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VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER Issue 1

VetReckon - Veterinary Science Newsletter

Nov 15, 2016

EXCLUSIVE NEWSLETTER FOR VETERINARY SCIENCE STUDENTS IN THIS ISSUE

Veterinary education in India starts transforming when VCI change the curriculum few years back. Although there was little change in academic syllabus but it mainly emphasizes active participation of students in practical activities. It is really welcoming step for veterinary sector in India because of central importance of veterinary services in rural economy. Our government since its inception greatly stress on skill development among our Indian youth. I personally realize and experience that in the past veterinary science didn’t seen from this perspective of skill development. Nobody can oppose this view that teaching in class cannot completely substitute the use of books. Considering this there are 3 pillars for comprehensive veterinary skill development among students i.e. teaching – knowledge interface whether it would be paper book or paperless electronic medium and third is inclusive practical exposure of students to variety of new cases. First pillar i.e. teaching is considerably strong in India and authorities overemphasize its need every time, but still there is scope for developing numerous innovative teaching techniques. For second pillar we have to work upon knowledge bank sort of thing like common knowledge repository which provide filtered information to the students. It is necessary because students are over relied upon internet which have considerable junk information for new students. To strengthen 2nd pillar we must introduce latest technology to keep veterinary knowledge up to date and streamlined on internet based repository. 3rd is last but not the least as it is the foundation of the performance which will be given by students in field conditions. As we know vet have to face variety of cases from mice to elephants and people expect that they treat any animal successfully so we have to look into such expectations and hence we need to developed a vet at least on B.V.Sc level who should be jack of all traits.

Future of Veterinary Education in India by Dr. Ibne Ali

Breed of the month

MURRAH

In Focus Changing needs with changing times

VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER | Issue 1 2

MURRAH – PRIDE OF PUNJAB

Punjab is known as milk capital of India and main contributor of this production is murrah buffalo which utilizes favorable environmental conditions and feed resources available in state

CONTACT

[email protected]

Breed of the month - MURRAH by Sachin

Origin & Breeding Tract

Its home tract stretches around the southern

parts of Haryana comprising the districts of

rohtak, Jind, Hisar, Jhajhar, Fatehabad,

Gurgaon and the Union Territory of Delhi.

However, this breed has spread to almost all

parts of the country and is being bred either

in pure form or is being used as improver

breed for grading up local buffaloes. In fact,

this breed has even found and important

place in the livestock industry of many

developing countries like Bulgaria,

Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, China,

Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nepal, former

USSR, Myanmar, Vietnam, Brazil and Shri

Lanka.

Population

Murrah females in India (20.48 million i. e. about 20 % of country buffalo

population). Buffalo in Haryana increased from 3.37 million in 1982 to 6.03 million

in 2003 – an increase of about 80% in a period of 20 years (Statistical Abstract

of Haryana). But decline in the buffalo population during 2003 (6.06 millions) to

2007 (5.95 millions) in Haryana has also been noticed @ 0.34 percent per year.

Physical Characters

The color is jet black. Rarely white markings on face and leg extremities may be

there, but are not preferred. It has short, characteristic tightly curled horns, turning

backward and upward and finally spirally curving inward. Eyes are black, active

and prominent in females but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled

i.e. cornea should not have whiteness. Neck is long and thin in females and thick

and massive in males. Ears are short, thin and alert.

Udders are fully developed, drooping with equally distributed teats over the

udder. Teats are long, and places uniformly wide apart but hind teats are longer

than fore teats.

VETRECKON - VETERINARY SCIENCE NEWSLETTER Issue 1

Biometry Averages of length, height and heart girth of adult males are 150, 142 and 220 cm, and of females 148,133 and 202cm respectively. Average birth weight of male calves is 31.7 kg and that of female calves is 30kg. Adult body weight ranges from 450 to 800kg (average 567 kg) in males and from 350 to 700 kg (average 516kg) in females.

