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TurabianHelper

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Contents

Beginnings1.0 Greeting p.31.1 Introduction p.41.2 DocumentFormat p.41.3 TitlePage p.5Quotations2.0 CitingSources p.62.1 WhenshouldIcite? p.62.2 WhyshouldIcite? p.62.3 WhatkindofinformationwillIneedtocite? p.63.0 In-textQuotations p.73.1 SignalVerbs p.83.2 ExamplesofIn-textQuotations p.83.3 BlockQuotations p.93.4 QuotingtheBible p.103.5 QuotingShorterBiblePassages p.103.6 QuotingLongerBiblePassages p.103.7 BibleVersionAbbreviations p.113.8 BibleBookAbbreviations p.12Footnotes4.0 IntroductiontoFootnotes p.134.1 MSWord,Apple,Logosfootnoteshortcut p.144.2 LongNote-SingleAuthor p.144.3 LongNote-TwoAuthors p.144.4 LongNote-ThreeorMoreAuthors p.154.5 LongNote-EditororAuthor(s)plusEditor p.154.6 LongNote-EditionNumber p.164.7 LongNote-JournalArticleinPrint p.164.8 LongNote-JournalArticleOnline p.164.9 LongNote-Websites p.164.10 LongNote-Lectures p.175.0 IntroductiontoShortFootnotes p.175.1 ShortNote-SingleAuthor p.175.2 ShortNote-TwoAuthors p.185.3 ShortNote-ThreeAuthors p.185.4 ShortNote-FourorMoreAuthors p.195.5 ShortNote-JournalArticleinPrint p.195.6 ParentheticalNotes:ManyReferencestoaFewSources p.205.7 Ibid. p.20

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Bibliography6.0 TheBibliography p.216.1 Bibliography-SingleAuthor p.216.2 Bibliography-TwoAuthors p.216.3 Bibliography-ThreeAuthors p.226.4 Bibliography-FourorMoreAuthors p.226.5 Bibliography-EditororAuthorplusEditor p.226.6 Bibliography-EditionNumber p.236.7 Bibliography-JournalArticleinPrint p.236.8 Bibliography-JournalArticleOnline p.236.9 Bibliography-Website p.246.10 Bibliography-Lectures p.246.11 Bibliography-TheBibleandOtherSacredWorks p.24

6.12 BibliographyExample p.25 HelpfulLinks 7.0 CitationLinks p.26

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1DearStudent,

Thisbriefguideisdesignedtohelpyouunderstandandusestandardpracticesofformattingandcitingsourcesinyourpapers.ThestandardsarebasedonTheChicagoManualofStyle,16thEdition(CMOS),KateTurabian’sManualforWriters,8thEdition(Turabian),KateTurabian’s,Student’sGuidetoWritingCollegePapers,4thEdition,andTheChristianWriter’sManualofStyle,4thEdition(CWMS).Inafewinstances,insightsfromTheSBLHandbookofStyle,2ndEditionhavealsobeenincorporated.

JamesLee’sexpertiseanddiligentworkaretothankforthefirsteditionofthisguide,and

RebekahRuizcontributedfurtherrefinements.Withouttheirlaboroflovethisguidewouldnotexist,andIhopethisupdatetotheprojectwestartedseveralyearsagowillallowtheirworktocontinueservingstudentslikeyouformanyyearsahead.Ifyouskimthisguidebeforeyoubeginwritingandrefertoitwhenyougetstuck,itwillprovideanswerstomanyofthequestionsyouarefacedwithinthedauntingtaskofcraftingproperlyformattedpapersatthecollegelevel.MayGodblessyouasyougrowinwisdom,studyingtoclearlyunderstandandcommunicatethegoodnewsofJesusChrist.InHim,JoelWingoSeptember2016

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1.1

Introduction

Whenwritingaresearchpaper,thestudentshouldfollowacceptedacademicstandardsforcitation,style,andformat.Citationistheactofcarefullyandappropriatelygivingcredittothoseauthorswhohaveinfluencedyourideas,anditalsogivesyourreaderstheinformationtheyneedtofindthesourcethemselves.Itisessentialthatyouaccuratelyandproperlydocumentyoursources.Styleandformatdealwithhowthatinformationispresentedwhenwritingapaper.Thereexistseveralstylestocitesources,butwewillonlypresentoneapprovedatCCBC—the“Notes-Bibliography”styledescribedintheChicagoManualofStyleandTurabian’sManualforWriters.Thefollowingguideismeanttoprovideyouwithbasicinformationtogetyoustarted.MoredetailedinformationcanbeobtainedbyreferringtotheChicagoManualofStyle,16thEdition,Turabian’sAManualforWriters,8thEdition,andTheChristianWriter’sManualofStyle,4thEdition.Webeginwithadiscussionofbasicpaperformatting.

