Verbs, Verbs, Verbs Action Verbs Linking Verbs Transitive/Intransitive Verbs.
Verbs of animal sounds - hse.ru
Transcript of Verbs of animal sounds - hse.ru
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Verbs of animal sounds and their metaphorical extensions
01/04/15
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Typology of animal sounds:aims of the project
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Verbs of animal sounds:
1. Direct meanings cluster animals:Are clusters different in all languages?Are there prevailing patterns of clustering?
2. Metaphors:View these verbs as the source of metaphors.Which types of metaphors are recurring?What types of semantic shifts are the most common?
Aims of the project
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Typology of animal sounds:methodology
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Methodology
✓ Corpus analysis: ○ linguistic corpora;○ Internet search;
✓ Questionnaires:○ the one aiming at specific contexts (crying,
laughing, etc.);○ the one based on animal verbs and their possible
transitions
20 languages are studied so far.(approximate number)
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Typology of animal sounds:direct meanings
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мяукать ↔‘to meow’
крякать ↔‘to quack’
лаять↔‘to bark’
мычать ↔‘to moo’
рычать‘to growl’
пищать‘to peep’
Examples from Russian
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RUSSIAN VS GERMAN
блеять‘to bleat’
blöken
meckern
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GEORGIAN VS RUSSIAN
qiqini
квакать‘to croak’
крякать‘to quack’
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Animals: frequent unions
● livestock
● predators (feline VS canine)
● birds of prey
● small birds and songbirds
● small animals & cubs
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Animals: unexpected frequent unions
● livestock- cow, sheep, ram, bull, etc. + SEAL
● predators (feline VS canine)- cat, lion, tiger, etc. + RAM + SQUIRREL- dog, fox, wolf, etc.
● birds of prey
● small birds and songbirds
● small animals & cubs
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Animals: no sound
Greek - camel, rhinoceros, fox, hog, eagle, mouse, fly
Indonesian - camel, crocodile, rhinoceros, stork
Each language has its own exceptions!
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Amount of verbs: languages
● many specific verbs for various animals: Finnish, Serbian, Hungarian, Greek, French
● one or two common verbs for animal sounds: Japanese, Korean, Erzya
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Typology of animal sounds:metaphors
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What’s it all about?
He used to be at the Cathedral at rehearsals and growl if some things were out of tune.
The dogs began to growl as Frankie turned the knob of amber glass with both hands and pushed the door open.
Cet enfant ne fait que piauler.
Des petits poulets viennent de naître et piaulent au coin du feu.
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Typology can answer
1. Are there such transfers of animal verbs in other languages?
2. If yes, do they follow the models present in Russian and English?
3. What’s common and what’s different in such transfers?
4. Is it all about humans?
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What we found: possible goals
● humansУл ҫыҫылдап һөйлəне. (Bashkir: ҫыҫылдау ‘hiss’)
‘He hissed.’ (spoke angrily)
● artefactsTraktori mylvi, kun se kulki tiellä. (Finnish: mylviä ‘roar’)
‘The tractor moved by the road, roaring.’● natureRoedd yr awel yn suo rhwng y dail. (Welsh: suo ‘buzz’)
‘The breeze was murmuring through the leaves.’
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What we found: structure of the zone connected to humans
Metaphors of verb sounds
speech sounds non-speech sounds
uncontrollable sounds
controllable sounds
physiological sounds
spontaneous reactions
vocal characteristics singing
unintelligible speech
emotional reactions
approve disapprove
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What determines the transfer?
✓ Features of an animal sound
✓ Cultural stereotypes
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Features of an animal sound
● Horses whinny → laughingloud, sonorous and discontinuousIn gərdle me vylam! ‘Don’t laugh at me!’ (Komi-Zyryan)
● Pigs grunt → snoringvoiceless, hoarse and discontinuousУл хырылдай. ‘He snores.’ (Bashkir)
● Wolves howl → cryingloud, extended, dullБичкн күүкн уульҗана. ‘The little girl cries’ (Kalmyk)
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Cultural stereotypes
However, metaphorization is seldom motivated only by sound features.
Insects → annoyingSya mortys ottore zyyge i zyyge. (Komi-Zyryan) 'He buzzes and buzzes (He annoys me).'
Tigers → aggressiveKutul-un manna-ki-man-ha-myen nul ululeng-keli-mye ssawu-n-ta. (Korean)'When they meet, they argue and shout at each other.'
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Cultural stereotypes
Culture defines lexical structure!
the more salient an animal is
the more verbs it has the more metaphors can arise
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Typology of animal sounds:conclusions
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Conclusions: part 1
● World language have common strategies of clustering animal sounds
● However, every language has its own specific features
● Scientific worldview is different from the worldview from the language perspective
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Conclusions: part 2
● Different languages employ similar strategies of metaphorization
● Surprisingly, unique examples can be found in every language :)
● Metaphors from the field of animal sounds contribute to the general theory of metaphorization
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The end
Thank you for your attention!