Production Traits Lactation Milk Yield Milk yield varies from place to place depending upon the management practices and environmental conditions under which animals are reared. Recorded milk yield varies between 1067.32±60.12 and 2014.00±52.00. Large herds have shown average yields as 1800 kg. Lactation Length Buffaloes with longer lactation length are generally high milk producers provided they are given sufficient dry period for replenishment before subsequent calving. Lactation length varies between 366.00±18.00 and 274.60±12.60. Peak Yield Similar to other traits, there is variation in peak yield as well but minimum peak yield of herds is more than 7 kg. Lifetime Milk Yield Buffaloes are not kept in the herd until their natural death, so calculation of milk production for whole life is not feasible in practice. Different criteria had been used for estimating lifetime milk production by different authors. Murrah buffaloes are known for their longevity and persistent yield even in later lactations. It varies between 9187.1±101.40, up to 5 lactations and 4474.61,up to 5 lactations (Mahdy, 1993).

Reproduction Traits

Average age at first calving is 1,319 days and dry period averages are 187.6 days

in the first lactation and 154.8days for overall lactations. Service period averages

177.1 days in first parity and 136.3 days in overall parities. First calving interval

varies from 455 to 632 days (averages 488.1days), and overall calving interval

varies from 430 to 604 days (average 452.9 days). Number of service per

conception varies from 1.75 to 2.159 averages (1.93). Even though a period of

60 days is allowed as post-partum rest, Murrah in general has a long service

period of 5-6 months.


Site of Predilection

Predilection site of adult Toxocara vitulorum is

the small intestine. Migrating larvae can be

found in numerous organs: lungs, trachea,

bronchi, liver, kidneys, mammary glands, etc.

How it looks alike?

Adult Toxocara vitulorum are the largest

worms that infect cattle. They can be up to

40 cm long and 7 mm thick, whereby females

are larger than males. They have a whitish

color and a translucent aspect, and look very

much like cooked spaghetti. As in other

roundworms, the body of these worms is

covered with a cuticle, which is flexible but

rather tough. It forms two characteristic wing-

like projections (alae) in the anterior end. The

female ovaries are large and the uteri end in

an opening called the vulva. Males have a

copulatory bursa with two short spicules for

attaching to the female during copulation.

The eggs are almost spherical, about 70x80

micrometers, have a thick and pitted

membrane and contain a single cell.

Life cycle of Toxocara vitulorum

Toxocara vitulorum has a direct life cycle, i.e.

there are no intermediate hosts involved.

Adult females lay eggs in the small intestine of

the host that are shed with the feces.

Once in the environment L2-larvae develop

inside the eggs in about 7 to 15 days at 27°C to

30°C, the ideal temperature. Development

stops below 12°C but can resume when

temperature rises again (It is apparently

visible that toxocara infestations are less seen

in winters). These eggs are infective and

contaminate the pastures. They can survive

for months and possibly years, but are

sensitive to sunlight.

Adult livestock becomes infected after

ingesting embryonated eggs Larvae

emerge from the eggs in the gut, penetrate

the gut's wall and migrate through the

bloodstream either to the liver, lungs,

trachea, mouth, esophagus and back to the

small intestine where they complete

development to adult worms and begin

producing eggs; or they migrate to other

tissues, including the mammary glands and

the placenta of pregnant cows from where

they can be transmitted to the calves or to

unborn embryos, respectively. Larvae can

survive on tissues for up to 5 months. Larvae

that reach the mammary glands remain

dormant until about 3 weeks before

Science of Parasites

TOXOCARIASIS

Toxocara vitulorum is a species of parasitic roundworms that infects cattle, buffaloes, bisons

and other bovids. It is also called Neoascaris vitulorum.

It is found worldwide, including Europe, but is more abundant in regions with humid tropical

or subtropical climate in Africa, America and Asia. Up to 100% of the calves can be

infected in endemic regions with poor control measures. Water buffaloes seem to be

particularly susceptible to Toxocara vitulorum infections. In one particular study conducted in

India, it have been found that the prevalence was highest in calves ≤30 days old (42.5%),

followed by those 30-60 days old (33.00%), and those 60-90 days old (27.27%).These worms

do not affect sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs or cats.Related species are Ascaris suum that

infects swine, Toxocara canis, that infects dogs and Toxocara cati that infects cats.The

disease caused by Toxocara vitulorum is called toxocariasis or toxocariosis.

Is livestock infected with Toxocara vitulorum contagious for humans?

NO, There is still no evidence that Toxocara vitulorum can infect humans. However, eggs ingested by paratenic hosts can migrate to various tissues, and they could do so in humans as well. Human toxocariasis due to Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati is usually diagnosed through ELISA tests that are mostly incapable of distinguishing between these species and Toxocara vitulorum.

