sixteenth century’ (European Studs. Rev., ii). Alan Haynes provides a short biographical article on ‘Pietro Aretino’ (History Today, xxii). Peter Burke, Culture and society in Renais- sance Italy, 1420-1j40 and Oliver Logan, Cultlire and society in Venice, I470-T790 : the Renaissance and its heritage are both in the Batsford series, Studies in cultural history (44.50 each). Three books have appeared on Montaigne; R. A. Sayce, The essays of Montaigne : a critical exploration (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, E6.25), Olivier Naudeau, La pensie de Montaigne et la composition des Essais (Geneva: Droz, SwFrz4), and Donald WI. Frame, Montaigne’s Essais : a study (Prentice-Hall, pbk. $1.95). Elaine Limbrick examines the relationship between ‘Montaigne et Saint Augustin’ (Bibliothdque d’Humanisme et Renaissance, xxxiv) and I. J. Winter discusses ‘Mon livre et moi. Montaigne’s deepening evaluation of his own work’ (Renaissance Q., xxv).

David Buisseret, Huguenots and Papists (Ginn, E3.25) is an introduction to the French wars of religion; for a detailed study of one locality there is

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G. Lambert’s two-volume Histoire des guerres de religion en Provence (Bibliothkque d’histoire et d’ktudes rkgionales, viii & ix, Nyons: Chante- merle, FYIOO). P. Hurtubise discusses ‘Comment Rome apprit la nouvelle du massacre de la Sainte-BarthClemy. Contribution B une histoire de l’information au XVI’ siecle’ (Archivum historiae pont$ciae, x), Donald R. Kelley in ‘Martyrs, myths, and the massacre: the background of St Bar- tholomew’ (Amer. H.R., lxxvii) sets the massacre in its ‘conceptual and emotional context’, and J. H. M. Salmon demonstrates its continuing significance in ‘Voltaire and the massacre of St Bartholomew’ (History Today, xxii). Professor Salmon also contributes ‘The Paris sixteen, 1 5 8 4 ~ 94: the social analysis of a revolutionary movement’ to J. Mod. Hist., xliv. Richard A. Jackson discusses ‘Elective kingship and consens*s populi in sixteenth century France’ (ibid.), F. E. Sutcliffe, ‘Agriculture or industry? A French dilemma at the time of Henry IV’ (Bull. J. Rylands Lib., liv), and Edmund H. Dickerman, ‘The man and the myth in Sully’s Economies royales’ (French Hist. Studs., vii(3)). The appearance of Richard Gascon’s major work on Lyon (ante, Ivii, 45) has prompted Pierre Chaunu to write ‘Lyon des confins. RCflexions sur 1’Cconomie d’kchange au sommet du XVI” sikcle’ (Revue d’histoire konomique et sociale, so).. Martin Wolfe deals with the reorganisation of government finance in The jiscal system of Renaissance France (Yale U.P., $17.50) and Salvo Mastellone considers Venalitd e Machiavelismo in Francia, 1572-1610. All ’origine della mentalit2

politica borghese (Florence: Olschki, Lire4,soo). The July-Oct. issue of Annales, xxvii is a special number on the family and society to which Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie contributes ‘Structures familiales et coutumes d’hiritage en France au XVI” sikcle’ and David Sabean ‘Famille et tenure paysanne: aux origines de la Guerre des Paysans en Allemagne (1525)’. Jacques Lafon presents a full-scale survey of Rkgimes matrimoniaux et mutations sociales. Les ipoux bordelais, r450-I550 (Paris : S.E.V.P.E.N., Fr82) and David Hunt investigates Parents and children in history: the psychology of family life in early modern France (N.Y.: Harper & Row,

J6rgen Wiegandt traces the history of Die Merchants Adventurers’ Company auf dem Kontinent zur Zeit der Tudors und Stuatts (Kiel: Kom- missionsverlag Walter G. Muhlau) and Ruth Pike studies Aristocrats and traders : Sevillian society in the sixteenth century (Cornell U.P., 44.75). A. W. Lovett writes on ‘Juan de Ovando and the Council of Finance (1573-1575)’ (Hist. J., XV) and presents ‘The governorship of Don Luis de Requesens, 1573-76: a Spanish view’ (European Studs. Rev., ii). Geoffrey Parker considers the entire Netherlands crisis from the Spanish point of view in The army of Flanders and the Spanish road, 1567-1659 : the logistics of Spanish victory and defeat in the Low Countries’ wars (C.U.P., E7-10); his article on Spain and the Netherlands in Past and Present, xlix (1970) is discussed by A. W. Lovett, ‘Spain and the revolt of the Netherlands, 1559- 1648. A comment’, to which he offers ‘ A rejoinder’ (Past and Present, ly). S. F. C. Moore commemorates the anniversary of ‘The seizure of Brill by the “Sea Beggars” ’ (History Today, xxii) and A. C. Hess examines ‘The battle of Lepanto and its place in Mediterranean history’ (Past and Present, 1%).

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