Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond - PPCAC · Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond ... •...
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Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond Pacific Ports Air Quality Collaborative Conference Los Angeles, California December 13-15, 2006 Faculty/Grad Students/Staff: David Cocker III, Kathy Cocker, Kent Johnson, Wayne Miller, Abhilash Nigam, Don Pacocha, Aniket A. Sawant, Sandip Shah, Bill Welch UG Students: Daniel Bennett, Nathan Brahm, Karel Jansen, Hanhphuc Nguyen, Temitope Ogunyoku, Shimkiri Syiem, Marisol Torres, Anthony Turgman http://www.cert.ucr.edu
Transcript of Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond - PPCAC · Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond ... •...
Vessel Emissions: Regulated and Beyond
Pacific Ports Air Quality Collaborative Conference
Los Angeles, CaliforniaDecember 13-15, 2006
Faculty/Grad Students/Staff: David Cocker III, Kathy Cocker, Kent Johnson, Wayne Miller, Abhilash Nigam, Don Pacocha, Aniket A. Sawant, Sandip Shah, Bill Welch
UG Students: Daniel Bennett, Nathan Brahm, Karel Jansen, Hanhphuc Nguyen, TemitopeOgunyoku, Shimkiri Syiem, Marisol Torres, Anthony Turgman
http://www.cert.ucr.edu
Acknowledgements
• APL Maritime, Ltd.• A.P. Moller–Maersk Group• California Air Resources Board (CARB)• MAN B&W Diesel A/S, Copenhagen• Pacific Harbor Lines• Several POLA/POLB terminals who provided yard tractors• South Coast Air Quality Management District • Tetra Tech, Inc. • The City of Long Beach Harbor Department (Port of LB)• The City of Los Angeles Harbor Department (Port of LA)• United States Maritime Administration (MARAD)
Discussion Topics
• Goal: Reduce emissions near ports.• Pathways:
– Near Term (Tactical): Measure gases & PM at the source
Regulated emissionsDeeper analysis
• Demonstrate control technologies– Long Term (Strategic) team approach
• Understand heath impacts• Measure/predict secondary PM • Design ‘greener’ vessels & ports
Vessel Emissions: Framing the Issues
Particle Formation Paths for Diesel Exhaust are Complex
Schneider, J, E. S.&T.2005, 39,6153-6161
Combustion Generated Gases and PM2.5Encompass Many Key Air Issues
Measuring Emissions• Engine operation
– Near term: follow ISO cycle for comparison– Longer term: follow actual in-use conditions
• Gases monitored by ISO/EPA methods– NOx Chemiluminescence detector – CO,CO2 Non dispersive infrared– HCs GC/FID– SOx Calculate from fuel
• Measure particulate matter (PM)– Use ISO partial dilution method or ???
• Emission factor determined from power setting & calculated mass flow
Measuring Gases & PM with Partial Flow Dilution System with Single Venturi
To particulate sampling system
NOx Emission Factor vs. Load & Fuel Oil
MAN B&W L32/40
PM Mass on Teflon Filters:vs. Main Engine Load
Deeper Analysis
Deeper Analysis of Hydrocarbons
• Absorbents for HC speciation
Reference: Gerstel
Deeper Analysis of HC & PM
Properties of Fuels: HFO vs. MDO
Fuel --> Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Marine Distillate Oil(MDO)Specific Gravity @ 60 / 60ºF 11.6 0.8294Sulfur Content 3.3 wt% 0.16 wt%Vanadium 56 mg/kg NASodium 39 mg/kg NAAluminium < 1 mg/kg NASilicon < 1 mg/kg NAIron 6 mg/kg NANickel 19 mg/kg NACalcium 3 mg/kg NAMagnesium < 1 mg/kg NALead < 1 mg/kg NAZinc < 1 mg/kg NAPhosphorus < 1 mg/kg NA
PM Mass Apportionment: HFO & MDO
Teflon Filter Analysis by XRF (50% Load)
MgAlSiPSClKCaTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrRbSrYMo
MgAlSiPSClKCaTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrRbSrYMo
MgAlSiPSClKCaTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrRbSrYMo
HFO w/S & w/o S
MDO w/o Sulfur
Ca
P
V
Zn
Ni
S
Ref: SCAQMD
PM Speciation: Nickel &Vanadium CE-CERT LB/LA Ship Emission Study
V/Ni Ratio
R2 = 0.9869
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00
V (ug/filter)
Ni (
ug/fi
lter)
Ref: SCAQMD
Particle Sizing Methods
• Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM-230)–Real time particle sampler
• Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors(MOUDI)–10 stage impactor
Testing of Real Time PM Monitors
DMM 230
Particle counter
PM: Size Classification by MOUDI
Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors
Examples of MOUDI Stages
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
> 18 u
m18
- 10 u
m10
- 5.6
um5.6
- 3.2
um3.2
- 1.8
um1.8
- 1.0
um1.0
- 0.56
um0.5
6 - 0.
32 um
0.32 -
0.18
um0.1
8 - 0.
10 um
0.10 -
0.05
6 um
after
filter
Stages(Top -> Bottom)
PM (m
g) o
n ea
ch S
tage
PM Mass(in mg)
Preliminary: MOUDI Mass Distribution
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
> 18 u
m18
- 10 u
m10
- 5.6
um5.6
- 3.2
um3.2
- 1.8
um1.8
- 1.0
um1.0
- 0.56
um0.5
6 - 0.
32 um
0.32 -
0.18
um0.1
8 - 0.
10 um
0.10 -
0.05
6 um
after
filter
Stages(Top->Bottom)
Perc
enta
ge S
ulfa
te o
n ea
ch S
tage
HydratedSulphate
Preliminary: % Sulfate on Each Stage
Summary • Findings to date:
– Developed gaseous and PM monitoring equipment suitable for ships.
– Gaseous emission factors are repeatable.– Composition mass balance matches Teflon
mass. Preliminary speciation completed.• Future work:
– Focus on detailed HC & PM speciation– Test real time PM monitors– Test models for predicting secondary PM– Integrate health findings
Thank You & Questions?