1.2

Document Format

WhenusingMicrosoftWord,mostofthesesettingsaresetasdefault.However,theshadedtextofferssomeguidanceonhowtochangeasetting.

PaperType:8-½-by-11-inchwhitepaperMargins:1-inchmarginsonallsidesFont:TimesNewRoman,Calibri,Courier,Garamond,Georgia,orHelveticaFontSize:12-pointfontsize(but10-pointforfootnotes)Spacing:Double-spaced,exceptforfootnotes,bibliographicentries,andblockquotations,whicharesingle-spaced.

o BlockQuotationsoffiveormorelinesaresinglespacedwithnoquotationmarksandindentedfromtheleft,withthesameindentationasthebeginningofaparagraph(.5”).Asingleblanklineisinsertedaboveandbelowtheblockquotation.12-pointfontisusedforblockquotations.

PageNumber:Inthefooter,centered,beginningonthefirstpageofthebody.Thetitlepageisnotnumbered.

MSWord>Insert>PageNumbers…>Bottomofpage(footer)>centered>Donotnumberfirstpage>Format>Startat“0”

TitlePage:Separatedandontopofpaper.Donotinsertablankpagefollowingthetitlepage.

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1.3

Title Page

Thefollowinginformationshouldbesetapartfromthebodyofthepaperandplacedonaseparatepageintheorderlisted.Note:someassignmentsmaynotrequireaseparatetitlepage.Checkwithyourinstructortoseeifthetitlemaybeplacedatthetopofthefirstpageoftext(seeTurabian,A.1.4,A.2.1.2,and22.2.1.1).

TitleofPaper-Aboutathirdofthewaydownthepage,centered,bold.Subtitle(ifapplicable)–separatedfromthetitlebyacolonandasinglelineofspaceYourNameCourseNumber&NameDate-writethenameofthemonth,theday,andtheyearThetitlepageisnotnumberedAllwordscapitalizedexceptarticles,coordinatingconjunctions,orprepositions(e.g.TheMeaningofGracein…).See“headline-stylecapitalization”inTurabian(22.2.1.1).TitlePageExample:

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2.0

Citing Sources

Herearesomebasicquestionsyoumighthavepondered:

2.1

When should I cite?

1. Whenusingexactwordsfromasource.

2. Whenyouparaphraseideasthatareassociatedwiththespecificsource,evenifyoudonotquoteexactwordsfromit.

3. Whenyouuseanyidea,data,ormethodthatcanbeattributedtoanidentifiablesource.

2.2

Why should I cite?

1. Togivecredittoasourcethatinfluencedyourwork.

2. Toassurereadersoftheaccuracyofyourfacts.

3. Tohelpreadersfindsourcestoengageinfurtherresearch.

4. Whenthewordsofotherswouldpresentstrongevidencetobackupyourreasonsforyourargument.

5. Whenyouwishtobefairandstateexactlywhatyoudisagreewith.

6. Whenyouwishtoaddanauthoritywhoagreeswithyourview.

7. Whenthewordsofothersarestrikinglyunique,compelling,andmemorable.

2.3

What kind of information will I need to cite?

Youcanlocaterelevantpublicationinformationonthefirstandsecondpagesofmostpublishedmaterial.

1.Whowroteorassembledthesource?

Author(s)

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Editor(s) Translator(s)

2.Whatdataidentifiesthesource?

TitleandsubtitleTitleandsubtitleofanylargerworkthatcontainsthesource(suchasacollection,journal,ornewspaper)Pagenumber(s)VolumenumberIssuenumberEditionnumberURLanddateyouaccessedthematerial,foronlinesources

3.Whopublishedthesourceandwhen?