Toxocara vitulorum egg, double

layer showing pitted surface


parturition when they are re-activated and

passed to the sucklings with the milk during

the first 3 weeks after parturition (lactogenic

transmission). Transmission through the milk

seems to be the most frequent infection way

in calves.

In infected calves, larvae that reach the

intestine do not migrate but develop directly

to adult worms in about three weeks after

birth or after being ingested with the milk.

Maximum egg output occurs in calves up to 3

months old, and ends quickly after.

The prepatent period (time between infection

and first eggs shed) is 3 to 4 weeks in calves.

In adult cows it is longer, depends on the

migration and dormancy periods. However, it

seems that most larvae do not complete

development and lay eggs in adult cows but

are perinatally transmitted to the offspring.

Pathology and Losses in Production

Toxocara vitulorum is usually not pathogenic

for adult cattle. But it can be very harmful to

calves in tropical and subtropical regions with

high mortality rates if left untreated.

Migrating larvae can seriously damage

numerous organs in adult cattle, particularly

the lungs, where they can cause infections

with secondary bacteria and subsequent

pneumonia. In calves, the adult worms in the

small intestine compete for nutrients with the

host, and can cause diarrhea (often putrid),

colic, enteritis, loss of appetite and weight.

Due to the large size of the worms massive

infections can obstruct the gut and even

perforate it. Fatalities are not infrequent.

Occasionally worms may also migrate

through the bile duct and obstruct it causing

cholangitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on detection of typical

eggs in the feces. However, pregnant cows

without any detectable eggs in their feces

may be infected with dormant larvae in the

tissues that will be passed to their offspring. In

some countries immunoassay (e.g. ELISA) are

available for serological diagnosis.

Prevention and control

Sound Management of Calves: Since calves

are more susceptible against these worms

and most infections are acquired perinatally

from infected dams, it is essential to try to

prevent the infection of pregnant cows. In

Indian conditions calves are kept with dams

and heaps of manure often keep besides

shed, under such conditions it is inevitable to

escape from Toxocara infestations. It better

to keep this manure away from shed and

timely treat animals with appropriate

anthelmintics. Following hygienic practices

along with disinfection of calf places is highly

recommended. So far no true vaccine is

available against Toxocara vitulorum.

Biological control of Toxocara vitulorum (i.e.

using its natural enemies) is so far not

feasible.

Chemotherapeutics

Numerous broad spectrum anthelmintics are

effective against adult worms and larvae in

the gut, e.g. several benzimidazoles

(albendazole, febantel, fenbendazole,

oxfendazole, etc.), levamisole, as well as

several macrocyclic lactones (e.g. abamectin,

doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin,

moxidectin). But not all of them are effective

against migrating larvae and/or arrested

larvae in the tissues. These anthelmintics are

available for oral administration as drenches,

feed additives and/or tablets. Levamisole and

most macrocyclic lactones are usually also

available as injectable.

A few other narrow-spectrum anthelmintics

such as tetrahydropyrimidines (e.g. morantel,

pyrantel) and piperazine derivatives are

effective against adult worms but may not

control larvae and other roundworm species

that often infect livestock simultaneously

with Toxocara vitulorum worms.

So far there are no reports on resistance of

Toxocara vitulorum to the

most common anthelmintics

(benzimidazoles,

macrocyclic

lactones,

levamisole,

tetrahydropyrimidines,

etc.) in contrast with many other

gastrointestinal roundworms (e.g.

Haemonchus spp, Cooperia spp, Ostertagia

spp, Trichostrongylus spp), etc.

Ingestion of embryonated eggs; penetrated gut wall

Migrate through blood stream through

various organs & back to intestine

Sometimes they migrated to placenta & transmitted to unborn

calves

They also transmitted to calves through milk (most frequent way of

infection)

In calves they become mature and start

laying eggs; they wont migrate in calves


Brainstorming discussions in international symposium at veterinary varsity Source: TOI

LUDHIANA: Various technical sessions were held

on Friday in the on-going international

symposium and 7th Conference of Indian Meat

Science Association at Guru Angad Dev

Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

(GADVASU), here. ST Joo from Republic of

Korea stressed on the food safety issues related

with the different cooking techniques. He

stressed that the cooking time at temperature

should be selected with the eating quality

parameters and killing of pathogens.

