Vermont Paternal Incarceration
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Transcript of Vermont Paternal Incarceration
Paternal Incarceration in Vermont
INFORMATION BASED OFF OF DOC INMATE SURVEY
CHRISTIAN H. BINGHAM.IN CONJUNCTION WITH:
THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
2015
• Breaking the generational effects in Vermont
• How paternal incarceration impacts their children’s likely-hood to be incarcerated
• Example of generational effects of paternal incarceration
• 2010 CRA Grant• States with programs for
incarcerated fathers
• Parenthood Information• Number of children (of
those surveyed)• Children by age
• Research Methods• Vermont state correctional
facility demographics
Presentation Contents
2. DOC Survey General Information
6. Implemented Programs
3. Children of Incarcerated
Fathers
5. Life Course Circle
4. Effects of Paternal
Incarceration
• Bureau of Justice Statistics • Effects of a dysfunctional
childhood on parenting
7. Policy Recommendations
1. Preliminary Findings
Preliminary Findings• Bureau of Justice Statistics: As of 2013, there are over 1.5 million
prisoners in America • Over, 1.4 million male prisoners
• Vermont = 1,479 male prisoners• Connection:
• The way parents act is influenced by their experiences as a child• Along with their level of social support and acceptance
• Dysfunctions in parent-child bonding can have lasting effects on the child’s development• May result in:
• Defiant behaviors, conduct disorders, juvenile delinquency, adult criminality
Preliminary Findings
DOC Survey General
Information
Children of Incarcerated
ParentsEffects of Paternal
IncarcerationLife Course
RepercussionsImplemented
Policies Policy
Recommendations
DOC Inmate Family SurveyGENERAL INFORMATION
Prelim
inary
Findin
gs DOC Survey General
Information
Children of Incarcerated
ParentsEffects of Paternal
IncarcerationLife Course
RepercussionsImplemented
Policies Policy
Recommendations
General InformationDOC Survey
• Sample:• Vermont State Correctional Facilities
• Sample Size: • 379 inmates participated
• Sampling Method:• Every 4th inmate was selected to participate
• Survey Administration:• Face-to-face interviews
• Findings are generalizable among Correctional Facilities in Vermont
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Inmate DemographicsFrom DOC Survey
Gender Race
Male Female0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%88.4%
11.6%
77%
11%5% 4% 3% 1%
Caucasian/WhiteAfrican-American or BlackNative AmericanOtherLatino/a or HispanicNo Response
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Children of Incarcerated Fathers in Vermont
DOC SURVEY FINDINGS
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Incarcerated ParentsPercent Frequency
Parent Father Mother0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
64.1% 63.0%
72.7%
Parent Father Mother20.00
70.00
120.00
170.00
220.00
270.00
320.00
370.00
243.00
211.00
32.00
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Number of Children of Incarcerated Fathers
None or No Response
1 2 3 4 5 6 130.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
16.1%
31.8%
25.1%
14.2%
7.1%
2.8% 2.4%0.5%
Number of children
Resp
onse
per
cent
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
• Implication:• Of those surveyed, there
are 396 Children whose fathers were incarcerated at the time of the research in the state of Vermont
• Overall, there are many more being that only every 4th inmate was surveyed
Children, by age, of incarcerated fathers in Vermont
Under two Between two and five Between six and twelve Between thirteen to seventeen0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
33
134149
80
Age (Years)
Child
Cou
nt
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
8%
34% 38%
20%
Effects of Paternal Incarceration on a Child’s Life Course
DOC SURVEY FINDINGS
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Comparison of the of Age of Inmate’s First Incarceration• Age of first incarceration
= 22 Years old• If their father was incarcerated
= 19 Years old• Impact of paternal incarceration
= 3 Years
Average Father was Incarcerated17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22 Age; 21.88
Age; 19.051
Inm
ate'
s A
ge o
f Fi
rst
Inca
rcer
atio
n(Y
ears
)
Sig. = ≤ .001
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Comparison of the Inmate’s Age at the Beginning of Their Current Incarceration• Age at the beginning of their
incarceration = 34 Years old• If their father was incarcerated