Publisher’snamePlaceofpublication(thestateisoptional–especiallyunnecessaryforwell-knownplaces

suchasChicagoorNewYork)Dateofpublication

Innearlyeveryinstance,whenyouusea(1)quoteinyourpaper,youwillneedtohavea(2)footnotetorepresentit,andalsoitwillbelistedinyour(3)Bibliography.Abbreviationsforexamplesofthesethreeelementswillbeusedbelowasfollows:

Q:Quotation

N:Note(footnoteorparentheticalnote)

B:Bibliography

3.0

In-text Quotations

Thewritingofothersshouldflowsmoothlyintoyourwriting.Sometimesyoumaywanttouseexactwordsorphrases.Thisiscalledquoting.Sometimesyoumaywishtoweavethegrammarofthequoteintothegrammarofyourownwriting.Insomecaseswhenyouquote,youmaywanttouseasignalverborphrasetocarefullyandsmoothlyintegratequotationsintoyourtextandsurroundingsentences.Hereisalistofsomesignalwords:

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3.1

Signal Verbs

accepts

acknowledgesaddsadmitsadvisesagreesallowsanswersarguesassertsbelievesclaimscharges

commentscomparescomplainsconcedesconcludesconcursconfirmsconsiderscontends

criticizesdeclaresdeduces

demonstratesdenies

describesdiscussesdisputesendorses

emphasizesexpresses

feelsgrants

hypothesizesillustratesimpliesinsists

interpretslistsnotesobjectsobserves

offers

opposespointsoutproves

questionsrecommends

reflectsreasonsrefutesrejectsrepliesremarksreportsrespondsreveals

saysstatessuggestssuspectsthinksurgeswrites

3.2

Examples of In-text Quotations

Therearemanywaystoincorporatesourcesintoyourwriting.However,ifyouarequotingfourlinesorfewer,usequotationmarksandrunitintoyourtext.Ifyouarequotingfiveormorelines,useablockquotation;see3.3.Thefollowingareexamplesofin-textquotingwithfourlinesorfewer:

Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1

Useanauthor’sfullnamethefirsttimeyoumentionit,afterwardsuseonlythelastname:

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Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1Inparticular,StrobelhighlyencourageshisreaderstotesttheeyewitnessevidenceforthehistoricityofJesusofNazareth.2

Youcanmodifytheoriginalquotewithsquarebracketsanddeletewiththreedots(ellipses),aslongasyoudon’tchangethemeaningordisturbthegrammar:

Originalquote:

Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelsays,“Hisevidencefortheirtraditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies–allofhistestimonyhadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3

Wordsmodified:

Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelacknowledges,“[Blomberg’s]evidencefor[theGospels’]traditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies–allof[Blomberg’s]testimonyhadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3

Wordsdeleted:

Q:InresponsetoBlomberg’sargumentforthevalidityoftheGospels,Strobelacknowledges,“[Blomberg’s]evidencefor[theGospels’]traditionalauthorship,hisanalysisoftheextremelyearlydateoffundamentalbeliefsinJesus,hiswell-reasoneddefenseoftheaccuracyoftheoraltradition,histhoughtfulexaminationofapparentdiscrepancies...hadestablishedasolidfoundationformetobuildon.”3

3.3

Block Quotations

Ifyouquotefiveormorelinesofasinglesource,useanindentedblockquotation.Ablockquotationshouldbeleft-aligned,single-spaced,andalineofspaceshouldbeaddedbeforeandafterit.Indenttheentirequotationuptothesamelevelasfirstindentedlineofaparagraph(typically(.5”)anddonotusequotationmarks.Indentthefirstlineonlyifitbeginsaparagraphintheoriginalsource.

Q:Indiscussingfaith,Lewisgivesagentlecautiontothebeliever:

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TherearecertainthingsinChristianitythatcanbeunderstoodfromtheoutside,beforeyouhavebecomeaChristian.ButthereareagreatmanythingsthatcannotbeunderstooduntilafteryouhavegoneacertaindistancealongtheChristianroad.Thesethingsarepurelypractical,thoughtheydonotlookasthoughtheywere.Theyaredirectionsfordealingwithparticularcrossroadsandobstaclesonthejourneyandtheydonotmakesenseuntilamanhasreachedthoseplaces.1

3.4

Quoting the Bible

CitingtheBibleisuniquefortworeasons:parentheticalnotesareusedinsteadoffootnotes(forCCBCpapers),andyoudonotneedtoincludeanentryfortheBibleintheBibliography.ThefirsttimeyouquotetheBible,addafootnotestating,“Unlessotherwisenoted,allScripturereferencesaretakenfromthe[versionname].”Wheneveryoureferenceadifferentversion,orifyoudonotwishtoidentifya“default”versionforyourmajorityofyourreferences,includetheabbreviationoftheversionintheparentheticalnote,e.g.(Matt.29:18-20NKJV).Nocommaisusedbetweenthereferenceandtheversion,andthefinalperiodisplacedaftertheparentheticalnotecontainingtheScripturereference.Acommaandaspaceshouldbeusedtoseparatenon-continuousverses,e.g.(John3:16,18NKJV).

