Versailles And The League of Nations

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Aims of the League

•To keep world peace by dealing with disputes among nations. •To protect the independence of countries and safe guard their borders; •To encourage each country to reduce its armaments; •To improve living and working conditions for all people.

League of Nations, http://www.heretaunga.school.nz/dept/history/LEAGUE.HTM, visited 9 September 2003

Structure of League

The AssemblyThe Assembly was the main body of the League of Nations and functioned much like a parliament would do. The assembly met once a year to:•Discuss anything raised by a member; •Fix the Leagues budget; •Admit new members; •Elect no non-permament members of the Council; A unanimous vote was needed to pass a motion or decision.

League of Nations, http://www.heretaunga.school.nz/dept/history/LEAGUE.HTM, visited 9 September 2003

Structure Continued

The Council•Consisted of four permanent members - Britain, France, Italy and Japan - as well as non-permanent members. At first the council had 3 non-permanent members, but later this changed to 10) •Met when ever there was an emergency to help solve the problem. •A majority vote was needed to pass a decision.

The International Court of JusticeSet up at the Hague in Holland. The Court had 15 judges to give decisions on disputes between countries. The Court was only ever used when countries requested it.League of Nations, http://www.heretaunga.school.nz/dept/history/LEAGUE.HTM, visited 9 September 2003

Structure ContinuedAgenciesInternational Labour Organisation (I.L.O.)Worked to improve working conditions and wages across the world. One of it's achievements was having the lead taken out of white paint.

World Health Organisation (W.H.O.)

Mandates CommisionThe Mandates Commision kept an eye on the management of former colonies of defeated powers now controlled by victorious powers.

Minorities CommisionThe Minorities Commision worked towards protecting people of one nationality living in countries of a differnt national group.

Other Agencies

Article X

The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League.  In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

http://www.pinzler.com/ushistory/xsupp.html, visited 9 September 2003

Worry

“A Nervous Wreck”--Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81477.GIF , visited 6 September 2003

Worry

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW1Pics/81580.jpg , visited 6 September 2003

Wilson & Lodge

http://www.nps.gov/elro/glossary/wilson-woodrow.htm, visited 9 September 2003

http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/USPics/83701.jpg, visited 9 September 2003

Hope

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81484.GIF, visited 6 September 2003

Hope

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81485.GIF, visited 6 September 2003

Rational Hope?

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Pics/81486.GIF, visited 6 September 2003

Cynicism?

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW1Pics/81578.jpg , visited 6 September 2003

Reception

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW1Pics/81479.GIF , visited 6 September 2003

Wilson Works For The League

Versailles Treaty, http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW1Pics/81487.GIF , visited 6 September 2003

Senate Make-up66th Congress opens; different positions on Treaty in Senate:

1. Strong Internationalists (Wilson, 27 Dem.) 2. Limited Internationalists (Butler, Taft, 8 Rep.) 3. Mild Reservationists (Hitchcock, 20 Rep. and 20 Dem.) 4. Strong Reservationists (Lodge, 7 Rep.) 5. Irreconcilables (Borah, Johnson, 14 Rep. and 1 Dem.)

Senate Response

http://history.acusd.edu/cdr2/WW1Pics/83831.jpg, visited 9 September 2003

League of Nations

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/League_of_Nations_Anachronous_Map.PNG, visited 13 March 2007

TimelineNov. 11, 1918 - Armistice ends fighting in Europe Jan. 18, 1919 - Peace Conference opens in ParisFeb. 14, 1919 - Wilson submits Draft Covenant for a League of NationsJun. 28, 1919 - Treaty of Versailles signed in Hall of MirrorsJuly 8, 1919 - Wilson arrives in U.S. and presents Treaty to SenateNov. 6, 1919 – Senate Committee proposes 14 Lodge reservationsNov. 19, 1919 - Senate rejects Treaty with 14 Lodge reservations 39-55; then Senate rejects original Treaty 38-53 Dec. 29, 1919 - Mild Reservationists demand Lodge seek a compromiseFeb. 1, 1920 - England, France declare they would accept Senate res Feb. 9, 1920 - Senate votes to reconsider Treaty and refers it to Committee Mar. 8, 1920 - Wilson repeats his opposition to Lodge reservations Mar. 19, 1920 - Senate defeats Treaty with 15 Lodge reservations 49-35 May 20, 1920 - Congress ends war by joint resolution but Wilson vetosJuly 2, 1921 - Congress ends war by joint resolution Oct. 18, 1921 - Separate treaties with Germany, Austria, Hungary ratified

http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/1919League2.html, visited 9 September 2003

United Nations

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/United_Nations_Members.PNG, visited 13 March 2007