GADVASU spokesperson said that there was a

consensus that rampant slaughter of animals in

lanes and bylanes of the city should be banned

immediately. He added that the animal welfare

should be considered and Food Safety and

Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulations

should be followed in true spirit while

transporting the animals. "Effective utilization of

slaughter house by products will reduce the cost

of meat effectively, simultaneously benefiting

the animal producers and processors in getting

more profits by getting higher price for his

produce. More emphasis was given on reduction

of environmental pollution", he said.

Manish Kumar Chatli, organising secretary

stressed on the development of valuable

products from animal industry waste including

biodegradable films, high value low volume

processed by products such as bone

morphogenic proteins (BMP), collagen sheets

etc. BMP increases the healing of fracture by 40-

50% faster. Collagen sheets are being used in

plastic surgery. V.V. Kulkarni, Director, National

Research Centre (Meat) and President of society

congratulated A.S. Nanda, Vice-Chancellor,

GADVASU and Manish K. Chatli organizing

secretary of IMSACON-VII for the grand

organization of IMSACON-VII. NRCM has signed

MoU with GADVASU, which will give the new

avenue for research and entrepreneurs

exchange, share knowledge and facilities.

Elephant Sidda stands again Source: TOI A joint rescue operation by the Indian Army,

Wildlife SOS and the Karnataka forest

department resulted in successful moving the

downed elephant 'Sidda' into a specially

designed structure where the Wildlife SOS

veterinarians can provide long term treatment to

the ailing elephant.

Two weeks ago, when Sidda had painfully

extracted himself from the water and then

collapsed, saving this 35-year old wild elephant

with a fractured foreleg seemed well-nigh

impossible. At 3 am Thursday, the Sappers from

the MEG of the Indian Army and the field teams

from wildlife conservation NGO Wildlife SOS and

the forest department could finally stand back with

immense pride as Sidda was gently eased into the

giant improvised structure created by the army in

record time on the request of Wildlife SOS. The

severely injured elephant, who had been down on

his side for a fortnight, was finally standing again.

Robotic canine helps train

veterinary students Source : NBCI4

ITHACA (NBC News) Cornell University has

developed an innovative way to teach veterinary

students to care for animals in emergency

situations. Robo Jerry 2 is the creation of

veterinary medicine Professor Dr. Daniel Fletcher.

The technology is similar to human simulators

used in medical schools across the country and is

meant to bridge the gap between the classroom

and the emergency room, but Robo Jerry 2 is

unique to Cornell and gives veterinary students an

opportunity to try managing a patient in real time.

“It’s remarkable how much they engage in that

process, so they tend to get nervous. They get very

worked up about it. They get very emotionally

invested,” Dr. Fletcher says. Cornell is also

designing simulator parts to be used in robo-cats

and possibly someday robo-horses. “When that

real patient comes in that looks similar to that case

they managed in simulation, they’re much more

likely to jump in and then be involved because now

they feel confident,” Dr. Fletcher says. He hopes

that’s a confidence that will carry them into clinic.

One lakh ducks to be culled

in Kerala

Source : TOI

ALAPPUZHA (Kerala): Kerala Animal Husbandry

Minister K Raju on Wednesday said that one lakh

ducks will be culled after avian flu (H5N1 virus) was

reported in certain areas of the state's Alappuzha

district.

"Earlier what used to be done was all the poultry

birds in a one square kilometre radius where such

birds have been affected would be culled, but this

time we have decided to only cull the ducks in

areas where affected birds have been identified,"

said Raju at a meeting with stake holders and

officials.

Last week, the presence of the virus was detected

in four villages of this district, following which

around 38,000 ducks have been culled and the

remaining would be done in the coming days.

Veterinary around the globe


1. The network of interrelated catabolic and anabolic pathways in cells is referred to as ______________

2. A system that exchanges both energy and material with its surrounding is said to be ______________

3. ________________ is a type of weak interaction that stabilizes the native conformation of a biomolecule or supramolecular complex.

4. The monomeric subunits of ________ are ribonucleotides.

5. The stretching and breaking of bonds that occurs during the conversion of a reactant to a product creates a ____________ state.

6. ____________ is a measure of randomness.

7. Enzymes enhance the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the __________ energy that constitutes an energy barrier between reactants and products.

8. mRNA molecules with two or more attached ribosomes are called ____________

9. ______________ is a component of eukaryotic cells consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.

10. _____________ and _______________ are the two groups of extant prokaryotes.