3.5

Quoting Shorter Bible Passages

WhenyouquoteaverseorversesfromtheBibleamountingtolessthanfivelines,usequotationmarks.Youmaywishtorefertotheauthorortothebookinyourtext.

Example:

BothPeterandPaulunashamedlydefendthedivineauthorityofScripture.Peterdeclaresthat“noprophecyofScripturecameaboutbytheprophet’sowninterpretation.Forprophecyneverhaditsorigininthewillofman,butmenspokefromGodastheywerecarriedalongbytheHolySpirit”(2Pet.1:20-21).LookingbackonthewholeOldTestament,theapostlePaulwrote,“AllScriptureisGod-breathedandisusefulforteaching,rebuking,correcting,andtraininginrighteousness,sothatthemanofGodmaybethoroughlyequippedforeverygoodwork”(2Tim.3:16-17).

3.6

Quoting Longer Bible Passages

Whenquotingversesthatamounttomorethanfivelines,auseblockquotation.

Example:

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Q:PaulencouragestheEphesiansto

Lookcarefullythenhowyouwalk,notasunwisebutaswise,makingthebestuseofthetime,becausethedaysareevil.Thereforedonotbefoolish,butunderstandwhatthewilloftheLordis.Anddonotgetdrunkwithwine,forthatisdebauchery,butbefilledwiththeSpirit,addressingoneanotherinpsalmsandhymnsandspiritualsongs,singingandmakingmelodytotheLordwithyourheart…(Eph.5:15–19ESV)

Inablockquotation,noperiodfollowsthereferenceitself.WhenquotingmanyversesofScripture,donotincludeaversenumberforeachverseinthequotation.Hereisalistofabbreviationsforanumberofversions:3.7

Bible Version Abbreviations

WellKnownFormalEquivalentVersions FullTraditionalName Abbreviation

EnglishStandardVersion ESVKingJamesVersionorAuthorizedVersion KJVorAVNewAmericanStandardBible(1995) NASB95NewAmericanStandardBible(1971) NASBNewKingJamesVersion NKJV

OtherVersions

AmplifiedBible ABAmericanRevisedVersion ARVAmericanStandardVersion ASVContemporaryEnglishVersion CEVDouayVersion DVEnglishRevisedVersion ERVGoodNewsTranslation GNTHolmanChristianStandardBible HCSBJerusalemBible(1966) JBTheLivingBible LBTheMessageBible MSGTheNETBible(NewEnglishTranslation) NETNewAmericanBible NABNewCenturyVersion NCVNewEnglishBible NEBNewLivingTranslation NLTNewInternationalVersion(2011) NIVNewInternationalVersion(1984) NIV84NewJerusalemBible(1985) NJBNewRevisedStandardVersion NRSV

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TheNewTestamentinModernEnglish PhillipsNewWorldTranslation(Jehovah’sWitnesses) NWTRevisedStandardVersion RSVTodaysNewInternationalVersion TNIVVulgate Vulg.WuestExpandedTranslation Wuest

3.8

Bible Book Abbreviations

BooksoftheBibleshouldbeabbreviatedinfootnotesandinparentheticalcitations,butnotininthetextofyourwork.WhenyourefertoanentirebookortowholechaptersfromtheBible,writethefullnameofthebook,donotabbreviate,italicize,orunderline.

Example:

Genesis2-3recordsthecreation,temptation,andfallofhumankind.

Whileinprison,PaulpennedFirstCorinthians.

HereisalistofabbreviationsforthebooksoftheBible,whichshouldbeusedforScripturereferenceswhencitingtheBible:

Old Testament Books FullName AbbreviationGenesis Gen.Exodus Exod.Leviticus Lev.Numbers Num.