= 25 Years old• Impact of paternal incarceration
= Almost 9 Years
Average Father was Incarcerated17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
Age; 33.732
Age; 25.061
Inm
ate'
s ag
e at
the
beg
inni
ng o
f th
eir
curr
ent
inca
rcer
atio
n(y
ears
)
Sig. = ≤ .001
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Life Course Circle: Reoccurring Impact
Child: Sam
Sam’s Early life: Father
is Incarcerated
Sam Grows Up with
Adverse Life Experiences
Sam’s Teen years:
Likelihood for less
education
Sam is more likely to be
Incarcerated at a younger
age
Sam has a child of his own
Sam’s own experiences as a child of paternal
incarceration causes his child to be at higher
risk
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
As children, those whose fathers were incarcerated are likely to be (at some point):• In Foster care• Homeless• In Emergency Care or CHINS
Regression analysis: suggests that obtained degree is lower for those whose father has been incarcerated (sig ≤ .05)
30% reported their father was arrested or incarcerated
Average age of first incarceration = 19 years old
63% of Inmates are Fathers
Implemented ProgramsAVAILABLE RESOURCES FOR FATHERS PRE AND POST RELEASE
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Implemented Programs• December 8th, 2010. President Obama signed the Claims Resolution Act (CRA)
• Authorized $150 Million in grants to promote healthy marriage ($75 million) and Responsible Fatherhood ($75 Million)
• Grants went toward:• Kanawha Institute for Social Research and Action, Inc.
• Serves 12 state prisons and 10 regional jails in West Virginia• Lutheran Social Services
• Serves all 5 male South Dakota Department of Corrections facilities• New Jersey Department of Corrections
• Provides prerelease services; available in all 8 New Jersey Department of Corrections Facilities
• PB&J Family Services, Inc. • Provides prerelease services in 1 state prison and 1 county jail near Albuquerque, NM
• The RIDGE Project, Inc.• Provides prerelease services; offered in 3 state prisons in Ohio
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Implemented Programs• The Claims Resolution Act (CRA)
• Programs offered such as:1. Counseling2. Mentoring3. Parental and relationship education4. Financial planning5. Job search assistance6. Transitional employment
• Utah State Prison• Total Parenting Experience
• 9 week program• Aimed at teaching male inmates to be able to care for their children/
grandchildren, when they are released, through the use of simulation dolls
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Policy RecommendationsREDUCING THE EFFECTS OF PATERNAL INCARCERATION
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendations• Implement any sort of program aimed at incarcerated fathers
that:• Promotes healthy and sustainable marriages and relationships• Reduces the possible incidence of child abuse• Teaches fathers how to care for their child• Promotes economic stability within a family unit
• In order to:• Reduce adverse child hood mental and social experiences• Break the cycle of incarceration among fathers and their children
Preliminary
Findings
DOC Survey Genera
l Information
Children of
Incarcerated
Parents
Effects of
Paternal
Incarceration
Life Course Repercussions
Implemented
Policies
Policy Recommendations
Questions?
Bibliography
Fontaine, Jocelyn. 2015. Early implementation findings from responsible fatherhood reentry projects. Urban Institute. Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation. Retrieved April 14, 2015 (http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/fatherhoodreentryprojects.pdf)2015. Community-Centered Responsible Fatherhood Ex-Prisoner Reentry Pilot Project. US Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: Office of Family Assistance. Retrieved April 15, 2015 (http://aosresourcecenter.com/file_depot/0-10000000/390000-400000/398422/folder/1137345/Ex-Prisoner_Reentry_%28Revised+_8_15_2013%29.pdf)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740907001570Palusci, Vincent. 2007. Changes in parenting attitudes and knowledge among inmates and other at-risk populations after a family nurturing program. Children and Youth Services Review. Elsevier. April 15, 2015. (http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0190740907001570/1-s2.0-S0190740907001570-main.pdf?_tid=fb481b72-ee31-11e4-8b95-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1430286096_2e2e1e21440b4174ed9d8de007ec66aa)