11. The role of _____________ is to produce large number of ribosomes needed by the cell and have DNA that contain many copies of ribosomal RNA coding genes.

12. ________________ helps in the condensation of DNA molecule.

13. ____________, _______________ and __________ are three classes of cytoskeletal proteins.

14. ________________ is a complex of RNA and protein.

15. ______________ are molecular complexes of DNA plus associated histone and nonhistone proteins.

MEMORISING TRICKS

Certain important things in veterinary sciences are necessary to remember in all circumstances. One can always expect these things from veterinary doctor. We try to provide you some memory tricks which will help you to remember veterinary science in an interesting way.

1.Remember Extrinsic Pathway of Blood Coagulation

Save ExPorT Too OFTEN

Save – Factor Seven

Ex – Extrinsic Pathway

PorT – Prothrombin time is affected

Too – Factor Two

O – Factor One

F – Factor Five

TEN – Factor Ten

Summary - extrinsic pathway involves factor 1,2,5,7,10 and derangement cause prolong Prothrombin Time.

2. Potassium: causes of potassium leaving cells ASSES

Acidosis: H+ ions move in.

Starvation: catabolism of cells.

Stress: catabolism of cells (postoperative).

Exercise: catabolism of cells.

Sodium chloride lost: K+ replaces it and is then excreted.

3. Heart valves: placement of valves on standard heart anterior view

"Try before you Buy":

When read across the page, the tricuspid valve comes before the bicuspid valve.

Also, the lunar valves are near the top (in the sky), like the moon.

4.Hormones of Anterior Pituitary

FLAGTOP

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

ACTH

Growth Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

MelatOnin Stimulating Hormone

Prolactin

5. Krebs Cycle

Cindrella Is Kinky So She Fools More Often

Citric acid

Isocitric acid

Ketoglutaric acid

Succinyl CoA

Succinic acid

Fumaric acid

Malic acid

Oxaloacetic acid


ifficult terrains, compromised

infrastructure and wide distribution

of backyard and smallholder

livestock keepers in tribal areas are critical

factors in poor animal healthcare product and

service delivery in tribal areas. Government

and non-government organizations are

working on these challenging aspects while

animal healthcare industry maintains its

distance from this unorganized smallholder

sector and emphasizing more on low-hanging

fruits in fast-growing dairy and commercial

poultry dominated organized livestock

sector.

Lack of awareness about prophylactic

measures and basic husbandry practices

make livestock vulnerable to many diseases in

smallholder sector eg. Newcastle (Ranikhet)

disease in poultry and PPR in goats. These

diseases are easily preventable with vaccines

and basic husbandry practices. Affordability

and accessibility of customized packs of

animal healthcare products for smallholder

livestock keepers is required.

These customized products should be

provided by quality human resource in tribal

areas. Awareness creation among

underserved livestock keepers is another

important area to be undertaken by well-

trained human resource. As per recent

surveys conducted in field suggests that

vaccinating chicken leads to better nutrition

and broaden economic avenues for poor

households.

A need of collaboration among government,

non-government organizations and private

organization has been realized in Odisha. To

address this need, the Global Alliance for

Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed)

has collaborated with Hester Biosciences

Limited (to develop and distribute

customised livestock vaccines and health care

products), Professional Assistance for

Development Action (PRADAN) and Pathe

Pathsahala (to strengthen animal health care

services with quality community animal

health workers) in Odisha (INDIA).

(https://www.galvmed.org/en/voices-from-the-

field/vaccinating-chickens-leads-better-nutrition-

communities-jharkhand-india/)

(https://www.galvmed.org/en/diseases/chicken-

vaccine-broadening-economic-avenues-

jharkhand-india/)

Kamdhenu scheme

could change

farmers’ fortune in

Uttar Pradesh

by Dr Ibne Ali, Axonvet-Livestock

Solutions, Delhi

Nearly three years back enthusiastic and bold

chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, Shri Akhilesh

Yadav, brought kamdhenu scheme with

holistic vision to improve milk production in

the state. He believes that this scheme can

change the fortune of dairy industry in UP and

bring this looming sector into the new

dimensions of growing food market.