Deuteronomy Deut.Joshua Josh.Judges Judg.Ruth Ruth

1Samuel 1Sam.2Samuel 2Sam.1Kings 1Kings2Kings 2Kings

1Chronicles 1Chron.2Chronicles 2Chron.

Ezra EzraNehemiah Neh.Esther Est.Job Job

Psalm(s) Ps.(Pss.)

Proverbs Prov.Ecclesiastes Eccl.

SongofSolomon SongofSol.Isaiah Isa.

Jeremiah Jer.Lamentations Lam.

Ezekiel Ezek.Daniel Dan.Hosea Hos.Joel JoelAmos Amos

Obadiah Obad.Jonah Jon.Micah Mic.Nahum Nah.

Habakkuk Hab.Zephaniah Zeph.Haggai Hag.

Zechariah Zech.Malachi Mal.

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New Testament Books

FullName AbbreviationMatthew Matt.Mark MarkLuke LukeJohn JohnActs Acts

Romans Rom.1Corinthians 1Cor.2Corinthians 2Cor.Galatians Gal.Ephesians Eph.Philippians Phil.Colossians Col.

1Thessalonians 1Thess.2Thessalonians 2Thess.

1Timothy 1Tim.2Timothy 2Tim.

Titus TitusPhilemon Philem.Hebrews Heb.James James1Peter 1Pet.2Peter 2Pet.1John 1John2John 2John3John 3JohnJude Jude

Revelation Rev.

4.0

Introduction to Footnotes

Wheneveryouuseanoutsidesource,youmustwriteanoteforthatsourceintheformofalongorshortfootnote.Notice,somequotationsaboveuseasuperscriptnumberattheendofthesentencetosignalthatyouhaveusedasource(thesuperscriptisthatnumberattheendofthequotationmarkorsentencethatsitsslightlyabovetherestofthesentence,e.g.123456).Thesuperscriptinformsthereaderthatinformationaboutthatsourcecanbefoundinthefootnoteofthepaper.Thefootnotecorrespondstothenumberofthesuperscriptandprovidesrelevantinformationaboutthatsourceaswellasarelevantpagenumber.Thefirsttimeyounoteasource,usealongfootnote,thenuseashortnoteorparentheticalnoteafterwardsforthesamesource.Alongfootnotecontainsfullpublicationinformation,whereastheshortdoesnot.Theshortnotewillbediscussedlater(see5.0-5.7)aswellastheparentheticalnote(see5.6below,or3.4forScripturereferences).

Use10-pointfontforfootnotes,andindentthenumberandthefirstline,withthesameindentationasthefirstlineofaparagraphinthebody.

Single-spacefootnotes,butifmorethanonefootnoteappearsonapage,insertablanklineofspacebetweeneachfootnote.

Note:AlthoughTurabiancallsforasuperscriptnumberattheendofaquoteinthebodyandafull-sizenumberfollowedbyaperiodandaspaceatthebeginningofthefootnote,itispermissibletouseyourwordprocessorsoftware’sautomaticfootnotesettingsfornumbering.Mostprogramsuseasuperscriptatthebeginningofthefootnote,and/ordonotincludeaperiodfollowingthenumber.

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4.1

MSWord, Apple, & Open Office shortcuts

MicrosoftWordandothersoftwareprogramshavemadeiteasytoincludeafootnoteintoyourpaper.Attheendofyourquote,paraphrase,orsummary,followtheproceduretoincludeafootnote:

MSWord>Insert>Footnote

ApplePages>Insert>Footnote

OpenOfficeWriter>>Insert>Footnote/Endnote

4.2

Herearethepatternsandsomeexamplesofhowtomakealongfootnote:

Long Note - Single Author

N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstNameandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication,stateisoptional:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

1.LeeStrobel,TheCaseForChrist:AJournalist’sPersonalInvestigationoftheEvidenceforJesus(GrandRapids,Michigan:Zondervan,1998),18-19.

4.3

Long Note - Two Authors

N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastNameand2ndAuthorFirstNameandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

2.NormanGeislerandRonRhodes,ConvictionWithoutCompromise:StandingStrongintheCoreBeliefsoftheChristianFaith(Eugene,Oregon:HarvestHousePublishers,2008),45-46.