As we know UP is vast state and occupy nearly

9% of county’s land and carry 16% of

country’s population faces many challenges

on different fronts of development. Dairy

scheme which was launch in 2013 had very

good potential to uplift UP economically as

well as solve growing unemployment

problem. If we look from dairy development

perspective we can see that UP is number one

milk producing state with 17% of total

national production but its per animal

productivity is seriously down trodden to

approx.. 4lit per animal. Nearly half of the

animals are non-milking which didn’t receive

much care. Possible reason for this is well

developed and deeply penetrated buffalo

meat market due to which farmers seldom

bother to make their animals pregnant. They

believe that selling animals after milking is

more beneficial than getting them pregnant.

Basically these rates of non-milking animals

forces farmers to keep low producing animals

with them.

Kamdhenu scheme was structured to

increase the productivity of animals. It was

stated that buffaloes purchased to start the

dairy must be brought from outside the UP.

Of course scheme holders went to Punjab and

Haryana to purchase the animals. No doubt

dairy animals in Punjab and Haryana are

highly productive which is partly due to

feeding and environment and partly due to

genetic potential. But when these animals

brought in UP their productivity goes down,

which is mainly due to less scientific feeding

practices and pre occupied notion that we

could sell animal if it goes out of milk.

Genetics of animals seldom identified and

therefore matters because except crossbred

cows whose genetic potential could be find

out through pedigreed exotic bulls’ semen

buffalo genetics cannot be determined

successfully due to non-availability of

pedigree records. In this scenario only

feeding practices along with certain housing

requirement can affect milk production of

new animals.

So considering this fact of underfeeding

which might be due to lack of knowledge of

importance of scientific feeding cause

decreased in the productivity of imported

animals. Government before dispensing loan

to beneficiaries should conduct

comprehensive training program under the

guidance of dairy production experts and

keep dairy nutritionist consultant with whom

new farmers can ask their problems. Some

mobile app should also be launched if

government is serious to make this scheme

successful for farmers

D

Is it possible to deliver animal healthcare product and services in remote tribal areas of India? by Dr Rahul Srivastava, Marketing Officer, GALVMed

In focus

Changing needs with changing times

https://www.galvmed.org/en/voices-from-the-field/vaccinating-chickens-leads-better-nutrition-communities-jharkhand-india/



https://www.galvmed.org/en/diseases/chicken-vaccine-broadening-economic-avenues-jharkhand-india/




Benefits of Goat Milk

an emerging nutraceutical

Herding of goats is thought to have evolved

about 10,000 years ago in the mountains of

Iran, making goats one of the oldest

domesticated animals. Goat milk, and the

cheese made from it was venerated in ancient

Egypt with some Pharaohs supposedly

placing these foods among the other

treasures in their burial tombs (makbare). It is

estimated that over 80% of the world’s goat

population is located in Asia and Africa. By

deduction, it is probable that more people in

the world drink milk from goats than from any

other animal.nNew markets and uses for goat

milk are also being pursued, for example, as a

basis for medicinal and infant foods. It is

imperative that quality and safety of goat milk

are optimised to ensure consumer confidence

owing to the growing interest in existing and

new goat dairy products worldwide.

Two characteristics of goat milk fat have

important consequences for manufacturing.

One is the smaller size of the fat globules in

goat milk in comparison to those in cow milk.

In both species the fat globules range from 1

to 10 micron, but the number of fat globules

smaller than 5 micron is ∼60% in cow milk

whereas it is ∼80% in goat milk.

Medicinal value of goat milk:

Goat milk contains a higher proportion of

medium-chain fatty acids, i.e., caproic (C6:0),

caprylic (C8:0) and capric (C10:0), which are

partly responsible for the characteristic

“goaty” odour of goat milk.

In addition to contributing to the specific

“goaty” flavour, the higher proportion of

medium-chain fatty acids in goat milk are

known to:

(i) be anti-bacterial, (ii) be antiviral, (iii) inhibit

development and dissolve cholesterol

deposits, and (iv) be absorbed rapidly from

the intestine. As human milk lacks s1-casein,

the low levels of s1- casein in some goat milks

and higher proportion of -casein means that

goat milk casein profile is closer to human

milk than that of cow milk.

Goat milk is reported to form a finer curd than

cow milk following acidification, which

mimics the conditions in the stomach,

suggesting it would be more readily digested

concentrations of methionine and cysteine

(sulfer amino acids), when added together,

are equivalent in goat and human milk protein

Taurine is particularly high in goat milk, being

20–40- times higher than cow milk (good for

kidney health). Taurine is also beneficial for

adults, helping to regulate blood pressure and

possibly to alleviate other cardiovascular

ailments (heart problems). Taurine alleviates

muscle fatigue in strenuous workouts and

raises exercise capacity (important for body

builders)

Most oligosaccharides (>95%) from human

milk are resistant to digestion suggest that

their main target of biological functions is the

intestine of the new born baby.