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4.4

Long Note - Three or More Authors

N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastName,2ndAuthorFirstandLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

3.WilliamLaneCraig,JamesP.Moreland,andFrancisBeckwith,ToEveryoneanAnswer:ACasefortheChristianWorldview(DownersGrove,Illinois:IntervarsityPress,1998),10-11.

N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorFirstNameandLastName,2ndAuthorFirstandLastName,3rdAuthorFirstandLastName,and4thAuthorFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

4.JohnHick,ClarkH.Pinnock,AlisterE.McGrath,andR.DouglasGeivett,FourViewsonSalvationinaPluralisticWorld(GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1995),95-96.

4.5

Long Note - Editor or Author(s) plus Editor

EditorOnly:

N:NoteNumber.Editor’sFirstandLastName,ed.,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

5.RonaldF.Youngblood,ed.,Nelson'sNewIllustratedBibleDictionary:CompletelyRevisedAndUpdatedEdition.(Nashville,Tennessee:ThomasNelson,1990),33-34.

AuthorplusEditor:

N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastNames,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook,ed.Editor’sFirstandLastNames(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

6.LewisSperryChafer,SystematicTheologyAbridged,ed.JohnF.Walvoord(Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1974),76.

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4.6

Long Note - Edition Number

N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook,EditionNumbered.(PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication),Page-Page.

7.WarrenW.Wiersbe,BeJoyful:APracticalStudyofPhilippians,15thed.(Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1974),56-57.

4.7

Long Note - Journal Article in Print

Reminder:thetitleofthearticleissetinquotationmarks,andthetitleofthejournalisitalicized.

N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle,”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication):Page-Page.

8.NormanL.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammedintheQur’an:AComparisonandContrast,”SouthernBaptistJournalofTheology8,no.1(Spring2004):50.

4.8

Long Note - Journal Article Online

N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstNameandLastNames,“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle,”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication),under“DescriptiveLocator,”URL(accessedDateofAccess).

9.AndrewBernhard,“DatingEarlyChristianGospels,”JournalofBiblicalStudies1,no.4(Oct-Dec2001),under“Articles,”http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/Issue4/Articles/dating_early_christian_gospels.htm(accessedSeptember20,2010).

4.9

Long Note – Websites

Eventhoughmanyonlinewebsiteslackrelevantinformationforapropercitation,trytoincludeasmuchpertinentinformationaspossible.

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N:NoteNumber.Author’sFirstandLastName,“TitleoftheWebPage,”TitleorOwneroftheSite,URL(accessedDate).

10.CharlieCampbell,“TwentyReasonsChristiansBelieveJesusisGod,”TheAlwaysBeReadyApologeticsMinistry,http://www.alwaysbeready.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94&Itemid=0(accessedSeptember20,2010).

4.10

Long Note - Lectures

N:NoteNumber.Speaker’sFirstandLastName,“TitleofLecture,”(Sponsorship,PlaceandLocationofLecture,DateofLecture).

11.ChuckSmith,“AVentureinFaith,”(FridayLectures,CalvaryChapelBibleCollege,Murrieta,CA,September03,2010).

5.0

Short Footnotes

Thefirsttimeyouuseafootnoteforaparticularsource,makeitlong.Ifthesamesourceisusedagain,thenmakeitshorter.Includetheauthor’slastnameandatleastonetofourdistinctivewordsfromthetitle,andpagenumbers.

5.1

Short Note - Single Author

N:NoteNumber.Author’sLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.

Example

Hereisthequote:

Q:InpresentinghiscaseforChristianity,LeeStrobelurgeshisreadersto“thoughtfullyconsiderthecredibilityofthewitnesses,carefullysiftthetestimony,andrigorouslysubjecttheevidencetocommonsenseandlogic.”1

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Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited.

N:1.LeeStrobel,TheCaseForChrist:AJournalist’sPersonalInvestigationoftheEvidenceforJesus(GrandRapids:Zondervan,1998),18.

Shortfootnote-whenthesourceiscitedagain.

N:2.Strobel,CaseForChrist,92-93.

5.2

Short Note - Two Authors

N:NoteNumber.1stAuthor’sLastNameand2ndAuthor’sLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.

Example

Hereisthequote:

Q:GeislerandRhodes’philosophyonChristiandoctrinecanbedistilledintooneessentialdictum,“Inessentials,unity;innonessentials,liberty;andinallthings,charity.”5

Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited.