Cow milk allergy is considered a common

disease with a prevalence of 2.5% in children

during the first 3 years of life even as high as

20% in some areas (Nestle, 1987) Treatment

with goat milk resolved between 30 and 40%

of the problem cases, and in one particular

study 49 of 55 treated children benefited from

treatment with goat milk.

Goat milk typically contains between 250 and

300 mg/L oligosaccharides, 4–5 times higher

than the content in cow milk.

The oligosaccharides in goat milk are

complex, with a profile most similar to human

milk, in comparison to cows and sheep.

Selenium (Se) is the main component of goat

milk. Deficiency of Selenium and decrease in

platelet count are the main complications of

dengue fever. Goat milk as well as milk

products are richest source of Selenium (Se)

as comparison to cow and sheep milk.

Goat population in India is second highest in the world after china. Indian is having 135 millions of goats mainly concentrated in arid and semi-arid areas of the country. It was estimated by CIRG that around 41% of the total goats slaughtered for meat every year and 5% disease mortality rate. This fact tells us that goats are mainly reared for meat in India. But milk contribution is also cannot be ignored, as goats contributes nearly 4% of total milk production. During season of viral fever goat milk demand rises exponentially and it sold at soaring prices. No doubt that goats have many nutrients which are beneficial in combating viral fever.

One factor in the uptick in goat milk sales are its purported health benefits. Though it’s not substantially different, chemically speaking, from cow milk, it has some advantages: more calcium, magnesium, potassium and Vitamin C, for example. Though goat milk still has lactose, it has less than cow milk, and its proteins are a bit different. In fact, it’s actually more similar to the structure of breast milk than cow’s milk is, which is one theorized reason why it might be easier on the tummy.

India is growing goat milk market due to extra health consciousness which is started in India.

GOAT MILK IN INDIA & FUTURE OF ITS

MARKETING


Identify the Conditions & Recommended Treatment

1 You are presented with two 15-month-

old dairy heifers which have been housed

for 2 weeks and fed the remains of last

year’s silage clamp before the new clamp

is opened. The heifers are very weak and

unable to rise (1a). The farmer had noted

that one heifer in the group of 84 was

unsteady on its hind legs the previous

evening. None of the other heifers show

any abnormal clinical signs. Both heifers

appear dull and depressed and are unable

to rise. There is profound weakness of the

limb muscles. The rectal temperature is

normal for each heifer. The heifers do not

eat but can swallow. There are ruminal

move ments but only scant mucus-

coated faeces are passed.

i. What conditions would you

suspect? (Most likely first.)

ii. What treatments would you

administer?

iii. What control measures could be

adopted?

1 i. The most likely conditions to consider include: botulism; lead poisoning;

listeriosis; blackleg; re - cumbency and en dotoxaemia associated with

septicaemia. There is no readily available diagnostic test for botu linum toxin.

There was no access to poultry waste/carcasses, the most common source of

botulinum toxin, but the farmer often shot a large number of feral pigeons in the

shed that may have resulted in carcass contamination of the clamp silage which

was not sheeted.

ii. There is no specific treatment although cattle displaying only pelvic limb

weakness may recover over 7–14 days. In this problem, one heifer deteriorated

rapidly overnight (paralysis of tongue and masticatory muscles, head averted

against chest) and was euthanased for welfare reasons. The other recumbent

heifer was destroyed for welfare reasons 2 days later.

iii. To control this problem the old silage was discarded and the new silage pit

opened. No further cases of botulism were reported in this group. Other control

measures include preventing access to potentially contaminated feedstuffs

especially poultry waste. Poultry manure is often used as a fertilizer applied

directly to pasture (1b). Several recent outbreaks of botulism have been

tentatively linked to feeding bakery waste to cattle.

For all types of livestock and poultry consultancy contact

Axonvet – Livestock & Poultry Solutions

www.axonvet.com | +91-9557907955

http://www.axonvet.com/


VetReckon - Veterinary

Science Newsletter

NFC, Okhla, New Delhi Delhi – 110025

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