N:5.NormanGeislerandRonRhodes,ConvictionwithoutCompromise:StandingStrongintheCoreBeliefsoftheChristianFaith,(Eugene:HarvestHousePublishers,2008),16.

Shortfootnote-whenitiscitedagain.

N:6.GeislerandRhodes,Conviction,121-123.

5.3

Short Note - Three Authors

N:NoteNumber.1stAuthorLastName,2ndAuthorLastName,and3rdAuthorLastName,ShortenedTitle,Page-Page.

Example

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Longfootnote-thefirsttimeitiscited

9.JackBartlettRogers,RossMackenzie,andLouisWeeks,CaseStudiesinChristandSalvation(Philadelphia,Pennsylvania:WestminsterPress,1977),25-26.

Shortfootnote-whenitiscitedagain

10.Rogers,Mackenzie,andWeeks,CaseStudies,28.

5.4

Short Note - Four or More Authors

Example

Longnote–thefirsttimeitiscited

11.JohnHick,ClarkH.Pinnock,AlisterE.McGrath,andR.DouglasGeivett,FourViewsonSalvationinaPluralisticWorld(GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1995),95-96.

Shortfootnote–whenitiscitedagain

12.Hicketal.,FourViews,102.

5.5

Short Note - Journal Article in Print

N:NoteNumber.Author’sLastName,“ShortenedTitleofArticle,”Page-Page.

Example

LongNote

13.NormanL.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammadintheQur’an:AComparisonandContrast,”SouthernBaptistJournalofTheology8,no.1(Spring2004):50.

ShortNote

14.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammad,”55.

5.6

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Parenthetical Notes: Many References to a Few Sources

Ifyouplanonreferringfrequentlytonumerouspassagesfromonlyafewsources(threeorfewer),thenitiscleanerandmorereadabletouseparentheticalnotesafterthefirstfootnote.Theparentheticalnotesubstitutesforthefootnoteandisplacedwherethesuperscriptnumberwouldbe.Thedifference,however,istheparentheticalnoteisinitsshortenedformandisplacedwithinparenthesisandbeforetheendpunctuation.Therearethreetypeslistedbelow:

Pagenumberonly:

Ifyoumentiontheauthorandtitleinyourwriting,andifreaderscaneasilyidentifythespecificsource,thenyoumayonlyincludethepagenumberintheparenthesis.

Example

AfterexaminingthecorroboratingevidenceforJesus,StrobelnowfocuseshisjournalisticeyesuponthescientificevidenceintheCaseforChrist(122).

Authorandpagenumber:

Ifreaderscannotidentifytheauthor,andifyouhavealreadyoncecitedtheauthor,thenincludetheauthor’slastnameandpagenumberintheparenthesis.

Example

Asnoted,theoverwhelmingarcheologicalevidenceremarkablyaffirmstheNewTestament’shistoricalaccuracy(Strobel,143).

Titleandpagenumber:

Ifyouhavecitedmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,andifreaderscaneasilyidentifytheauthor,thenonlyincludetheshortenedtitleandpagenumberintheparenthesis.

Example

AfterexaminingtheevidenceforthecaseforChrist,StrobelmovesontoanexaminationofobjectionstotheChristianfaith(TheCaseforFaith,5)

5.7

Ibid.

ThetermIbid.isderivedfromtheLatinwordibidemor“inthesameplace.”Ifyouciteaworkrepeatedlyandconcurrently,useIbid.torefertoaworkimmediatelycitedinthepreviousnote.

21.Geisler,“JesusandMuhammad,”81.22.Ibid.,95.23.Ibid.,98.

TurabianHelper 21

6.0

The Bibliography

Inadditiontobeingquotedin-textandgivenafootnote,mostsourcesmustbelistedinabibliographyattheendofthepaperonaseparatepagewiththesecondlineindented.Sometypesofsources,however,areomitted;donotincludethesesourcesintheBibliography:

• TheBibleandothersacredworks• Well-knowndictionariesandencyclopedias(e.g.Webster’s)• Newspaperarticles• Email• Unpublishedinterviews• Pamphlets• Artwork,liveperformances,televisionbroadcasts

Forallothersources,doincludethemintheBibliography.Abibliographicentrywillhavemuchofthesameinformationfoundinalongnotewithsomeslightdifferences.Likethepatternsforanote,thepatternsonhowtocreateabibliographicentryarepreciseandmustbefollowedexactly.Minutedetailsfororder,punctuation,capitalization,italics,indentation,tomentionafewdetails,mustbeobserved.Also,thelistmustbealphabetizedbylastname.

6.1

Bibliography - Single Author

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Lightfoot,NielR.HowWeGotTheBible.GrandRapids,Michigan:BakerBooks,2006.

6.2

Bibliography - Two Authors

B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Feinberg,JohnS.,andPaulD.Feinberg.EthicsforaBraveNewWorld.Wheaton,Illinois:CrosswayBooks,1993.

TurabianHelper 22

6.3

Bibliography - Three Authors

B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndAuthorLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstName3rdAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Craig,WilliamLane,andJamesP.Moreland,andFrancisBeckwith.ToEveryoneanAnswer:ACasefortheChristianWorldview.DownersGrove,Illinois:IntervarsityPress,2004.

6.4

Bibliography - Four Authors

B:1stAuthorLastName,1stAuthorFirstName,and2ndAuthorFirstName2ndLastName,and3rdAuthorFirstName3rdAuthorLastName,and4thAuthorFirstName4thAuthorLastName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Geisler,NormanL.,andMichaelScottHorton,andStephenM.Ashby,andMatthewJ.Pinson.FourViewsonEternalSecurity.GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,2002.

6.5

Bibliography - Editor or Author(s) plus Editor

EditorOnly

B:Editor’sLastName,Editor’sFirstName,ed.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Youngblood,RonaldF.,ed.Nelson'sNewIllustratedBibleDictionary:CompletelyRevisedAndUpdatedEdition.Nashville,Tennessee:ThomasNelson,1995.

TurabianHelper 23

AuthorplusEditor:

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.EditedbyEditor’sFirstandLastNames.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Chafer,LewisSperry.SystematicTheology,Abridged.EditedbyJohnF.Walvoord.Wheaton,Illinois:VictorBooks,1988.

6.6

Bibliography - Edition Number

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.TitleofBook:SubtitleofBook.EditionNumbered.PlaceofPublication:Publisher’sName,DateofPublication.

Example:

Pentacost,J.Dwight.DesignforDiscipleship.14thed.GrandRapids,Michigan:ZondervanPublishingHouse,1980.

6.7

Bibliography - Journal Article in Print

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle.”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication):YY-YY.

Example:

Charles,J.Daryl.“ReturningtoMoral‘FirstThings’:TheNatural-LawTraditionandItsContemporaryApplication,”PhilosophiaChristi6,no.1(2004):59-76.

6.8

Bibliography - Journal Article Online

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleofArticle:SubtitleofArticle.”TitleofJournalVolumeNumber(DateofPublication).URL(accessedDate).

Example:

TurabianHelper 24

Bernhard,Andrew.“DatingEarlyChristianGospels.”JournalofBiblicalStudies1,no.4(Oct-Dec2001).http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/Issue4/Articles/dating_early_christian_gospels.htm(accessedSeptember20,2010).

6.9

Bibliography - Website

B:Author’sLastName,Author’sFirstName.“TitleoftheWebPage.”TitleorOwneroftheSite.URL(accessedDate).

Example:

Campbell,Charlie.“TwentyReasonsChristiansBelieveJesusisGod.”TheAlwaysBeReadyApologeticsMinistry.http://www.alwaysbeready.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=94&Itemid=0(accessedSeptember20,2010).

6.10

Bibliography - Lectures

B:Speaker’sLastName,FirstName.“TitleofLecture.”NameofEvent.Sponsor,LocationofLecture,DateofLecture.

Example:

Smith,Chuck.“AVentureinFaith.”FridayLectures.CalvaryChapelBibleCollege,Murrieta,California,September03,2010.

6.11

Bibliography - The Bible and Other Sacred Texts

NobibliographicentryshouldbeincludedfortheBibleorothersacredtexts.Pleaseseesections3.4-3.8onhowtocitetheBible.

TurabianHelper 25

6.12

BibliographyExample:

TurabianHelper 26

7.0

Helpful Links http://www.bibme.org

http://www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp

http://www.zotero.org

http://www.citationmachine.net/

http://www.bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/

http://www.easybib.com/

http://www.eTurabian.com

http://www.bartleby.com/141/

http://www.noodletools.com/

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

http://www.owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/